817 research outputs found
The dark side of solar photospheric G-band bright points
Bright small-scale magnetic elements found mainly in intergranular lanes at
the solar surface are named bright points (BPs). They show high contrasts in
Fraunhofer G-band observations and are described by nearly vertical slender
flux tubes or sheets. A recent comparison between BP observations in the
ultraviolet (UV) and visible spectral range recorded with the balloon-borne
observatory SUNRISE and state-of-the-art magnetohydrodynamical (MHD)
simulations revealed a kiloGauss magnetic field for 98% of the synthetic BPs.
Here we address the opposite question, namely which fraction of pixels hosting
kiloGauss fields coincides with an enhanced G-band brightness. We carried out
3D radiation MHD simulations for three magnetic activity levels (corresponding
to the quiet Sun, weak and strong plage) and performed a full spectral line
synthesis in the G-band. Only 7% of the kiloGauss pixels in our quiet-Sun
simulation coincide with a brightness lower than the mean quiet-Sun intensity,
while 23% of the pixels in the weak-plage simulation and even 49% in the
strong-plage simulation are associated with a local darkening. Dark
strong-field regions are preferentially found in the cores of larger flux
patches that are rare in the quiet Sun, but more common in plage regions, often
in the vertices of granulation cells. The significant brightness shortfall in
the core of larger flux patches coincide with a slight magnetic field
weakening. KiloGauss elements in the quiet Sun are on average brighter than
similar features in plage regions. Almost all strong-field pixels display a
more or less vertical magnetic field orientation. Hence in the quiet Sun,
G-band BPs correspond almost one-to-one with kiloGauss elements. In weak plage
the correspondence is still very good, but not perfect.Comment: Accepted for publication in Astronomy & Astrophysic
Brightness of Solar Magnetic Elements as a Function of Magnetic Flux at High Spatial Resolution
We investigate the relationship between the photospheric magnetic field of
small-scale magnetic elements in the quiet Sun (QS) at disc centre, and the
brightness at 214 nm, 300 nm, 313 nm, 388 nm, 397 nm, and at 525.02 nm. To this
end we analysed spectropolarimetric and imaging time series acquired
simultaneously by the IMaX magnetograph and the SuFI filter imager on-board the
balloon-borne observatory Sunrise during its first science flight in 2009, with
high spatial and temporal resolution.
We find a clear dependence of the contrast in the near ultraviolet (NUV) and
the visible on the line-of-sight component of the magnetic field, , which is best described by a logarithmic model. This function represents
well the relationship between the Ca II H-line emission and , and
works better than a power-law fit adopted by previous studies. This, along with
the high contrast reached at these wavelengths, will help with determining the
contribution of small-scale elements in the QS to the irradiance changes for
wavelengths below 388 nm. At all wavelengths including the continuum at 525.40
nm the intensity contrast does not decrease with increasing . This
result also strongly supports that Sunrise has resolved small strong magnetic
field elements in the internetwork, resulting in constant contrasts for large
magnetic fields in our continuum contrast at 525.40 nm vs.
scatterplot, unlike the turnover obtained in previous observational studies.
This turnover is due to the intermixing of the bright magnetic features with
the dark intergranular lanes surrounding them
Complete sequence of HLA-B27 cDNA identified through the characterization of structural markers unique to the HLA-A, -B, and -C allelic series
Antigen HLA-B27 is a high-risk genetic factor
with respect to a group of rheumatoid disorders, especially
ankylosing spondylitis. A cDNA library was constructed from
an autozygous B-cell line expressing HLA-B27, HLA-Cw1, and
the previously cloned HLA-A2 antigen. Clones detected with an
HLA probe' were isolated and sorted into homology groups by
differential hybridization and restriction maps. Nucleotide
sequencing allowed the unambiguous assignment of cDNAs to
HL4-A, -B, and -C loci. The HLA-B27 mRNA has the
structural features and the codon variability typical of an HLA
class I transcript but it specifies two uncommon amino acid
replacements: a cysteine in position 67 and a serine in position
131. The latter substitution may have functional consequences,
because it occurs in a conserved region and at a position
invariably occupied by a species-specific arginine in humans
and lysine in mice. The availability of the complete sequence of
HLA-B27 and of the partial sequence of HLA-Cw1 allows the
recognition of locus-specific sequence markers, particularly,
but not exclusively, in the transmembrane and cytoplasmic
domains
Investigations of small-scale magnetic features on the solar surface
Solar activity is controlled by the magnetic field, which also causes the
variability of the solar irradiance that in turn is thought to influence the
climate on Earth. The magnetic field manifests itself in the form of structures
of largely different sizes. This thesis concentrates on two types of the
smallest known magnetic features: The first part studies the properties of
umbral dots, dot-like bright features in the dark umbra of a sunspot. The
obtained umbral dot properties provide a remarkable confirmation of the results
of recent magneto-hydrodynamical simulations. Observations as well as
simulations show that umbral dots differ from their surroundings mainly in the
lowest photospheric layers, where the temperature is enhanced and the magnetic
field is weakened. In addition, the interior of the umbral dots displays strong
upflow velocities which are surrounded by weak downflows. This qualitative
agreement further strengthens the interpretation of umbral dots as localized
columns of overturning convection. The second part of the thesis investigates
bright points, which are small-scale brightness enhancements in the darker
intergranular lanes of the quiet Sun produced by magnetic flux concentrations.
