AVALIAÇÃO DA SEROPREVALÊNCIA DE Toxoplasma gondii EM POPULAÇÕES DE RISCO: UMA REVISÃO NARRATIVA

Objective To elaborate a narrative review in order to evaluate the prevalence of toxoplasmosis in high-risk population groups with a global perspective to promote the development of strategies for the prevention and management of the infection among the referred groups. Introduction: Toxoplasmosis is an infection present in both humans and animals, considered a public health problem that is distributed globally. Among the population groups with a higher risk of developing alterations when acquiring this zoonosis are immunocompromised individuals, newborns born to mothers infected during pregnancy and women of childbearing age; the latter are considered to be at high risk due to the parasite's ability to cross the placental barrier. Many studies have been published regarding the seroprevalence of this infection, but there is insufficient information regarding the decrease or increase of the pathology in populations considered at risk.  Methodology: A searched was carried out for articles in Spanish, English and Portuguese in the databases Google Scholar, ScienceDirect, PubMed, Scopus, Springer, ProQuest, Epistemonikos and Scielo, with a range of years between 2005 and 2020, using the keywords: newborn, immunosuppression, pregnant women, toxoplasmosis and prevalence. Results: The observed prevalence of toxoplasmosis in newborns ranged from 0.06% to 93% for IgG and IgM antibodies. The reported prevalence of IgG anti-Toxoplasma gondii antibodies in women of childbearing age ranged from 18% to 88.7%, and of IgM anti-Toxoplasma gondii antibodies ranged from 1.34% to 30.9% and finally in the group of people with Immunosuppression the prevalence of IgG anti-Toxoplasma gondii antibodies ranged from 8.8% to 94.3% for IgG and IgM antibodies. Conclusion: the routes of transmission of this infection are known and the population groups at risk are identified; however, it has not been possible to reduce the seroprevalence in the different countries, which indicates that it is necessary to create more adequate strategies to educate individuals and drastically reduce the presence of this zoonosis.Objetivo Elaborar una revisión narrativa con el fin de evaluar la prevalencia de toxoplasmosis en grupos poblacionales de alto riesgo con una perspectiva mundial para promover el desarrollo de estrategias de prevención y manejo de la infección en los grupos referidos. Introducción: La toxoplasmosis es una infección presente en humanos y animales, considerada un problema de salud pública que se distribuye a nivel global. Dentro de los grupos poblacionales con un mayor riesgo se encuentran los individuos inmunocomprometidos, los recién nacidos productos de madres infectadas durante el embarazo y las mujeres en edad fértil. Estas últimas consideradas de alto riesgo dada la capacidad del parásito de atravesar la barrera placentaria. Cientos de estudios se han publicado en relación con la seroprevalencia de esta infección, pero no hay información suficiente en relación con la disminución o el aumento de la patología en las poblaciones consideradas como de riesgo.   Metodología: Se realizó una búsqueda de artículos en español, inglés y portugués en las bases de datos Google Scholar, ScienceDirect, PubMed, Scopus, Springer, ProQuest, Epistemonikos y Scielo, con un rango de años entre 2005 y 2020, usando las palabras clave: recién nacido, inmunosupresión, mujeres embarazadas, toxoplasmosis y prevalencia. Resultados: La prevalencia de toxoplasmosis en recién nacidos observada varió entre 0,06% y 93% para anticuerpos de tipo IgG e IgM. Los reportes de prevalencia de anticuerpos IgG anti-Toxoplasma gondii en mujeres en edad fértil oscilaron entre 18% y 88,7%, y de anticuerpos IgM anti-Toxoplasma gondii entre 1,34% y 30,9% y finalmente en el grupo de personas con inmunosupresión el rango de prevalencia de anticuerpos IgG anti-Toxoplasma gondii fluctúo desde 8,8% hasta 94,3% para anticuerpos de tipo IgG e IgM. Conclusión: Las vías de transmisión de esta infección son conocidas y los grupos poblacionales de riesgo están identificados, pero aún no se ha logrado llegar a una disminución de la seroprevalencia en los diferentes países, lo que indica que es necesario crear estrategias más adecuadas que permitan educar a los individuos y reducir de manera drástica la presencia de esta zoonosis.Objetivo. Elaborar uma revisão de literatura para avaliar a prevalência da toxoplasmose em grupos populacionais de alto risco desde uma perspectiva global, para promover o desenvolvimento de estratégias de prevenção e manejo da infecção nos referidos grupos. Introdução. A toxoplasmose é uma infecção presente em humanos e animais, considerada um problema de saúde pública com distribuição global. Os grupos populacionais com maior risco de desenvolver alterações por esta zoonose são os imunocomprometidos, os recém-nascidos de mães infectadas durante a gravidez e as mulheres em idade reprodutiva; os últimos são considerados de alto risco, dada a capacidade do parasita de cruzar a barreira placentária. Centenas de estudos foram publicados a respeito da soroprevalência dessa infecção, mas não há informações suficientes sobre a diminuição ou aumento da doença em populações consideradas de risco. Metodologia. A busca da literatura cientifica em espanhol, inglês e português foi realizada nas bases de dados Google Scholar, ScienceDirect, PubMed, Scopus, Springer, ProQuest, Epistemonikos e Scielo, com intervalo de anos entre 2005 e 2020, utilizando as palavras-chave: newborn, imunossupressão, gestantes, toxoplasmose e prevalência. Resultados. A prevalência de toxoplasmose em recém-nascidos observada variou entre 0,06% e 93% para anticorpos IgG e IgM. Os relatos de prevalência de anticorpos IgG anti-Toxoplasma gondii em mulheres com idade fértil variaram entre 18% e 88,7%, e de anticorpos IgM anti-Toxoplasma gondii entre 1,34% e 30,9% e finalmente no grupo de pessoas imunossuprimidas a prevalência de anticorpos IgG anti-Toxoplasma gondii variou de 8,8% a 94,3% para anticorpos IgG e IgM. Conclusão. apesar de conhecer as vias de transmissão desta infecção e identificar os grupos populacionais de risco, ainda não foi possível atingir uma diminuição da soroprevalência nos diferentes países, o que indica que é necessário criar estratégias mais adequadas que permitam educar indivíduos e reduzir drasticamente a presença desta zoonose

