DIAGNÓSTICOS E INTERVENÇÕES DE ENFERMAGEM EM CRIANÇAS COM TRANSTORNO DO ESPECTRO AUTISTA: PERSPECTIVA PARA O AUTOCUIDADO

Objetivo: descrever os diagnósticos e as intervenções de enfermagem em crianças com transtorno do espectro autista fundamentados em taxonomias de enfermagem e na teoria do autocuidado. Método: estudo exploratório e descritivo, com abordagem qualitativa com 11 crianças e embasado na aplicação do processo de enfermagem. Utilizou-se taxonomia International Nursing Diagnoses: definitions and classification, para definição dos diagnósticos de enfermagem, a teoria do autocuidado e as recomendações da Nursing Interventions Classification para planejamento das intervenções. Resultados: isolamento social, falta de motivação e dependência para execução de atividades constituíram os principais problemas levantados. As afirmativas diagnósticas que possibilitaram a estruturação de 27 intervenções de enfermagem, compreenderam o déficit no autocuidado para alimentação, banho e higiene íntima; o isolamento social; e a disposição para melhora do autocuidado. Considerações finais: a capacidade para o autocuidado esteve comprometida, requerendo estratégias de enfermagem efetivas voltadas para a criança e para os familiares.Descritores: Transtorno do Espectro Autista. Criança. Autocuidado. Diagnósticos de Enfermagem. Cuidados de Enfermagem

EDUCAÇÃO EM PAUTA: REPERCUSSÕES DO USO DA TECNOLOGIA PARA AS PRÁTICAS PEDAGÓGICAS NA FORMAÇÃO DE PROFESSORES

Educational practices are part of the teaching and learning process and have been passing from generation to generation of teachers as the world evolves. Information and communication technologies (ICTs) represent an important tool with regard to educational practice, being part of the education of students and teachers in continuing education. This study had as general objective to investigate the repercussions of the use of technology as a pedagogical practice in the formation of teachers. The methodology was the literature review, whose bibliographic search was performed in the databases Pubmed, SciELO, Virtual Health Library, Portal Capes, Lilacs and Google Scholar, complemented with a manual search in the reference lists of the selected works. Concluding that technology as a teaching practice is efficient, since it facilitates learning resources for both students and teachers, whether they are from regular education or higher qualified training.Las prácticas educativas son parte del proceso de enseñanza y aprendizaje y han ido pasando de generación en generación de docentes a medida que el mundo evoluciona. Las tecnologías de la información y la comunicación (TIC) representan una herramienta importante con respecto a la práctica educativa, siendo parte de la educación de estudiantes y profesores en educación continua. Este estudio tuvo como objetivo general investigar las repercusiones del uso de la tecnología como práctica pedagógica en la formación de docentes. La metodología fue la revisión de la literatura, cuya búsqueda bibliográfica se realizó en las bases de datos Pubmed, SciELO, Biblioteca Virtual en Salud, Portal Capes, Lilacs y Google Scholar, complementada con una búsqueda manual en las listas de referencias de los trabajos seleccionados. Concluyendo que la tecnología como práctica docente es eficiente, ya que facilita recursos de aprendizaje tanto para estudiantes como para profesores, ya sean de educación regular o de formación de mayor cualificación.As práticas educacionais fazem parte do processo de ensino e aprendizagem e vem transpassando de geração para geração de professores à medida que o mundo evolui. As tecnologias de informação e comunicação (TICs) representam uma ferramenta importante no que tange à prática educacional, fazendo parte da educação de alunos e professores em formação continuada. Esse estudo teve como objetivo geral pesquisar as repercussões do uso da tecnologia como prática pedagógica na formação de professores. Como metodologia destacou-se a revisão de literatura, cuja busca bibliográfica foi realizada nas bases de dados Pubmed, SciELO, Biblioteca Virtual em Saúde, Portal Capes, Lilacs e Google Acadêmico, complementada com uma busca manual nas listas de referências dos trabalhos selecionados. Concluindo que a tecnologia como prática de ensino é eficiente, visto que facilita os recursos de aprendizagem tanto para alunos quanto professores, sejam eles da educação regular ou formação qualificada superior.As práticas educacionais fazem parte do processo de ensino e aprendizagem e vem transpassando de geração para geração de professores à medida que o mundo evolui. As tecnologias de informação e comunicação (TICs) representam uma ferramenta importante no que tange a prática educacional, fazendo parte da educação de alunos e professores em formação continuada. Esse estudo teve como objetivo geral pesquisar as repercussões do uso da tecnologia como prática pedagógica na formação de professores. Como metodologia destacou-se a revisão de literatura, cujo a busca bibliográfica foi realizada nas bases de dados Pubmed, SciELO, Biblioteca Virtual em Saúde, Portal Capes, Lilacs e Google Acadêmico, complementada com uma busca manual nas listas de referências dos trabalhos selecionados. Concluindo que tecnologia como pratica de ensino é eficiente, visto que facilita os recursos de aprendizagem tanto para alunos quanto professores, sejam eles da educação regular ou formação qualificada superior

