Comparing Notes: Recording and Criticism

This chapter charts the ways in which recording has changed the nature of music criticism. It both provides an overview of the history of recording and music criticism, from the advent of Edison’s Phonograph to the present day, and examines the issues arising from this new technology and the consequent transformation of critical thought and practice

Mortality and pulmonary complications in patients undergoing surgery with perioperative SARS-CoV-2 infection: an international cohort study

Background: The impact of severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2) on postoperative recovery needs to be understood to inform clinical decision making during and after the COVID-19 pandemic. This study reports 30-day mortality and pulmonary complication rates in patients with perioperative SARS-CoV-2 infection. Methods: This international, multicentre, cohort study at 235 hospitals in 24 countries included all patients undergoing surgery who had SARS-CoV-2 infection confirmed within 7 days before or 30 days after surgery. The primary outcome measure was 30-day postoperative mortality and was assessed in all enrolled patients. The main secondary outcome measure was pulmonary complications, defined as pneumonia, acute respiratory distress syndrome, or unexpected postoperative ventilation. Findings: This analysis includes 1128 patients who had surgery between Jan 1 and March 31, 2020, of whom 835 (74·0%) had emergency surgery and 280 (24·8%) had elective surgery. SARS-CoV-2 infection was confirmed preoperatively in 294 (26·1%) patients. 30-day mortality was 23·8% (268 of 1128). Pulmonary complications occurred in 577 (51·2%) of 1128 patients; 30-day mortality in these patients was 38·0% (219 of 577), accounting for 81·7% (219 of 268) of all deaths. In adjusted analyses, 30-day mortality was associated with male sex (odds ratio 1·75 [95% CI 1·28–2·40], p\textless0·0001), age 70 years or older versus younger than 70 years (2·30 [1·65–3·22], p\textless0·0001), American Society of Anesthesiologists grades 3–5 versus grades 1–2 (2·35 [1·57–3·53], p\textless0·0001), malignant versus benign or obstetric diagnosis (1·55 [1·01–2·39], p=0·046), emergency versus elective surgery (1·67 [1·06–2·63], p=0·026), and major versus minor surgery (1·52 [1·01–2·31], p=0·047). Interpretation: Postoperative pulmonary complications occur in half of patients with perioperative SARS-CoV-2 infection and are associated with high mortality. Thresholds for surgery during the COVID-19 pandemic should be higher than during normal practice, particularly in men aged 70 years and older. Consideration should be given for postponing non-urgent procedures and promoting non-operative treatment to delay or avoid the need for surgery. Funding: National Institute for Health Research (NIHR), Association of Coloproctology of Great Britain and Ireland, Bowel and Cancer Research, Bowel Disease Research Foundation, Association of Upper Gastrointestinal Surgeons, British Association of Surgical Oncology, British Gynaecological Cancer Society, European Society of Coloproctology, NIHR Academy, Sarcoma UK, Vascular Society for Great Britain and Ireland, and Yorkshire Cancer Research

Wider Still and Wider: British Music Criticism since the Second World War

This chapter provides the first historical examination of music criticism in Britain since the Second World War. In the process, it also challenges the simplistic prevailing view of this being a period of decline from a golden age in music criticism

Effect of angiotensin-converting enzyme inhibitor and angiotensin receptor blocker initiation on organ support-free days in patients hospitalized with COVID-19