Nivel de vulnerabilidad de los Derechos Fundamentales en la población menor indígena en las etnias Pijáos, Yanaconas, Guambianos, Tamas y Paeces del Dpto. del Huila

La etno-educación es un factor tan importante dentro de las comunidades indígenas, que muchas veces por falta de recursos y apoyo del gobierno no se presta, colaborando así a la pérdida de su lengua y su cosmovisión. Con relación a la salud, se practica con mucha frecuencia la medicina tradicional, teniendo así poco auge la medicina occidental y accediendo a ella muy pocas veces. La deserción escolar es tal vez el problema más agudo y esto porque se presenta por muchos factores ajenos inclusive a su propia voluntad. En este contexto, el documento desarrolló el estado actual y factores de vulnerabilidad de los derechos fundamentales en la población menor de edad indígena en las etnias, Pijaos, Paeces, Yanaconas, Guámbianos y Tamas que habitan en el Departamento del Huila

Recommendations for treatment with recombinant human growth hormone in pediatric patients in Colombia

En Colombia, actualmente no existen parámetros claros para el diagnóstico de pacientes con talla baja, ni sobre el tratamiento de esta población con hormona de crecimiento recombinante humana (somatropina), lo cual se ve favorecido por la diversidad de programas de formación de profesionales en endocrinología pediátrica. En respuesta a esta problemática se realizó el primer acuerdo colombiano de expertos en talla baja liderado por la Asociación Colegio Colombiana de Endocrinología Pediátrica (ACCEP); este trabajo contó con la participación y el aval de expertos clínicos de importantes instituciones de salud públicas y privadas del país, además de expertos metodológicos del instituto Keralty, quienes garantizaron la estandarización del uso de la somatropina. Después de realizar una minuciosa revisión de la literatura, se propone la unificación de definiciones, un algoritmo diagnóstico, los parámetros de referencia de las pruebas bioquímicas y dinámicas, una descripción de las consideraciones de uso de la somatropina para el tratamiento de las patologías con aprobación por la entidad regulatoria de medicamentos y alimentos en Colombia y, por último, un formato de consentimiento informado y de ficha técnica del medicamento.In Colombia there are no guidelines for diagnosis and management of patients with short stature and for the use of recombinanthuman growth hormone, mainly caused by the diversity of training centers in pediatric endocrinology. In response to this situation,the Asociación Colegio Colombiana de Endocrinología Pediátrica leds the first colombian short stature expert committee in order tostandardize the use of human recombinant growth hormone. This work had the participation and endorsement of a consortium ofclinical experts representing the Sociedad Colombiana de Pediatría, Secretaría Distrital de Salud de Bogotá- Subred Integrada deServicios de Salud Suroccidente, Fundación Universitaria Sanitas, Universidad de los Andes and some public and private healthinstitutions in the country, in addition to the participation of methodological experts from the Instituto Global de Excelencia ClínicaKeralty. By reviewing the literature and with the best available evidence, we proposed to unify definitions, a diagnostic algorithm,biochemical and dynamic tests with their reference parameters, a description of the considerations about growth hormone use amongthe indications approved by regulatory agency for medications and food in Colombia and finally a proposal for an informed consentand a medication fact sheet available for parents and patients.https://orcid.org/0000-0002-7856-7213https://orcid.org/0000-0003-2241-7854Revista Nacional - Indexad

