37 research outputs found

    Ilmastovaihteluiden ja metsÀtaloustoimenpiteiden vaikutukset pienten metsÀisten valuma-alueiden veden fysikaalis-kemialliseen laatuun Suomessa

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    In this MSc thesis the impacts of climatic factors and forestry operations on concentrations of total nitrogen (TN), total phosphorus (TP), suspended solids (SS) and total organic carbon (TOC) were examined in seven small forested catchments in Southern and Eastern Finland between 1985 and 2010. The study was conducted using statistical methods on discharge, water quality, temperature and precipitation data provided by the Finnish Environment Institute and Finnish Meteorological Institute. The results from forestry operations were mostly based on spatial data regarding age stand provided by the Finnish Forest Research Institute as well as the current peatland drainage status from Corine 2006 Land Cover. Overall the study results highlighted the impact of catchment characteristics on concentrations, which was clearly demonstrated by the significance of peatland percentage. The effects of global warming and changes in discharge were particularly evident in the northernmost catchments. Concentrations of TN and TOC mostly increased while concentrations of TP decreased in nearly all of the catchments during the study period. The single most important factor explaining changes in TN was temperature while increased winter and minimum discharge accounted for a major part of TP concentrations. Changes in SS and TOC were most notably explained by peatland percentage. Long term impacts of forestry operations correlated with TN, SS, and TOC but not with TP. In the future more long term studies and more specific information on catchment characteristics are needed to be able to reliably compare results between different catchments.TĂ€ssĂ€ pro gradu –työssĂ€ tarkasteltiin ilmastotekijöiden ja metsĂ€taloustoimenpiteiden vaikutuksia virtaamiin sekĂ€ kokonaistypen (TN), -fosforin (TP), kiintoaineen (SS) ja orgaanisen kokonaishiilen (TOC) pitoisuuksiin seitsemĂ€llĂ€ pienellĂ€ metsĂ€isellĂ€ valuma-alueella EtelĂ€- ja ItĂ€-Suomessa vuosina 1985 - 2010. Tutkimus suoritettiin tilastollisilla menetelmillĂ€ kĂ€yttĂ€en Suomen YmpĂ€ristökeskuksen ja Ilmatieteen laitoksen virtaama-, vedenlaatu-, lĂ€mpötila- sekĂ€ sadantatietoja. MetsĂ€taloustoimenpiteiden osalta tulokset perustuivat muutamien yksittĂ€isten tarkkojen toimenpidetietojen ohella pÀÀosin MetsĂ€ntutkimuslaitoksen paikkatietodataan puuston iĂ€stĂ€ sekĂ€ Corine 2006 Land Coverin maankĂ€yttö- ja soiden ojitustilannetietoihin. Kaiken kaikkiaan tutkimustuloksissa korostui valuma-alueiden ominaispiirteiden suuri vaikutus eri ainespitoisuuksiin, mikĂ€ tuli hyvin esille mm. turvemaan osuuden merkittĂ€vyydessĂ€. Ilmaston lĂ€mpenemisen ja virtaamamuutosten vaikutukset nĂ€kyivĂ€t erityisesti pohjoisemmilla valuma-alueilla. Kokonaistypen ja orgaanisen kokonaishiilen pitoisuudet pÀÀasiassa nousivat sekĂ€ toisaalta kokonaisfosforipitoisuudet laskivat lĂ€hes kaikilla valuma-alueilla tutkimusjakson aikana. Typen osalta tĂ€rkein yksittĂ€inen tekijĂ€ oli lĂ€mpötila, kun taas fosforipitoisuuksia selittivĂ€t parhaiten talvi- ja minimivirtaamien nousut erityisesti pohjoisemilla valuma-alueilla. Kiintoaineen ja orgaanisen kokonaishiilen pitoisuudet riippuivat eniten turvemaan osuudesta. MetsĂ€taloustoimenpiteillĂ€ oli pitkĂ€llĂ€ aikavĂ€lillĂ€ vaikutusta kokonaistypen, kiintoaineen sekĂ€ orgaanisen kokonaishiilen pitoisuuksiin, mutta kokonaisfosforin osalta korrelaatiota ei ollut. Ilmastotekijöiden ja metsĂ€taloustoimenpiteiden vaihteluita tulisi jatkossa tutkia enemmĂ€n pitkĂ€llĂ€ aikavĂ€lillĂ€ sekĂ€ paremmin valuma-alueiden ominaispiirteet tiedostaen, jotta eri alueiden vĂ€liset tulokset olisivat luotettavampia ja selkeĂ€mmin vertailukelpoisia