Dor mamária na amamentação: os desafios no diagnóstico etiológico / Breast pain while breastfeeding: challenges in defining the etiology diagnosis

Introdução: A dor mamária é um problema no estabelecimento e manutenção da amamentação que frequentemente leva ao desmame precoce. Apesar da Candida spp ser comumente responsabilizada pelo quadro de dor, com instituição de tratamento, sua participação como agente etiológico requer confirmação. Objetivo: Relatar os casos de dor mamária persistente e sua associação com os agentes infecciosos, principalmente Candida spp. Materiais e métodos: Foi realizado um estudo no Banco de Leite Humano de um Hospital Universitário Federal, durante um ano, para determinar a prevalência de candidíase mamária em lactantes que apresentavam queixa de dor mamária persistente acompanhada ou não de lesão mamária. Foram coletados swabs dos mamilos de oito lactantes e da mucosa oral de seus respectivos filhos e realizada a cultura microbiológica. Resultados: Dos 8 swabs coletados do mamilo das lactantes, 5 foram negativos, 2 foram positivos para Acinetobacter baumannii, 1 positivo para Serratia marcescens. Candida spp não foi isolada em nenhuma cultura microbiológica da lactante ou de seus filhos. Todas as lactantes e filhos foram tratados com antifúngico e as que tiveram cultura negativa referiram melhora do quadro de dor. Conclusão: O relato de casos sustenta a necessidade de mais estudos para identificar os prováveis agentes etiológicos responsáveis pela dor mamária durante a amamentação. A avaliação clínica e adequada investigação etiológica da dor mamária deve ser perseguida pelos profissionais responsáveis

Diabetes Mellitus tipo 2: pesquisa de marcadores séricos de Hepatites B e C em um serviço de referênciade Maceió-AL / Type 2 diabetes Mellitus: research of serum markers of Hepatitis B and C in a reference service in Maceió-AL

Objetivo: Determinar a prevalência dos marcadores sorológicos para hepatites B (VHB) e C (VHC) em portadores de Diabetes Mellitus tipo 2 (DM2) e analisar potenciais fatores de risco associados. Métodos: Estudo prospectivo transversal, realizado de janeiro a outubro de 2019, em unidade de saúde de nível secundário em Maceió–AL. Foram incluídos 304 pacientes portadores de DM2, maiores de 18 anos, de ambos os sexos, sendo 212 (69,7%) do sexo feminino, média de idade de 59,3 ± 10,1. Para análise sorológica das hepatites B e C foram realizados: HBsAg, anti-HBc IgG, anti-HBs e anti-VHC por meio de quimioluminescência. Os fatores de risco foram avaliados através de questionário estruturado e enzimas hepáticas: AST, ALT e GGT. Resultados: Não foi caracterizado nenhum caso de hepatite B aguda ou crônica. Verificou-se que 53 (17,4%) dos pacientes apresentaram contato prévio com VHB (anti-HBc reativo), 67 (22%) padrão de imunidade para essa infecção (anti-HBs reativo), sendo 32 (10,5%) com padrão vacinal, e 4 (1,3%) casos anti-VHC positivo. Elevação da GGT foi verificada em 137 (47,9%). Conclusão: O estudo evidenciou elevada prevalência (17,4%) de marcadores do VHB em pacientes diabéticos, entretanto 82,6% não apresentaram contato prévio, o que implica maior suscetibilidade ao vírus e ressalta a importância do controle de fatores de risco e da estratégia de vacinação nestes pacientes. A frequência de VHC foi semelhante à população geral