Impact of COVID-19 on cardiovascular testing in the United States versus the rest of the world

Objectives: This study sought to quantify and compare the decline in volumes of cardiovascular procedures between the United States and non-US institutions during the early phase of the coronavirus disease-2019 (COVID-19) pandemic. Background: The COVID-19 pandemic has disrupted the care of many non-COVID-19 illnesses. Reductions in diagnostic cardiovascular testing around the world have led to concerns over the implications of reduced testing for cardiovascular disease (CVD) morbidity and mortality. Methods: Data were submitted to the INCAPS-COVID (International Atomic Energy Agency Non-Invasive Cardiology Protocols Study of COVID-19), a multinational registry comprising 909 institutions in 108 countries (including 155 facilities in 40 U.S. states), assessing the impact of the COVID-19 pandemic on volumes of diagnostic cardiovascular procedures. Data were obtained for April 2020 and compared with volumes of baseline procedures from March 2019. We compared laboratory characteristics, practices, and procedure volumes between U.S. and non-U.S. facilities and between U.S. geographic regions and identified factors associated with volume reduction in the United States. Results: Reductions in the volumes of procedures in the United States were similar to those in non-U.S. facilities (68% vs. 63%, respectively; p = 0.237), although U.S. facilities reported greater reductions in invasive coronary angiography (69% vs. 53%, respectively; p < 0.001). Significantly more U.S. facilities reported increased use of telehealth and patient screening measures than non-U.S. facilities, such as temperature checks, symptom screenings, and COVID-19 testing. Reductions in volumes of procedures differed between U.S. regions, with larger declines observed in the Northeast (76%) and Midwest (74%) than in the South (62%) and West (44%). Prevalence of COVID-19, staff redeployments, outpatient centers, and urban centers were associated with greater reductions in volume in U.S. facilities in a multivariable analysis. Conclusions: We observed marked reductions in U.S. cardiovascular testing in the early phase of the pandemic and significant variability between U.S. regions. The association between reductions of volumes and COVID-19 prevalence in the United States highlighted the need for proactive efforts to maintain access to cardiovascular testing in areas most affected by outbreaks of COVID-19 infection

Height and body-mass index trajectories of school-aged children and adolescents from 1985 to 2019 in 200 countries and territories: a pooled analysis of 2181 population-based studies with 65 million participants

Summary Background Comparable global data on health and nutrition of school-aged children and adolescents are scarce. We aimed to estimate age trajectories and time trends in mean height and mean body-mass index (BMI), which measures weight gain beyond what is expected from height gain, for school-aged children and adolescents. Methods For this pooled analysis, we used a database of cardiometabolic risk factors collated by the Non-Communicable Disease Risk Factor Collaboration. We applied a Bayesian hierarchical model to estimate trends from 1985 to 2019 in mean height and mean BMI in 1-year age groups for ages 5–19 years. The model allowed for non-linear changes over time in mean height and mean BMI and for non-linear changes with age of children and adolescents, including periods of rapid growth during adolescence. Findings We pooled data from 2181 population-based studies, with measurements of height and weight in 65 million participants in 200 countries and territories. In 2019, we estimated a difference of 20 cm or higher in mean height of 19-year-old adolescents between countries with the tallest populations (the Netherlands, Montenegro, Estonia, and Bosnia and Herzegovina for boys; and the Netherlands, Montenegro, Denmark, and Iceland for girls) and those with the shortest populations (Timor-Leste, Laos, Solomon Islands, and Papua New Guinea for boys; and Guatemala, Bangladesh, Nepal, and Timor-Leste for girls). In the same year, the difference between the highest mean BMI (in Pacific island countries, Kuwait, Bahrain, The Bahamas, Chile, the USA, and New Zealand for both boys and girls and in South Africa for girls) and lowest mean BMI (in India, Bangladesh, Timor-Leste, Ethiopia, and Chad for boys and girls; and in Japan and Romania for girls) was approximately 9–10 kg/m2. In some countries, children aged 5 years started with healthier height or BMI than the global median and, in some cases, as healthy as the best performing countries, but they became progressively less healthy compared with their comparators as they grew older by not growing as tall (eg, boys in Austria and Barbados, and girls in Belgium and Puerto Rico) or gaining too much weight for their height (eg, girls and boys in Kuwait, Bahrain, Fiji, Jamaica, and Mexico; and girls in South Africa and New Zealand). In other countries, growing children overtook the height of their comparators (eg, Latvia, Czech Republic, Morocco, and Iran) or curbed their weight gain (eg, Italy, France, and Croatia) in late childhood and adolescence. When changes in both height and BMI were considered, girls in South Korea, Vietnam, Saudi Arabia, Turkey, and some central Asian countries (eg, Armenia and Azerbaijan), and boys in central and western Europe (eg, Portugal, Denmark, Poland, and Montenegro) had the healthiest changes in anthropometric status over the past 3·5 decades because, compared with children and adolescents in other countries, they had a much larger gain in height than they did in BMI. The unhealthiest changes—gaining too little height, too much weight for their height compared with children in other countries, or both—occurred in many countries in sub-Saharan Africa, New Zealand, and the USA for boys and girls; in Malaysia and some Pacific island nations for boys; and in Mexico for girls. Interpretation The height and BMI trajectories over age and time of school-aged children and adolescents are highly variable across countries, which indicates heterogeneous nutritional quality and lifelong health advantages and risks

