Observations in equatorial anomaly region of total electron content enhancements and depletions

A GSV 4004A GPS receiver has been operational near the crest of the equatorial anomaly at Udaipur, India for some time now. The receiver provides the line-of-sight total electron content (TEC), the phase and amplitude scintillation index, σ<sub>φ</sub> and <i>S<sub>4</sub></i>, respectively. This paper presents the first results on the nighttime TEC depletions associated with the equatorial spread F in the Indian zone. The TEC depletions are found to be very well correlated with the increased <i>S<sub>4</sub></i> index. A new feature of low-latitude TEC is also reported, concerning the observation of isolated and localized TEC enhancements in the nighttime low-latitude ionosphere. The TEC enhancements are not correlated with the <i>S<sub>4</sub></i> index. The TEC enhancements have also been observed along with the TEC depletions. The TEC enhancements have been interpreted as the manifestation of the plasma density enhancements reported by Le et al. (2003).<br><br> <b>Keywords.</b> Ionosphere (Equatorial ionosphere; Ionospheric irregularities

ANTI-INFLAMMATORY ACTIVITY OF PAEDERIA FOETIDA LINN IN CARRAGEENAN INDUCED RAT PAW EDEMA

Ancient time herbal medicine are used for diagnosis of many disease use of natural restoration for prevention and removal of disease symptoms . Although both ethanolic extract and butanolic fraction are effective against carrageenan induced paw edema but butanolic fraction was more effective then its ethanolic extract.Finaly accomplished butanolic fraction of ethanolic extract 100 mg produce a significant anti-inflammatory effects than phenylbutazone 50 mg and ethanolic extract 200 mg. occurs 4 to 5 hrs. after carrageenan injection their acceptability in modern system of medicine . One of the major problems faced by the herbal industry is the unavailability of rigid quality control profiles for herbal materials and their formulations. QC of herbal drugs should meet the standards related to safety, potency and efficacy.There are some specific system present in human body that is responsible for controlling brain heamostatis as well as heamolytic factors. these factor are extradude there effect in the form of adverse reaction role The inflammatory activity against carrageenam induced paw edema in rat using pet ether extract and ethanolic are effective but aqueous extract was more effective as compare to Pet.ether and ethanolic extract. All three extract having analgesic activity but aqueous fraction has more analgesic activity in camparision of Pet ether and ethanol extract . In conclusion every that the plant extracts possess anti- inflammatory and analgesic properties and lead to the isolation of novel compounds

UV-ANALYTICAL METHOD DEVELOPMENT AND VALIDATION FOR SIMULTANEOUS ESTIMATION OF DAPOXETINE HYDROCHLORIDE AND SILDENAFIL CITRATE IN TABLET DOSAGE FORM

Objective: The objective of this research was to develop and validate a simple ultraviolet (UV) spectrophotometric method for simultaneous determination of sildenafil citrate and dapoxetine hydrochloride in a pharmaceutical formulation.Methods: Two simple UV spectrophotometric methods have been developed for simultaneous determination of sildenafil citrate and dapoxetine hydrochloride. For both methods, stock solutions were prepared in methanol followed by the further required dilutions with methanol. Proposed dual-wavelength method and ratio derivative method, the wavelength of maximum absorption for sildenafil citrate and dapoxetine hydrochloride was 292 nm and 231 nm, respectively.Results: In both methods, the linearity range lies between 10 and 60 μg/ml for sildenafil citrate and 2–12 μg/mL for dapoxetine hydrochloride with their respective wavelengths. By dual-wavelength method, the percentage of sildenafil citrate and dapoxetine hydrochloride was found to be 101.3% and 100.3%, respectively.Conclusion: Result obtained in this research work clearly indicated that both these methods were found to be accurate, precise, stable, and robust as indicated by low values of percentage relative standard deviation. Thus, the present study gives an excellent method for the determination of both the drugs in combined tablet formulation

Effect of processing variables and in-vitro study of microparticulate system of nimesulide