Ejercicio de práctica por individuos con diabetes mellitus

O diabetes mellitus (DM) está associado a um grupo de doenças metabólicas caracterizadas por hiperglicemia crônica, decorrente de defeitos na ação ou na secreção de insulina. O tratamento não farmacológico representa papel primordial na melhoria e controle do DM. Este tratamento engloba uma série de aspectos, tais como: mudança do estilo de vida, hábitos alimentares e prática de exercício físico. O presente estudo teve como objetivo evidenciar por meio de uma revisão bibliográfica os benefícios da pratica de exercícios físicos por indivíduos com Diabetes Mellitus. Trata-se de uma revisão de literatura do tipo integrativa, para a construção da mesma utilizou-se das seguintes bases de dados: Scielo, BVS e Google acadêmico. Foi possível verificar que o incentivo para mudanças do estilo de vida, relacionado as mudanças de hábitos alimentares, prática de exercício físico, pode prevenir ou retardar o Diabetes Mellitus, melhorando o controle de glicose no sangue, complicações metabólicas, possibilitando uma melhor qualidade de vida aos indivíduos com Diabetes Mellitus. Diabetes mellitus (DM) is associated with a group of metabolic diseases characterized by chronic hyperglycemia, due to defects in insulin action or secretion. Non-pharmacological treatment plays a major role in DM improvement and control. This treatment encompasses a number of aspects such as: lifestyle change, eating habits and exercise. This study aimed to highlight through a literature review the benefits of physical exercise practice by individuals with diabetes mellitus. This is an integrative literature review, for its construction we used the following databases: Scielo, VHL and Google academic. It was found that the incentive for lifestyle changes, related to changes in eating habits, physical exercise, can prevent or delay diabetes mellitus, improving blood glucose control, metabolic complications, enabling a better quality of life. to individuals with diabetes mellitus.La diabetes mellitus (DM) está asociada con un grupo de enfermedades metabólicas caracterizadas por hiperglucemia crónica, debido a defectos en la acción o secreción de insulina. El tratamiento no farmacológico juega un papel importante en la mejora y el control de la DM. Este tratamiento abarca una serie de aspectos como: cambio de estilo de vida, hábitos alimenticios y ejercicio. Este estudio tuvo como objetivo destacar a través de una revisión de la literatura los beneficios de la práctica de ejercicio físico en individuos con diabetes mellitus. Esta es una revisión de literatura integradora, para su construcción utilizamos las siguientes bases de datos: Scielo, VHL y Google Academic. Se descubrió que el incentivo para los cambios en el estilo de vida, relacionados con los cambios en los hábitos alimenticios, el ejercicio físico, puede prevenir o retrasar la diabetes mellitus, mejorar el control de la glucosa en la sangre, las complicaciones metabólicas, lo que permite una mejor calidad de vida. a personas con diabetes mellitus

Influence of violence on the mental health of brazilian immigrant women in Portugal

This study aimed to analyze the prevalence of violence against Brazilian immigrant women in Portugal since their arrival, and the consequences of this in their experience, specifically in health, perception of discrimination and loneliness. The sample comprised 682 Brazilian women, migrants, over 18 years old, living in Portugal for more than three months. Data collection was carried out online, through the Limasurvey Platform, and in person at the Brazilian General Consulate in Porto and Lisbon, at More Association (Associação Mais), in which the Discrimination Perceptions, Loneliness (ULS-6) and Mental Health Problems Scales were applied. The results suggest that Brazilian women who have been subjected to violence in Portugal have a worse perception of their health, a greater perception of discrimination, a higher level of loneliness and more mental problems. The study also shows that: the length of stay in Portugal is significantly associated with having been subjected to violence; there is a greater proportion of single women (31.5%) who have been subjected to violence; there is a marginally significant association with whom the immigrants live [χ2 (1, 671) = 2.86, p = 0.09]. Immigrants have some vulnerabilities in the host country, since violence has an adverse effect on their physical and mental health. It is believed to be crucial to create a policy of strengthening the citizen and collective conscience of these immigrant women.info:eu-repo/semantics/publishedVersio

Global variation in diabetes diagnosis and prevalence based on fasting glucose and hemoglobin A1c