Worldwide trends in underweight and obesity from 1990 to 2022: a pooled analysis of 3663 population-representative studies with 222 million children, adolescents, and adults

Background Underweight and obesity are associated with adverse health outcomes throughout the life course. We estimated the individual and combined prevalence of underweight or thinness and obesity, and their changes, from 1990 to 2022 for adults and school-aged children and adolescents in 200 countries and territories. Methods We used data from 3663 population-based studies with 222 million participants that measured height and weight in representative samples of the general population. We used a Bayesian hierarchical model to estimate trends in the prevalence of different BMI categories, separately for adults (age ≥20 years) and school-aged children and adolescents (age 5–19 years), from 1990 to 2022 for 200 countries and territories. For adults, we report the individual and combined prevalence of underweight (BMI &lt;18·5 kg/m2) and obesity (BMI ≥30 kg/m2). For school&#x2;aged children and adolescents, we report thinness (BMI &lt;2 SD below the median of the WHO growth reference) and obesity (BMI &gt;2 SD above the median). Findings From 1990 to 2022, the combined prevalence of underweight and obesity in adults decreased in 11 countries (6%) for women and 17 (9%) for men with a posterior probability of at least 0·80 that the observed changes were true decreases. The combined prevalence increased in 162 countries (81%) for women and 140 countries (70%) for men with a posterior probability of at least 0·80. In 2022, the combined prevalence of underweight and obesity was highest in island nations in the Caribbean and Polynesia and Micronesia, and countries in the Middle East and north Africa. Obesity prevalence was higher than underweight with posterior probability of at least 0·80 in 177 countries (89%) for women and 145 (73%) for men in 2022, whereas the converse was true in 16 countries (8%) for women, and 39 (20%) for men. From 1990 to 2022, the combined prevalence of thinness and obesity decreased among girls in five countries (3%) and among boys in 15 countries (8%) with a posterior probability of at least 0·80, and increased among girls in 140 countries (70%) and boys in 137 countries (69%) with a posterior probability of at least 0·80. The countries with highest combined prevalence of thinness and obesity in school-aged children and adolescents in 2022 were in Polynesia and Micronesia and the Caribbean for both sexes, and Chile and Qatar for boys. Combined prevalence was also high in some countries in south Asia, such as India and Pakistan, where thinness remained prevalent despite having declined. In 2022, obesity in school-aged children and adolescents was more prevalent than thinness with a posterior probability of at least 0·80 among girls in 133 countries (67%) and boys in 125 countries (63%), whereas the converse was true in 35 countries (18%) and 42 countries (21%), respectively. In almost all countries for both adults and school-aged children and adolescents, the increases in double burden were driven by increases in obesity, and decreases in double burden by declining underweight or thinness. Interpretation The combined burden of underweight and obesity has increased in most countries, driven by an increase in obesity, while underweight and thinness remain prevalent in south Asia and parts of Africa. A healthy nutrition transition that enhances access to nutritious foods is needed to address the remaining burden of underweight while curbing and reversing the increase in obesit

