Effect of Temperature on Development Rate and Survival of \u3ci\u3eNomophila Nearctica\u3c/i\u3e (Lepidoptera: Pyralidae)

Development of Nomophila nearctica was studied under six constant tempera- tures in controlled temperature cabinets. Developmental threshold temperatures for egg, larval, and prepupal-pupal stages were 8.9, 1l.5, and 9.2°C. The overall mean developmental threshold temperature for all stages was 9.9°C. Degree-day summa- tions, based on the above threshold temperatures, averaged 50, 304, and 181 DD for the egg, larval, and prepupal-pupal stages, respectively. Total heat units of 535 DD are required for development from oviposition to adult emergence. Head capsule measurements indicated six larval instars

Epizootiology of the Fungal Pathogen, \u3ci\u3eZoophthora Phytonomi\u3c/i\u3e (Zygomycetes: Entomophthorales) in Field Populations of Alfalfa Weevil (Coleoptera: Curculionidae) Larvae in Illinois

The influence of the fungal pathogen, Zoophthora phytonomi, on larvae of the alfalfa weevil, Hypera postica, was studied in three alfalfa fields in Illinois. Disease epizootics occurred in all three fields and disease onset was ob- served within a fairly narrow range of degree day accumulations. At the height of each epizootic, percentages of infected larvae were between 80 and 100%, and the fungus contributed to the collapse of the weevil population in each field. Percent parasitism by the larval parasitoids, Bathyplectes cur­culionis and B. anurus, was lower in our fields than is common in mid-season alfalfa weevil populations and was sometimes correlated negatively with Zoophthora phytonomi infection levels, strongly implying negative interfer- ence between the parasitoids and the pathogen. Control potential of Zooph­thora phytonomi disease in alfalfa weevil larval populations is addressed

A New Microsporidium in Alfalfa Weevil Populations: Distribution and Characterization

A microsporidium species, not previously reported, was found infecting field populations of the alfalfa weevil, Hypera postica, in Illinois. The pathogen is widely distributed thoughout the state. Percent infection ranged from 1 % to 50% at different collection locations. Characteristics of the microsporidium and possible modes of transmission are presented

Population Status of a Cryptic Top Predator: An Island-Wide Assessment of Tigers in Sumatran Rainforests

Large carnivores living in tropical rainforests are under immense pressure from the rapid conversion of their habitat. In response, millions of dollars are spent on conserving these species. However, the cost-effectiveness of such investments is poorly understood and this is largely because the requisite population estimates are difficult to achieve at appropriate spatial scales for these secretive species. Here, we apply a robust detection/non-detection sampling technique to produce the first reliable population metric (occupancy) for a critically endangered large carnivore; the Sumatran tiger (Panthera tigris sumatrae). From 2007–2009, seven landscapes were surveyed through 13,511 km of transects in 394 grid cells (17×17 km). Tiger sign was detected in 206 cells, producing a naive estimate of 0.52. However, after controlling for an unequal detection probability (where p = 0.13±0.017; ±S.E.), the estimated tiger occupancy was 0.72±0.048. Whilst the Sumatra-wide survey results gives cause for optimism, a significant negative correlation between occupancy and recent deforestation was found. For example, the Northern Riau landscape had an average deforestation rate of 9.8%/yr and by far the lowest occupancy (0.33±0.055). Our results highlight the key tiger areas in need of protection and have led to one area (Leuser-Ulu Masen) being upgraded as a ‘global priority’ for wild tiger conservation. However, Sumatra has one of the highest global deforestation rates and the two largest tiger landscapes identified in this study will become highly fragmented if their respective proposed roads networks are approved. Thus, it is vital that the Indonesian government tackles these threats, e.g. through improved land-use planning, if it is to succeed in meeting its ambitious National Tiger Recovery Plan targets of doubling the number of Sumatran tigers by 2022

Minimal information for studies of extracellular vesicles (MISEV2023): From basic to advanced approaches

Extracellular vesicles (EVs), through their complex cargo, can reflect the state of their cell of origin and change the functions and phenotypes of other cells. These features indicate strong biomarker and therapeutic potential and have generated broad interest, as evidenced by the steady year-on-year increase in the numbers of scientific publications about EVs. Important advances have been made in EV metrology and in understanding and applying EV biology. However, hurdles remain to realising the potential of EVs in domains ranging from basic biology to clinical applications due to challenges in EV nomenclature, separation from non-vesicular extracellular particles, characterisation and functional studies. To address the challenges and opportunities in this rapidly evolving field, the International Society for Extracellular Vesicles (ISEV) updates its 'Minimal Information for Studies of Extracellular Vesicles', which was first published in 2014 and then in 2018 as MISEV2014 and MISEV2018, respectively. The goal of the current document, MISEV2023, is to provide researchers with an updated snapshot of available approaches and their advantages and limitations for production, separation and characterisation of EVs from multiple sources, including cell culture, body fluids and solid tissues. In addition to presenting the latest state of the art in basic principles of EV research, this document also covers advanced techniques and approaches that are currently expanding the boundaries of the field. MISEV2023 also includes new sections on EV release and uptake and a brief discussion of in vivo approaches to study EVs. Compiling feedback from ISEV expert task forces and more than 1000 researchers, this document conveys the current state of EV research to facilitate robust scientific discoveries and move the field forward even more rapidly

Scientific Advice to Public Policy-Making

A feature of policy-making today is its dependence on scientific advice to deliver public policies that are robust, credible, and effective. This paper discusses how policy-making profits from scientific advice in areas where science and technology are significant. Particular attention is given to issues holding a high level of uncertainty, either because of inherent variability, because science is incomplete or controversial, or because data are inadequate to support a definitive answer. First, we analyse the social context that characterises the relationship between science and policy-making, with a focus on the decrease of public confidence in politicians and scientists. Second, we compare three different sets of guidelines on the collection and use of expertise in policy-making (issued by the UK, Canada and the European Commission, respectively) and identify two different approaches to scientific advice in policy-making. Third, based on a set of cross-national and multi-disciplinary case studies, we look at how the relationship between science and policy-making works in practice and propose a set of recommendations towards the establishment of a more robust and effective policy-making process

2012 ACCF/AHA/ACP/AATS/PCNA/SCAI/STS guideline for the diagnosis and management of patients with stable ischemic heart disease

The recommendations listed in this document are, whenever possible, evidence based. An extensive evidence review was conducted as the document was compiled through December 2008. Repeated literature searches were performed by the guideline development staff and writing committee members as new issues were considered. New clinical trials published in peer-reviewed journals and articles through December 2011 were also reviewed and incorporated when relevant. Furthermore, because of the extended development time period for this guideline, peer review comments indicated that the sections focused on imaging technologies required additional updating, which occurred during 2011. Therefore, the evidence review for the imaging sections includes published literature through December 2011

Human chromosome‐specific aneuploidy is influenced by DNA ‐dependent centromeric features

International audienc