Fasting plasma glucose (FPG) and hemoglobin A1c (HbA1c) are both used to diagnose diabetes, but these measurements can identify different people as having diabetes. We used data from 117 population-based studies and quantified, in different world regions, the prevalence of diagnosed diabetes, and whether those who were previously undiagnosed and detected as having diabetes in survey screening, had elevated FPG, HbA1c or both. We developed prediction equations for estimating the probability that a person without previously diagnosed diabetes, and at a specific level of FPG, had elevated HbA1c, and vice versa. The age-standardized proportion of diabetes that was previously undiagnosed and detected in survey screening ranged from 30% in the high-income western region to 66% in south Asia. Among those with screen-detected diabetes with either test, the age-standardized proportion who had elevated levels of both FPG and HbA1c was 29-39% across regions; the remainder had discordant elevation of FPG or HbA1c. In most low- and middle-income regions, isolated elevated HbA1c was more common than isolated elevated FPG. In these regions, the use of FPG alone may delay diabetes diagnosis and underestimate diabetes prevalence. Our prediction equations help allocate finite resources for measuring HbA1c to reduce the global shortfall in diabetes diagnosis and surveillance

Height and body-mass index trajectories of school-aged children and adolescents from 1985 to 2019 in 200 countries and territories: a pooled analysis of 2181 population-based studies with 65 million participants

Summary Background Comparable global data on health and nutrition of school-aged children and adolescents are scarce. We aimed to estimate age trajectories and time trends in mean height and mean body-mass index (BMI), which measures weight gain beyond what is expected from height gain, for school-aged children and adolescents. Methods For this pooled analysis, we used a database of cardiometabolic risk factors collated by the Non-Communicable Disease Risk Factor Collaboration. We applied a Bayesian hierarchical model to estimate trends from 1985 to 2019 in mean height and mean BMI in 1-year age groups for ages 5–19 years. The model allowed for non-linear changes over time in mean height and mean BMI and for non-linear changes with age of children and adolescents, including periods of rapid growth during adolescence. Findings We pooled data from 2181 population-based studies, with measurements of height and weight in 65 million participants in 200 countries and territories. In 2019, we estimated a difference of 20 cm or higher in mean height of 19-year-old adolescents between countries with the tallest populations (the Netherlands, Montenegro, Estonia, and Bosnia and Herzegovina for boys; and the Netherlands, Montenegro, Denmark, and Iceland for girls) and those with the shortest populations (Timor-Leste, Laos, Solomon Islands, and Papua New Guinea for boys; and Guatemala, Bangladesh, Nepal, and Timor-Leste for girls). In the same year, the difference between the highest mean BMI (in Pacific island countries, Kuwait, Bahrain, The Bahamas, Chile, the USA, and New Zealand for both boys and girls and in South Africa for girls) and lowest mean BMI (in India, Bangladesh, Timor-Leste, Ethiopia, and Chad for boys and girls; and in Japan and Romania for girls) was approximately 9–10 kg/m2. In some countries, children aged 5 years started with healthier height or BMI than the global median and, in some cases, as healthy as the best performing countries, but they became progressively less healthy compared with their comparators as they grew older by not growing as tall (eg, boys in Austria and Barbados, and girls in Belgium and Puerto Rico) or gaining too much weight for their height (eg, girls and boys in Kuwait, Bahrain, Fiji, Jamaica, and Mexico; and girls in South Africa and New Zealand). In other countries, growing children overtook the height of their comparators (eg, Latvia, Czech Republic, Morocco, and Iran) or curbed their weight gain (eg, Italy, France, and Croatia) in late childhood and adolescence. When changes in both height and BMI were considered, girls in South Korea, Vietnam, Saudi Arabia, Turkey, and some central Asian countries (eg, Armenia and Azerbaijan), and boys in central and western Europe (eg, Portugal, Denmark, Poland, and Montenegro) had the healthiest changes in anthropometric status over the past 3·5 decades because, compared with children and adolescents in other countries, they had a much larger gain in height than they did in BMI. The unhealthiest changes—gaining too little height, too much weight for their height compared with children in other countries, or both—occurred in many countries in sub-Saharan Africa, New Zealand, and the USA for boys and girls; in Malaysia and some Pacific island nations for boys; and in Mexico for girls. Interpretation The height and BMI trajectories over age and time of school-aged children and adolescents are highly variable across countries, which indicates heterogeneous nutritional quality and lifelong health advantages and risks

Contributions of mean and shape of blood pressure distribution to worldwide trends and variations in raised blood pressure: A pooled analysis of 1018 population-based measurement studies with 88.6 million participants