Gestión del conocimiento. Perspectiva multidisciplinaria. Volumen 7

El libro “Gestión del Conocimiento. Perspectiva Multidisciplinaria”, volumen 7, de la Colección Unión Global, es resultado de investigaciones. Los capítulos del libro, son resultados de investigaciones desarrolladas por sus autores. El libro es una publicación internacional, seriada, continua, arbitrada de acceso abierto a todas las áreas del conocimiento, que cuenta con el esfuerzo de investigadores de varios países del mundo, orientada a contribuir con procesos de gestión del conocimiento científico, tecnológico y humanístico que consoliden la transformación del conocimiento en diferentes escenarios, tanto organizacionales como universitarios, para el desarrollo de habilidades cognitivas del quehacer diario. La gestión del conocimiento es un camino para consolidar una plataforma en las empresas públicas o privadas, entidades educativas, organizaciones no gubernamentales, ya sea generando políticas para todas las jerarquías o un modelo de gestión para la administración, donde es fundamental articular el conocimiento, los trabajadores, directivos, el espacio de trabajo, hacia la creación de ambientes propicios para el desarrollo integral de las instituciones

Capitulo 2. Ciencias Naturales y Ciencias Básicas, Ingeniería y Tecnología

La diseminación de la Levitación Magnética, a pesar de lo antiguo de su tecnología, ha sido limitada. Debido a sus inconvenientes prácticos de implementación, su uso es bastante restringido, comparado con otras tecnologías (SCMaglev japonés, Transrapid alemán, o productos comerciales para ocio y entretenimiento). Con el boom de las tecnologías limpias y amigables con el medio ambiente y en concordancia con los objetivos del milenio, es pertinente plantearse el objetivo de optimizar el proceso de Levitación Magnética para generar un aprovechamiento de las ventajas de esta tecnología a nivel mecánico, eléctrico, y ambiental.&nbsp; Actualmente la UNAD adelanta un proyecto de investigación cuyo objetivo es generar un modelo físico matemático de levitación magnética para aplicaciones en ingeniería. De este proyecto se ha derivado una primera revisión sistemática de los principios físicos y los modelos vigentes en Levitación Magnética

XVI International Congress of Control Electronics and Telecommunications: "Techno-scientific considerations for a post-pandemic world intensive in knowledge, innovation and sustainable local development"

Este título, sugestivo por los impactos durante la situación de la Covid 19 en el mundo, y que en Colombia lastimosamente han sido muy críticos, permiten asumir la obligada superación de tensiones sociales, políticas, y económicas; pero sobre todo científicas y tecnológicas. Inicialmente, esto supone la existencia de una capacidad de la sociedad colombiana por recuperar su estado inicial después de que haya cesado la perturbación a la que fue sometida por la catastrófica pandemia, y superar ese anterior estado de cosas ya que se encontraban -y aún se encuentran- muchos problemas locales mal resueltos, medianamente resueltos, y muchos sin resolver: es decir, habrá que rediseñar y fortalecer una probada resiliencia social existente - producto del prolongado conflicto social colombiano superado parcialmente por un proceso de paz exitoso - desde la tecnociencia local; como lo indicaba Markus Brunnermeier - economista alemán y catedrático de economía de la Universidad de Princeton- en su libro The Resilient Society…La cuestión no es preveerlo todo sino poder reaccionar…aprender a recuperarse rápido.This title, suggestive of the impacts during the Covid 19 situation in the world, and which have unfortunately been very critical in Colombia, allows us to assume the obligatory overcoming of social, political, and economic tensions; but above all scientific and technological. Initially, this supposes the existence of a capacity of Colombian society to recover its initial state after the disturbance to which it was subjected by the catastrophic pandemic has ceased, and to overcome that previous state of affairs since it was found -and still is find - many local problems poorly resolved, moderately resolved, and many unresolved: that is, an existing social resilience test will have to be redesigned and strengthened - product of the prolonged Colombian social conflict partially overcome by a successful peace process - from local technoscience; As Markus Brunnermeier - German economist and professor of economics at Princeton University - indicates in his book The Resilient Society...The question is not to foresee everything but to be able to react...learn to recover quickly.Bogot

Heterogeneous contributions of change in population distribution of body mass index to change in obesity and underweight NCD Risk Factor Collaboration (NCD-RisC)

From 1985 to 2016, the prevalence of underweight decreased, and that of obesity and severe obesity increased, in most regions, with significant variation in the magnitude of these changes across regions. We investigated how much change in mean body mass index (BMI) explains changes in the prevalence of underweight, obesity, and severe obesity in different regions using data from 2896 population-based studies with 187 million participants. Changes in the prevalence of underweight and total obesity, and to a lesser extent severe obesity, are largely driven by shifts in the distribution of BMI, with smaller contributions from changes in the shape of the distribution. In East and Southeast Asia and sub-Saharan Africa, the underweight tail of the BMI distribution was left behind as the distribution shifted. There is a need for policies that address all forms of malnutrition by making healthy foods accessible and affordable, while restricting unhealthy foods through fiscal and regulatory restrictions