Prepararam-se sistemas microparticulados de nimesulida (NIM) pelo método modificado de evaporação do solvente usando diferentes variáveis, tais como proporções polímero fármaco(NIM) (acetato de celulose, CA: nimesulida, NIM) (1:9, 1:6 e 1:3), velocidades de agitação (500-1500 rpm) e tempo de agitação (15-30 min). Os efeitos das variáveis do processo foram avaliados pelo tamanho da partícula e pela eficiência no encapsulamento. O tamanho médio das micropartículas aumenta de 66,8&plusmn;1,45 a 87,3&plusmn;1,06 µm com o aumento na concentração de polímero, enquanto reduz com o aumento da velocidade e do tempo de agitação, mas velocidades mais altas resultam em partículas de formas irregulares. A eficácia de encapsulamento mais alta (77,83&plusmn;0,51%), uniformidade de tamanho, fluxo livre, isto é, ângulo de repouso (23,5&plusmn;0,4º), e índice de compressibilidade (14,2&plusmn;0,6%), das micropartículas foram encontrados com a proporção de 1:6 (polímero:fármaco), a 1000 rpm e 20 min de tempo de agitação entre todas as micropartículas preparadas (P < 0,05). O estudo da liberação do fármaco das micropartículas in vitro com variáveis do processo otimizadas (velocidade de agitação e tempo) foi desenvolvido e comparado com comprimidos convencionais e comercializados SR. O comprimido convencional libera o máximo de fármaco dentro de 4 h enquanto o sistema microparticulado libera em mais que 14 h. Todas as formulações seguiram cinética de liberação de primeira ordem e liberação do fármaco controlada pela difusão (modelo de Higuchi). Estas microparticulas são estáveis à temperatura ambiente (25&plusmn;1 ºC), mas se aglomeram a temperaturas elevadas (50 &plusmn; 1 ºC) por meio do amolecimento e fusão do polímero observada sob o estudo SEM.Microparticulate systems of nimesulide (NIM) were prepared by modified solvent evaporation method using different variables such as polymer: drug (NIM) ratios (cellulose acetate, CA: nimesulide, NIM) (1:9, 1:6 and 1:3), agitation speeds (500-1500 rpm) and stirring time (15-30 min). The effects of processing variables were evaluated by microparticle size and entrapment efficiency. The average microparticle size increases from 66.8&plusmn;1.45 to 87.3&plusmn;1.06 µm with increase in the polymer concentration while reduces with increase in agitation speed and stirring time; but at the too higher speed gives irregular shape of particles. The highest entrapment efficiency (77.83&plusmn;0.51%), size uniformity, free flowability, i.e., angle of repose (23.5&plusmn;0.4º) and compressibility index (14.2&plusmn;0.6%), of microparticles were found with 1:6 (polymer: drug ratio), at 1000 rpm and 20 min stirring time among all prepared microparticles (P < 0.05). The in-vitro drug release study of microparticles with optimized processing variables (agitation speed and time) were carried out and compared with conventional and marketed SR tablets. The conventional tablet releases maximum drug within 4 h while microparticulate system releases more than 14 h. All formulations followed first order release kinetic and diffusion controlled drug release (Higuchi model). These microparticles are stable at room temperature (25&plusmn;1 &deg;C) but agglomerate at elevated temperature (50&plusmn;1 &deg;C) by softening and fusion of the polymer observed under SEM study

Longitudinal study of the ionospheric response to the geomagnetic storm of 15 May 2005 and manifestation of TADs

Response of low latitude ionosphere to the geomagnetic storm of 15 May 2005 has been studied using total electron content (TEC) data, obtained from three GPS stations namely, Yibal, Udaipur and Kunming situated near the northern crest of equatorial ionization anomaly at different longitudes. Solar wind parameters, north-south component of the interplanetary magnetic field (IMF <I>B</I>_z) and AE index data have been used to infer the strength of the geomagnetic storm. A large value of eastward interplanetary electric field at 06:15 UT, during the time of maximum southward IMF <I>B</I>_z has been used to infer the transmission of an eastward prompt penetration electric field (PPEF) which resulted in a peak in TEC at 07:45 UT due to the local uplift of plasma in the low latitudes near the anomaly crest over a wide range of longitudes. Wave-like modulations superposed over the second enhancement in TEC between 09:15 UT to 10:30 UT have been observed at all the three stations. The second enhancement in TEC along with the modulations of up to 5 TECU have been attributed to the combined effect of super plasma fountain and traveling atmospheric disturbances (TAD). Observed large enhancements in TEC are a cause of concern for satellite based navigation and ground positioning. Increased [O/N₂] ratio between 09:15 UT to 10:15 UT when modulations in TEC have been also observed, confirms the presence of TADs over a wide range of longitudes

Evaluation of non-stress test as predictor of perinatal outcome in high risk and low risk pregnancy: a prospective study