© The Author(s) 2018. Background: Change in the prevalence of raised blood pressure could be due to both shifts in the entire distribution of blood pressure (representing the combined effects of public health interventions and secular trends) and changes in its high-blood-pressure tail (representing successful clinical interventions to control blood pressure in the hypertensive population). Our aim was to quantify the contributions of these two phenomena to the worldwide trends in the prevalence of raised blood pressure. Methods: We pooled 1018 population-based studies with blood pressure measurements on 88.6 million participants from 1985 to 2016. We first calculated mean systolic blood pressure (SBP), mean diastolic blood pressure (DBP) and prevalence of raised blood pressure by sex and 10-year age group from 20-29 years to 70-79 years in each study, taking into account complex survey design and survey sample weights, where relevant. We used a linear mixed effect model to quantify the association between (probittransformed) prevalence of raised blood pressure and age-group- and sex-specific mean blood pressure. We calculated the contributions of change in mean SBP and DBP, and of change in the prevalence-mean association, to the change in prevalence of raised blood pressure. Results: In 2005-16, at the same level of population mean SBP and DBP, men and women in South Asia and in Central Asia, the Middle East and North Africa would have the highest prevalence of raised blood pressure, and men and women in the highincome Asia Pacific and high-income Western regions would have the lowest. In most region-sex-age groups where the prevalence of raised blood pressure declined, one half or more of the decline was due to the decline in mean blood pressure. Where prevalence of raised blood pressure has increased, the change was entirely driven by increasing mean blood pressure, offset partly by the change in the prevalence-mean association. Conclusions: Change in mean blood pressure is the main driver of the worldwide change in the prevalence of raised blood pressure, but change in the high-blood-pressure tail of the distribution has also contributed to the change in prevalence, especially in older age groups

Worldwide trends in underweight and obesity from 1990 to 2022: a pooled analysis of 3663 population-representative studies with 222 million children, adolescents, and adults

Background Underweight and obesity are associated with adverse health outcomes throughout the life course. We estimated the individual and combined prevalence of underweight or thinness and obesity, and their changes, from 1990 to 2022 for adults and school-aged children and adolescents in 200 countries and territories. Methods We used data from 3663 population-based studies with 222 million participants that measured height and weight in representative samples of the general population. We used a Bayesian hierarchical model to estimate trends in the prevalence of different BMI categories, separately for adults (age ≥20 years) and school-aged children and adolescents (age 5–19 years), from 1990 to 2022 for 200 countries and territories. For adults, we report the individual and combined prevalence of underweight (BMI <18·5 kg/m2) and obesity (BMI ≥30 kg/m2). For schoolaged children and adolescents, we report thinness (BMI <2 SD below the median of the WHO growth reference) and obesity (BMI >2 SD above the median). Findings From 1990 to 2022, the combined prevalence of underweight and obesity in adults decreased in 11 countries (6%) for women and 17 (9%) for men with a posterior probability of at least 0·80 that the observed changes were true decreases. The combined prevalence increased in 162 countries (81%) for women and 140 countries (70%) for men with a posterior probability of at least 0·80. In 2022, the combined prevalence of underweight and obesity was highest in island nations in the Caribbean and Polynesia and Micronesia, and countries in the Middle East and north Africa. Obesity prevalence was higher than underweight with posterior probability of at least 0·80 in 177 countries (89%) for women and 145 (73%) for men in 2022, whereas the converse was true in 16 countries (8%) for women, and 39 (20%) for men. From 1990 to 2022, the combined prevalence of thinness and obesity decreased among girls in five countries (3%) and among boys in 15 countries (8%) with a posterior probability of at least 0·80, and increased among girls in 140 countries (70%) and boys in 137 countries (69%) with a posterior probability of at least 0·80. The countries with highest combined prevalence of thinness and obesity in school-aged children and adolescents in 2022 were in Polynesia and Micronesia and the Caribbean for both sexes, and Chile and Qatar for boys. Combined prevalence was also high in some countries in south Asia, such as India and Pakistan, where thinness remained prevalent despite having declined. In 2022, obesity in school-aged children and adolescents was more prevalent than thinness with a posterior probability of at least 0·80 among girls in 133 countries (67%) and boys in 125 countries (63%), whereas the converse was true in 35 countries (18%) and 42 countries (21%), respectively. In almost all countries for both adults and school-aged children and adolescents, the increases in double burden were driven by increases in obesity, and decreases in double burden by declining underweight or thinness. Interpretation The combined burden of underweight and obesity has increased in most countries, driven by an increase in obesity, while underweight and thinness remain prevalent in south Asia and parts of Africa. A healthy nutrition transition that enhances access to nutritious foods is needed to address the remaining burden of underweight while curbing and reversing the increase in obesit