    Lainvalmistelun koulutusohjelmat 2018–2021 : KĂ€ytĂ€nnön evĂ€itĂ€ lainvalmistelijoiden osaamisen kehittĂ€miseen ja lainvalmistelun tutkimukseen

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    Vuonna 2017 kĂ€ynnistyi liikenne- ja viestintĂ€ministeriön ja ItĂ€-Suomen yliopiston yhteisestĂ€ aloitteesta ministeriöiden lainvalmistelijoiden koulutushankkeen suunnittelu. EnsimmĂ€inen lainvalmistelijan koulutusohjelma kĂ€ynnistyi vuonna 2018 yhteistyössĂ€ ministeriöiden ja ItĂ€-Suomen yliopiston kesken. EnsimmĂ€iseen koulutusohjelmaan osallistuivat LVM, STM ja VM. Toinen ja kolmas koulutusohjelma toteutettiin kilpailutuksen kautta ja myös niiden toteuttajaksi valikoitui ItĂ€-Suomen yliopiston oikeustieteiden laitos. Toiseen koulutusohjelmaan tulivat mukaan myös TEM ja YM ja kolmanteen koulutusohjelmaan kuudentena ministeriönĂ€ MMM. Kunkin koulutusohjelman osallistujamÀÀrĂ€ oli 30 lainvalmistelijaa. Koulutusohjelmassa yhdistettiin tutkimukseen ja kokemukseen perustuvaa opetusta. Kouluttajina toimivat sekĂ€ ItĂ€-Suomen yliopiston henkilökunta ettĂ€ asiantuntijoita mm. ministeriöistĂ€, lainsÀÀdĂ€nnön arviointineuvostosta ja eduskunnan valiokunnista. Koulutusohjelman tavoitteena oli lainvalmistelijoiden osaamisen syventĂ€minen. Erityisesti haluttiin lisĂ€tĂ€ lainvalmistelijoiden kykyĂ€ analysoida oikeudellisia kysymyksiĂ€ ja samalla edistÀÀ virkamiesten verkostoitumista. Koulutusohjelmaan sisĂ€ltyi opintoja perustuslaista, vaikutusten arvioinnista, EU-lainsÀÀdĂ€nnöstĂ€, julkisuuslaista ja lakikielestĂ€ sekĂ€ lakitekniikasta. LisĂ€ksi osallistujat laativat esseitĂ€ sekĂ€ lopputyön. TĂ€ssĂ€ raportissa esitellÀÀn koulutusohjelma ja sen tulokset vuosilta 2018–2021. Mukana on tiivistelmiĂ€ lopputöistĂ€ sekĂ€ nĂ€iden lisĂ€ksi kuusi kokonaista lopputyötĂ€ eri aihealueilta

    Nuohousuudistuksen vaikutukset nuohousvelvoitteen toteutumiseen sekÀ nuohouspalvelujen tarjontaan ja hintaan : Nuohousta koskevan sÀÀntelyn uudistamisen jÀlkiseuranta