IMPORTANCE Overactivation of the renin-angiotensin system (RAS) may contribute to poor clinical outcomes in patients with COVID-19. Objective To determine whether angiotensin-converting enzyme (ACE) inhibitor or angiotensin receptor blocker (ARB) initiation improves outcomes in patients hospitalized for COVID-19. DESIGN, SETTING, AND PARTICIPANTS In an ongoing, adaptive platform randomized clinical trial, 721 critically ill and 58 non–critically ill hospitalized adults were randomized to receive an RAS inhibitor or control between March 16, 2021, and February 25, 2022, at 69 sites in 7 countries (final follow-up on June 1, 2022). INTERVENTIONS Patients were randomized to receive open-label initiation of an ACE inhibitor (n = 257), ARB (n = 248), ARB in combination with DMX-200 (a chemokine receptor-2 inhibitor; n = 10), or no RAS inhibitor (control; n = 264) for up to 10 days. MAIN OUTCOMES AND MEASURES The primary outcome was organ support–free days, a composite of hospital survival and days alive without cardiovascular or respiratory organ support through 21 days. The primary analysis was a bayesian cumulative logistic model. Odds ratios (ORs) greater than 1 represent improved outcomes. RESULTS On February 25, 2022, enrollment was discontinued due to safety concerns. Among 679 critically ill patients with available primary outcome data, the median age was 56 years and 239 participants (35.2%) were women. Median (IQR) organ support–free days among critically ill patients was 10 (–1 to 16) in the ACE inhibitor group (n = 231), 8 (–1 to 17) in the ARB group (n = 217), and 12 (0 to 17) in the control group (n = 231) (median adjusted odds ratios of 0.77 [95% bayesian credible interval, 0.58-1.06] for improvement for ACE inhibitor and 0.76 [95% credible interval, 0.56-1.05] for ARB compared with control). The posterior probabilities that ACE inhibitors and ARBs worsened organ support–free days compared with control were 94.9% and 95.4%, respectively. Hospital survival occurred in 166 of 231 critically ill participants (71.9%) in the ACE inhibitor group, 152 of 217 (70.0%) in the ARB group, and 182 of 231 (78.8%) in the control group (posterior probabilities that ACE inhibitor and ARB worsened hospital survival compared with control were 95.3% and 98.1%, respectively). CONCLUSIONS AND RELEVANCE In this trial, among critically ill adults with COVID-19, initiation of an ACE inhibitor or ARB did not improve, and likely worsened, clinical outcomes. TRIAL REGISTRATION ClinicalTrials.gov Identifier: NCT0273570

Frontière nationale, frontières sociales : ethnographie de l’espace frontalier isan-lao.

Proposing a detailed ethnography of inter-village relations on the Lao-Thai border, my work intends to analyze, on the one hand, the role of national and local uses of the past in the structuring and the establishment of social boundaries superimposed on the state borders and question the ambiguous relations that the different cross-border actors have with the nation-states, their history and their actors. On the other hand, by the description of the uses and the actors of the border my research questions the general affirmations established by a generation of researcher concerning the social and cultural continuity between the Lao and the Isan people, the latter who are the inhabitants of a region (northeast of Thailand) which is fundamental for the understanding of contemporary Thai politics.Proposant une ethnographie minutieuse des relations intervillageoises sur la frontière Lao-thaïlandaise, mon travail entend analyser, d'une part, le rôle des usages nationaux et locaux du passé dans la structuration et l’établissement de frontières sociales se superposant aux frontières étatiques et interrogent les relations ambigües que les différents acteurs transfrontaliers entretiennent avec les Etats-nations, leur histoire et leurs acteurs. D'autre part, par la description des usages et des acteurs de la frontière ma recherche questionne les affirmations générales établies par une génération de chercheur concernant la continuité sociale et culturelle des Lao et des habitants du nord-est thaïlandais, région fondamentale dans la compréhension de la politique thaïlandaise contemporaine

L’épaisseur différenciée de la limite : les usages asymétriques de l’espace frontalier isan-lao

La littérature concernant les espaces frontaliers (borderlands) s’est considérablement développée durant les trente dernières années, notamment en anthropologie. La vision globaliste d’un monde sans frontière s’est peu à peu effacée pour laisser place à des études qui, d’une part, et notamment dans le contexte sud-est asiatique, pointaient la spécificité des marges frontalières caractérisées par des ensembles culturels transversaux et, d’autre part, une littérature qui soulignait le tournant sécuritaire contemporain dans la gestion des limites nationales et internationales. La frontière entre le nord-est thaïlandais et la Plaine de Vientiane a longtemps été étudiée sous l’angle de la première perspective, perçue comme un espace fluidifié par l’appartenance commune au groupe ethnolinguistique lao des populations des deux rives. Basé sur une recherche ethnographique de quinze mois auprès de deux villages frontaliers, cet article interroge la porosité de la frontière isan-lao par les modalités pratiques et quotidiennes de sa régulation, des usages du fleuve comme ressource et des circulations d’une rive à l’autre. Cette topographie pratique de l’espace frontalier permettra de montrer comment, malgré l’informalité du passage, celui-ci constitue un espace densément et différentiellement structuré de part et d’autre.The literature on borderlands has grown considerably over the past 30 years, particularly in anthropology. The globalist vision of a borderless world has gradually faded away to make way for studies which, on the one hand, particularly in the Southeast Asian context, pointed to the specificity of the border margins characterized by transverse cultural groups and, on the other hand, a literature which underlined the contemporary security turn in the national and international borders management. The border between northeastern Thailand and the Vientiane Plain in Laos, has long been described from the first perspective, perceived as a space made fluid by the common belonging to the Lao ethno-linguistic group of populations of both shores. Based on a fifteen months PhD field research in two border villages, this article aims to question the Isan-Lao border porosity through the practical and daily modalities of its control, the use of the river as a resource and the circulation from one bank to the other. This practical topography of the borderland will show how, despite the informal nature of the passage, it constitutes a densely and differently structured space on both sides