Observational data obtained by the balloon-borne solar telescope SUNRISE are
used in this thesis. For the first time contrasts of bright points in the
important ultraviolet spectral range are determined. A comparison of
observational data with magneto-hydrodynamical simulations revealed a close
correspondence, but only after effects due to the limited spectral and spatial
resolution were carefully included. 98% of the synthetic bright points are
found to be associated with a nearly vertical kilo-Gauss field.Comment: PhD thesis, Braunschweig University, 209 pages; ISBN
978-3-942171-73-1, uni-edition GmbH 201
Expression of the CD6 T lymphocyte differentiation antigen in normal human brain
Antigens shared by the immune and central nervous systems (CNS) have been described repeatedly.
The present study reports the expression of the CD6 lymphocyte differentiation antigen in normal human
brain evidenced by immunohistochemistry and Northern blot analysis. A panel of various anti-CD6
monoclonal antibodies (mabs) tested on serial cryostat sections identified CD6-positive cells randomly
scattered in parenchyma of all examined brain areas. Northern blot analysis with a highly sensitive cRNA
probe revealed a 3.1 kb CD6-specific mRNA in various brain regions, especially in basalganglia and cortex
cerebellum. Staining with mabs raised against different hematopoietic cell types, as well as hybridization
with probes specific for the ß- and y-T cell receptor (TCR) chains support the notion that CD6 is
expressed by original brain cells. The nature of the CD6-positive cell type and possible functions of shared
antigens in immune and nervous systems are discusse
Non-destructive testing of the parts manufactured by Direct Metal Laser Sintering
Published ThesisInterest in Additive Manufacturing (AM) has grown considerably in the past decades and
industry has gained great benefits from this type of technology. The main advantages are:
geometrical freedom that allows the design of parts with complex shape, which are difficult
or impossible to produce by conventional technology; shortened design-to-product time;
customization and the possibility to use several materials in one process. Direct Metal Laser
Sintering (DMLS) is one of the most promising AM technologies that utilizes metal powders.
Due to the layer-by-layer nature of powder delivery used in DMLS, the drawbacks are:
surface quality and accuracy, high residual stress in as-built parts and porosity – all of which
depend on the powder material, process-parameters, scanning and building strategies. This
can result in a substantial deterioration of the mechanical properties of the products and their
performance characteristics. For this reason, it is very important to identify defective parts
before enrolling into service.
Non-destructive testing (NDT) is effective for detection of internal defects without causing
damage. NDT also covers a wide group of methods of analysis used to evaluate the properties
of a material. NDT techniques like visual, acoustic, ultrasonic, thermal, X-ray and 3Dcomputed
tomography (CT) inspections are now widely used for various industrial
applications. For the analysis of material properties and the detection of defects, each of these
methods uses different physical principles that have their advantages and disadvantages. In this study, some of the NDT techniques are evaluated in terms of their applicability to the
inspection of parts manufactured by DMLS technology: Visual, Ultrasonic, Computed
Tomography and Acoustic Emission inspection.
Artificial defects were used to determine the feasibility of each NDT method. DMLS samples
were produced containing a range of artificial defects. These samples were than subjected to
each method and the results compared. A comparison between the amount of defect
information obtained is made.
It was shown that the nature of the sample; shape, size, material and the type of defects
present plays a vital role in the selection of testing methods. Ultrasonic-Total Focus Method
indicated that some defects are present upon testing relatively big samples with simple
geometry. X-ray Computed Tomography showed some limitations with regard to the
possibilities and the amount of defect detail, the only drawback being the cost and time
involved. Acoustic Emission showed to be a promising method for production parts although
it requires an initial time investment; thereafter it is a simple and easy way of detecting
defective samples
Vertical flows and mass flux balance of sunspot umbral dots
A new Stokes inversion technique that greatly reduces the effect of the
spatial point spread function of the telescope is used to constrain the
physical properties of umbral dots (UDs). The depth-dependent inversion of the
Stokes parameters from a sunspot umbra recorded with Hinode SOT/SP revealed
significant temperature enhancements and magnetic field weakenings in the core
of the UDs in deep photospheric layers. Additionally, we found upflows of
around 960 m/s in peripheral UDs (i.e., UDs close to the penumbra) and
600 m/s in central UDs. For the first time, we also detected
systematic downflows for distances larger than 200 km from the UD center that
balance the upflowing mass flux. In the upper photosphere, we found almost no
difference between the UDs and their diffuse umbral background.Comment: Accepted for publication in Astronomy and Astrophysic
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