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    Hankkeessa selvitettiin, miten vuoden 2019 alussa voimaan tullut nuohousalan kilpailun vapauttamista koskeva lainsÀÀdÀntö on vaikuttanut nuohousmarkkinoiden toimivuuteen, kuten nuohouspalveluita tarjoavien yritysten ja hintojen kehittymiseen sekÀ nuohouspalveluiden saatavuuteen. Kaikki uudistuksen vaikutukset eivÀt ole vielÀ nÀkyvissÀ. Voidaan kuitenkin arvioida, ettÀ nuohousten toteutuminen on hieman heikentynyt johtuen sekÀ kiinteistöjen omistajien tietÀmÀttömyydestÀ nuohouksen tilaamisesta ettÀ nuohousvÀlien pidentymisestÀ. LisÀksi nuohousyritykset ilmoittavat harvemmin vioista tulisijoissa ja hormeissa pelastuslaitoksille, vaikka sÀÀntelyn uudistamisella ei ollut vaikutusta tÀhÀn asiaan. Nuohouspalveluiden hinnat eivÀt ole nousseet merkittÀvÀsti lainsÀÀdÀntöuudistuksen myötÀ, kun huomioidaan yleinen inflaatio. Yritysten palveluiden hinnoittelu nettisivuilla on vÀhÀistÀ, eikÀ hinnoittelu ole lÀpinÀkyvÀÀ. On tÀrkeÀÀ lisÀtÀ kiinteistön omistajien tietoisuutta nuohousvelvoitteista sekÀ nuohoojien ja pelastuslaitosten yhteistyötÀ etenkin vikailmoittamisen suhteen. LisÀksi on syytÀ huolehtia, ettÀ yritykset ilmoittaisivat palveluidensa hinnat avoimesti ja toimisivat markkinoinnissaan lainsÀÀdÀnnön mukaisesti.TÀmÀ julkaisu on toteutettu osana sisÀministeriön tutkimus-, kehittÀmis- ja innovaatiotoimintaa. Julkaisun sisÀllöstÀ vastaavat tiedon tuottajat, eikÀ tekstisisÀltö vÀlttÀmÀttÀ edusta sisÀministeriön nÀkemystÀ

    Suomen kunnallisen itsehallinnon laajuus erityisesti julkisten palvelujen nÀkökulmasta

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    Hankkeessa on arvioitu valtiosÀÀntöoikeudellisesta nÀkökulmasta kunnan itsehallinnon laajuutta suhteessa kunnalle annettuihin tehtÀviin. Suomessa kunnallisen itsehallinnon vahva perusta on turvattu perustuslailla. Perustuslaissa turvataan muitakin perusoikeuksia, kuten kansalaisten osallistaminen, yhdenvertaisuus ja sivistykselliset oikeudet. Hankkeessa arvioidaan, kuinka itsenÀisesti kunta voi pÀÀttÀÀ omasta toiminnastaan vaarantamatta muiden perusoikeuksien toteutumista sekÀ valtion mahdollisuutta puuttua kuntien toimintaan. Alueellisen itsehallinnon luonnetta koskeva oikeudellinen tarkastelu osoittaa, ettei selvien rajojen asettaminen kuntien itsehallinnolle ole mahdollista. Kunnan tehtÀvien eriyttÀmisen kohdalla merkitystÀ onkin erityisesti valtiosÀÀnnöstÀ kuntalaisille johtuvien oikeuksien toteutumisella, ei niinkÀÀn kunnalla tai tehtÀvien toteuttamistavalla itsessÀÀn. Hankkeessa on arvioitu kuntien palvelutuotannon jÀrjestÀmismahdollisuuksia eri nÀkökulmista. Erityisesti huomiota on kiinnitetty kasvatus- ja opetustoimen palvelujen jÀrjestÀmiseen. Hankkeessa esitetÀÀn mahdollisuuksia kuntien toiminnan kehittÀmiseksi sekÀ asukkaiden osallistumismahdollisuuksien parantamiseksi ettÀ myös perusoikeuksien toteutumisen vahvistamiseksi. Toiminnan kehittÀmisessÀ ovat punnittavina kuntien itsehallinnollinen asema ja muiden perusoikeuksien toteutuminen sekÀ sÀÀntelykustannukset.TÀmÀ julkaisu on toteutettu osana valtioneuvoston selvitys- ja tutkimussuunnitelman toimeenpanoa. (tietokayttoon.fi) Julkaisun sisÀllöstÀ vastaavat tiedon tuottajat, eikÀ tekstisisÀltö vÀlttÀmÀttÀ edusta valtioneuvoston nÀkemystÀ