National border, social boundaries : ethnography of the isan-lao borderland

Proposant une ethnographie minutieuse des relations intervillageoises sur la frontière Lao-thaïlandaise, mon travail entend analyser, d'une part, le rôle des usages nationaux et locaux du passé dans la structuration et l’établissement de frontières sociales se superposant aux frontières étatiques et interrogent les relations ambigües que les différents acteurs transfrontaliers entretiennent avec les Etats-nations, leur histoire et leurs acteurs. D'autre part, par la description des usages et des acteurs de la frontière ma recherche questionne les affirmations générales établies par une génération de chercheur concernant la continuité sociale et culturelle des Lao et des habitants du nord-est thaïlandais, région fondamentale dans la compréhension de la politique thaïlandaise contemporaine.Proposing a detailed ethnography of inter-village relations on the Lao-Thai border, my work intends to analyze, on the one hand, the role of national and local uses of the past in the structuring and the establishment of social boundaries superimposed on the state borders and question the ambiguous relations that the different cross-border actors have with the nation-states, their history and their actors. On the other hand, by the description of the uses and the actors of the border my research questions the general affirmations established by a generation of researcher concerning the social and cultural continuity between the Lao and the Isan people, the latter who are the inhabitants of a region (northeast of Thailand) which is fundamental for the understanding of contemporary Thai politics

Recherche en sciences humaines sur l'Asie du Sud-Est

Huit contributions abordant des thématiques très variées composent ce numéro « varia » de Moussons. Deux articles sur l’articulation entre les sphères politique et religieuse au Viêt Nam ouvrent ce recueil. Le premier traite des revendications portées par les tenants d’un certain nationalisme culturel pour ériger le culte de la Déesse-mère en « religion » ; le second explore l’imbrication des cultes aux ancêtres et aux héros nationaux à travers l’ethnographie d’un village de la province de Nam Dinh. Nous restons au Viêt Nam dans la troisième contribution qui apporte des éclairages inédits sur le dispositif judiciaire mis en œuvre au tournant du xxe siècle par les Français au poste frontière de Lao Cai pour châtier les contrebandiers d’opium. De l’histoire du droit on passe à celle de l'anthropologie dans un article qui se penche sur l'histoire de l'anthropologie coloniale et des politiques japonaises à Taiwan du temps de l'empire japonais (1895-1945). Enfin l'histoire des nationalismes est abordée dans un article consacré à la traduction par Ma Tsiun-wou du fameux poème Mi ultimo pensamiento du Philippin José Rizal, et à la manière dont elle exprime l’imaginaire nationaliste chinois du début du xxe siècle. Deux autres contributions portent sur les changements que la migration internationale entraîne dans l’expression des masculinités sud-est asiatiques. Le premier aborde la sexualité des Vietnamiens travaillant sur des chantiers de construction au Laos et examine leur degré d’exposition au VIH, le second traitant pour sa part de la renégociation des rapports de genre qu’induit pour les hommes indonésiens la migration professionnelle de leurs épouses à Hong Kong. Enfin, une dernière contribution analyse les usages asymétriques de l’espace frontalier par les riverains du Mékong

Anthropologie et anarchisme

L’anarchisme s’invite de façon de plus en plus visible dans le champ de l’anthropologie. Ce dossier bilingue et internationaliste rassemble des contributions de chercheurs engagés dans la voie d’une anthropologie critique qui actualise les débats méthodologiques et idéologiques du mouvement de Mai 68. Ceux-ci touchent aux structures de pouvoir, aux espaces d’autonomie et d’entraide, aux marges et aux diverses façons de rejeter des normes. Anarchism is increasingly visible in the field of anthropology. This bilingual and internationalist dossier brings together contributions by researchers engaged in a critical anthropology, updating the methodological and ideological debates of the May 68 movement. These concern the structures of power, the spaces of autonomy and mutual aid, the margins, and the various ways of rejecting norms