Background: NST is simple, cheap, non-harmful, easily repeated, and cost effective with low maintenance profile. NST is a very effective method to investigating the intrauterine growth retardation (IUGR), late pregnancy, premature birth, multiple pregnancy, Rh sensitivity, diabetes, liver disease, decreased bowel movements, oligohydramnios etc. Objectives were to evaluate the efficacy and role of antenatal NST in improving perinatal outcome in high-risk pregnancies. Methods: This prospective study was done among 100 pregnant women (group A: high risk pregnancy, n=50, group B: low risk pregnancy, n=50). Nonstress test was done for 20 minutes if the test was inconclusive or nonreactive. It was continued for another 20 minutes extended CTG. Fetal stimulation was also done. The NST done before onset of labour was used as reference. Interpretation if NST tracings was done according to ACOG guideline. Results: Around 58% participants of high-risk group and 82% of low-risk group had ‘reactive’ and NST tracings respectively. Almost 36% participants of high-risk group and 16% of low-risk group were delivered baby by LSCS method. Around 24% participants of high-risk group and 10% of low-risk group had meconium-stained amniotic fluid. Around 66% babies of participants of high-risk group and 24% of low-risk group were admitted in NICU. The mean birth weight of babies of high-risk group participants was 2.52 kg and of low-risk group participants was 2.85 kg. Conclusions: Present study reveals significant difference between reactive and nonreactive NST in terms of Apgar scores and NICU admissions in both the groups. Hence judicious use of NST will certainly help in timely identification of at-risk fetuses thereby avoiding unnecessary delay in intervention

Variability, correlation and path coefficient analysis in fenugreek (Trigonella foenum- graecum L.) under water limited conditions

Genetic variability, character association and path analysis between yield and its component traits were carried out in 48 genotypes of fenugreek (Trigonella foenum graecum) at Udaipur (Rajasthan). Highly significant differences between genotypes were recorded for all the characters studied. High phenotypic and genotypic coefficient of variation coupled with high heritability and high genetic advance was observed for seed yield plot-1, biological yield plot-1, harvest index and pods plant-1 indicating the importance of additive gene effects for these traits. Biological yield plot-1 and harvest index exhibited positive and significant correlation with seed yield while days to 50% flowering exhibited negative and significant association with seed yield. Path coefficient analysis revealed that biological yield plot-1 had highest positive direct effect on seed yield followed by branches plant-1, pod length and test weight. It was concluded that improvement in the seed yield of fenugreek is possible through selection for biological yield plot-1, harvest index, branches plant-1, pod length and test weight. &nbsp

Variability, correlation and path coefficient analysis in fenugreek (Trigonella foenum- graecum L.) under water limited conditions

Genetic variability, character association and path analysis between yield and its component traits were carried out in 48 genotypes of fenugreek (Trigonella foenum graecum) at Udaipur (Rajasthan). Highly significant differences between genotypes were recorded for all the characters studied. High phenotypic and genotypic coefficient of variation coupled with high heritability and high genetic advance was observed for seed yield plot-1, biological yield plot-1, harvest index and pods plant-1 indicating the importance of additive gene effects for these traits. Biological yield plot-1 and harvest index exhibited positive and significant correlation with seed yield while days to 50% flowering exhibited negative and significant association with seed yield. Path coefficient analysis revealed that biological yield plot-1 had highest positive direct effect on seed yield followed by branches plant-1, pod length and test weight. It was concluded that improvement in the seed yield of fenugreek is possible through selection for biological yield plot-1, harvest index, branches plant-1, pod length and test weight. &nbsp

MAC IEEE802.11 CSMA/CA: A Simulative Performance Analysis

In this paper we introduce an algorithm based analytical model to calculate the performance of the wireless LAN MAC protocol – known as Carrier Sense Multiple Access with Collision Avoidance (CSMA/CA) – taking into consideration the random exponential back off algorithm. The effects of changing the load on medium utilization and average waiting time are demonstrated and result concluded for high medium and low load conditions

Design and Implementation of Coupled Line Bandpass Filter at C-Band

A Radio frequency filters having applications that demand high performance and intends to contribute in system’s size and cost must be achieved by a different approach. That might be in using an advanced material, planar technology or dielectric resonators, as filter involves in many fields like wireless receivers, transmitters and in multiple locations inside an RF system to shed noise. This paper primarily demonstrates how bandpass filter exhibits itself differently when realized using lumped elements or microstrip transmission line to acquire minimum losses when transmitting high frequency signals over long or short distances in planar technology. And explains in detail to design and simulate microstrip coupled line bandpass filter