    Resectability, conversion, metastasectomy and outcome according to RAS and BRAF status for metastatic colorectal cancer in the prospective RAXO study

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    Background Outcomes after metastasectomy for metastatic colorectal cancer (mCRC) vary with RAS and BRAF mutational status, but their effects on resectability and conversion rates have not been extensively studied. Methods This substudy of the prospective RAXO trial included 906 patients recruited between 2011 and 2018. We evaluated repeated centralised resectability assessment, conversion/resection rates and overall survival (OS), according to RAS and BRAF status. Results Patients included 289 with RAS and BRAF wild-type (RAS and BRAFwt), 529 with RAS mutated (RASmt) and 88 with BRAF mutated (BRAFmt) mCRC. Metastatic prevalence varied between the RAS and BRAFwt/RASmt/BRAFmt groups, for liver (78%/74%/61%), lung (24%/35%/28%) and peritoneal (15%/15%/32%) metastases, respectively. Upfront resectability (32%/29%/15%), conversion (16%/13%/7%) and resection/local ablative therapy (LAT) rates (45%/37%/17%) varied for RASa and BRAFwt/RASmt/BRAFmt, respectively. Median OS for patients treated with resection/LAT (n = 342) was 83/69/30 months, with 5-year OS-rates of 67%/60%/24%, while systemic therapy-only patients (n = 564) had OS of 29/21/15 months with 5-year OS-rates of 11%/6%/2% in RAS and BRAFwt/RASmt/BRAFmt, respectively. Resection/LAT was associated with improved OS in all subgroups. Conclusions There were significant differences in resectability, conversion and resection/LAT rates according to RAS and BRAF status. OS was also significantly longer for RAS and BRAFwt versus either mutant. Patients only receiving systemic therapy had poorer long-term survival, with variation according to molecular status.Peer reviewe

    Contributions of mean and shape of blood pressure distribution to worldwide trends and variations in raised blood pressure: A pooled analysis of 1018 population-based measurement studies with 88.6 million participants

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    © The Author(s) 2018. Background: Change in the prevalence of raised blood pressure could be due to both shifts in the entire distribution of blood pressure (representing the combined effects of public health interventions and secular trends) and changes in its high-blood-pressure tail (representing successful clinical interventions to control blood pressure in the hypertensive population). Our aim was to quantify the contributions of these two phenomena to the worldwide trends in the prevalence of raised blood pressure. Methods: We pooled 1018 population-based studies with blood pressure measurements on 88.6 million participants from 1985 to 2016. We first calculated mean systolic blood pressure (SBP), mean diastolic blood pressure (DBP) and prevalence of raised blood pressure by sex and 10-year age group from 20-29 years to 70-79 years in each study, taking into account complex survey design and survey sample weights, where relevant. We used a linear mixed effect model to quantify the association between (probittransformed) prevalence of raised blood pressure and age-group- and sex-specific mean blood pressure. We calculated the contributions of change in mean SBP and DBP, and of change in the prevalence-mean association, to the change in prevalence of raised blood pressure. Results: In 2005-16, at the same level of population mean SBP and DBP, men and women in South Asia and in Central Asia, the Middle East and North Africa would have the highest prevalence of raised blood pressure, and men and women in the highincome Asia Pacific and high-income Western regions would have the lowest. In most region-sex-age groups where the prevalence of raised blood pressure declined, one half or more of the decline was due to the decline in mean blood pressure. Where prevalence of raised blood pressure has increased, the change was entirely driven by increasing mean blood pressure, offset partly by the change in the prevalence-mean association. Conclusions: Change in mean blood pressure is the main driver of the worldwide change in the prevalence of raised blood pressure, but change in the high-blood-pressure tail of the distribution has also contributed to the change in prevalence, especially in older age groups

    Repositioning of the global epicentre of non-optimal cholesterol

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    High blood cholesterol is typically considered a feature of wealthy western countries(1,2). However, dietary and behavioural determinants of blood cholesterol are changing rapidly throughout the world(3) and countries are using lipid-lowering medications at varying rates. These changes can have distinct effects on the levels of high-density lipoprotein (HDL) cholesterol and non-HDL cholesterol, which have different effects on human health(4,5). However, the trends of HDL and non-HDL cholesterol levels over time have not been previously reported in a global analysis. Here we pooled 1,127 population-based studies that measured blood lipids in 102.6 million individuals aged 18 years and older to estimate trends from 1980 to 2018 in mean total, non-HDL and HDL cholesterol levels for 200 countries. Globally, there was little change in total or non-HDL cholesterol from 1980 to 2018. This was a net effect of increases in low- and middle-income countries, especially in east and southeast Asia, and decreases in high-income western countries, especially those in northwestern Europe, and in central and eastern Europe. As a result, countries with the highest level of non-HDL cholesterol-which is a marker of cardiovascular riskchanged from those in western Europe such as Belgium, Finland, Greenland, Iceland, Norway, Sweden, Switzerland and Malta in 1980 to those in Asia and the Pacific, such as Tokelau, Malaysia, The Philippines and Thailand. In 2017, high non-HDL cholesterol was responsible for an estimated 3.9 million (95% credible interval 3.7 million-4.2 million) worldwide deaths, half of which occurred in east, southeast and south Asia. The global repositioning of lipid-related risk, with non-optimal cholesterol shifting from a distinct feature of high-income countries in northwestern Europe, north America and Australasia to one that affects countries in east and southeast Asia and Oceania should motivate the use of population-based policies and personal interventions to improve nutrition and enhance access to treatment throughout the world.Peer reviewe

    The adoption of technological innovations in a B2B context and its impact on firm performance: An ethical leadership perspective

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    The introduction of the digital economy has opened much discussion on the various business models that challenge traditional thinking in B2B marketing. This includes technological innovation in the digital space which has brought about theoretical changes in the way marketing is applied, more so in the B2B environment where communication is essential in the alignment with various stakeholders. Several discussions on ethical leadership in the digital economy have provided some insights into addressing increased complexity in a society where markets are connected (physically) yet disconnected (proximity) and this has led marketing practices going astray. Our paper proposes the relevance of ethical leadership and its role in the application of technological innovation by arguing that technological innovation has a positive impact on firm performance and that ethical leadership plays a critical role in moderating this effect. We use a dynamic panel data system Generalized Method of Moment (GMM) approach to examine secondary data from 465 IT service companies and demonstrate that ethical leadership plays a critical role as it enables innovation through technology, and this has an impact on the firm’s performance

    Global variations in diabetes mellitus based on fasting glucose and haemogloblin A1c

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    Fasting plasma glucose (FPG) and haemoglobin A1c (HbA1c) are both used to diagnose diabetes, but may identify different people as having diabetes. We used data from 117 population-based studies and quantified, in different world regions, the prevalence of diagnosed diabetes, and whether those who were previously undiagnosed and detected as having diabetes in survey screening had elevated FPG, HbA1c, or both. We developed prediction equations for estimating the probability that a person without previously diagnosed diabetes, and at a specific level of FPG, had elevated HbA1c, and vice versa. The age-standardised proportion of diabetes that was previously undiagnosed, and detected in survey screening, ranged from 30% in the high-income western region to 66% in south Asia. Among those with screen-detected diabetes with either test, the agestandardised proportion who had elevated levels of both FPG and HbA1c was 29-39% across regions; the remainder had discordant elevation of FPG or HbA1c. In most low- and middle-income regions, isolated elevated HbA1c more common than isolated elevated FPG. In these regions, the use of FPG alone may delay diabetes diagnosis and underestimate diabetes prevalence. Our prediction equations help allocate finite resources for measuring HbA1c to reduce the global gap in diabetes diagnosis and surveillance.peer-reviewe
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