2012 ACCF/AHA/ACP/AATS/PCNA/SCAI/STS guideline for the diagnosis and management of patients with stable ischemic heart disease

The recommendations listed in this document are, whenever possible, evidence based. An extensive evidence review was conducted as the document was compiled through December 2008. Repeated literature searches were performed by the guideline development staff and writing committee members as new issues were considered. New clinical trials published in peer-reviewed journals and articles through December 2011 were also reviewed and incorporated when relevant. Furthermore, because of the extended development time period for this guideline, peer review comments indicated that the sections focused on imaging technologies required additional updating, which occurred during 2011. Therefore, the evidence review for the imaging sections includes published literature through December 2011

A study of bacterial and viral flora in the diabetic foot ulcer with culturomic approach

Nous avons effectué une étude bibliographique intitulée “The diabetic foot microbiota: A review”. Cette revue a permis une réactualisation des données connues sur le microbiote du pied diabétique. Nous avons discuté le rôle des bactéries dans la pathogénèse de l’ulcère du pied diabétique et la différenciation entre l’infection et la colonisation bactérienne au niveau de la plaie ainsi que la superposition de l’approche moléculaire et la culture. Nous avons étudié le microbiote du pied diabétique infecté par culturomic. Il s’agit de varier les conditions de culture, puis identifier les colonies par MALDI-TOF ou par amplification et séquençage ARNr 16S. Cette technique s’est montrée efficace dans l’élargissement de l’éventail des bactéries identifiées. 53 espèces bactériennes différentes ont été identifiées à partir des échantillons de 43 patients. L’hétérogénéité et la richesse des plaies se sont montrées importantes. Staphylococcus aureus était l’espèce dominante. Nous nous sommes servis de tests statistiques pour évaluer l’influence que les facteurs cliniques chez les patients pourraient avoir sur la composition de cette flore et l’évolution de la plaie. On s’est orienté vers des souches spéciales « ExPEC » isolées des pieds diabétiques reconnues par leur virulence et impliquées dans des infections extra intestinales sévères. Nous avons disposé d’une collection de souches d’E Coli isolées des pieds diabétiques afin de mener une étude génétique. Nous sommes parvenus à amplifier les gènes de virulence, classer les souches par phylogroupes et les assembler dans des clones. En plus, nous avons réalisé un typage des souches ainsi qu’une exploitation des gènes de résistance.We conducted a bibliographic study entitled "The Diabetic Foot Microbiota: a review". This review has offered an update of the data concerning the diabetic foot microbiota. We discussed the role of bacteria in the pathogenesis of diabetic foot ulcer, the differentiation between infection and bacterial colonization of the wound and the importance of superposing culture and molecular Tools.We studied the diabetic foot microbiota using the culturomics. It consists in varying the culture conditions and then to identify the colonies by MALDI-TOF or 16s rRNA amplification and sequencing. We decided to practice this technique on the diabetic foot microbiota because it has proven to be effective in broadening the range of identified bacteria. 53 different bacterial species were identified from the samples of 43 patients. The heterogeneity and richness of the wounds were elevated. Staphylococcus aureus was the dominant species. We used statistical tests to evaluate the influence that clinical factors in patients might have on the composition of this flora and the evolution of the wound. We targeted special strains « ExPEC »isolated from diabetic feet known to their virulance and involved in severe extra intestinal infections. We disposed of a collection of E Coli strains isolated from diabetic wounds to conduct a genetic study. We have managed to amplify the virulence genes, classify the strains by phylogroupes and assemble them in clones. In addition, we performed a strain typing as well as an exploitation of the resistance genes

Draft Genome Sequence of Providencia heimbachae, Isolated from a Diabetic Foot Ulcer

International audienceProvidenciaspp. are ubiquitous Gram-negative bacteria of the familyEnterobacteriaceaethat are common opportunistic pathogens. In the present work, we have sequenced, annotated, and compared the draft genome ofProvidencia heimbachae, which was recovered from a diabetic foot ulcer. It is composed of 4.22 Mb and encodes 3,843 protein-coding genes and 79 RNA genes, including 11 rRNA genes

Escherichia coli Isolated from Diabetic Foot Osteomyelitis: Clonal Diversity, Resistance Profile, Virulence Potential, and Genome Adaptation

International audienceThis study assessed the clonal diversity, the resistance profile and the virulence potential of Escherichia coli strains isolated from diabetic foot infection (DFI) and diabetic foot osteomyelitis (DFOM). A retrospective single-centre study was conducted on patients diagnosed with E. coli isolated from deep DFI and DFOM at Clinique du Pied Diabétique Gard-Occitanie (France) over a two-year period. Phylogenetic backgrounds, virulence factors (VFs) and antibiotic resistance profiles were determined. Whole-genome analysis of E. coli strains isolated from same patients at different periods were performed. From the two-years study period, 35 E. coli strains isolated from 33 patients were analysed; 73% were isolated from DFOM. The majority of the strains belonged to the virulent B2 and D phylogenetic groups (82%). These isolates exhibited a significant higher average of VFs number than strains belonging to other groups (p < 0.001). papG2 gene was significantly more detected in strains belonging to B2 phylogroup isolated from DFI compared to DFOM (p = 0.003). The most prevalent antibiotic resistance pattern was observed for ampicillin (82%), cotrimoxazole (45%), and ciprofloxacin (33%). The genome analysis of strains isolated at two periods in DFOM showed a decrease of the genome size, and this decrease was more important for the strain isolated at nine months (vs. four months). A shared mutation on the putative acyl-CoA dehydrogenase-encoding gene aidB was observed on both strains. E. coli isolates from DFOM were highly genetically diverse with different pathogenicity traits. Their adaptation in the bone structure could require genome reduction and some important modifications in the balance virulence/resistance of the bacteria

Exploring the Microbiota of Diabetic Foot Infections With Culturomics

International audienceThe purpose of this prospective observational study was to evaluate the richness and diversity of bacteria in samples from diabetic foot infections using a culturomics approach. Bacterial culture findings from wound samples were analyzed together with clinical characteristics and treatment outcomes. We included 43 patients admitted to a French referral center with a moderate to severe diabetic foot infection. The 30,000 colonies identified yielded 53 different bacterial species. The global alpha-Shannon diversity was 3.34 and the bacterial richness per patient was 4 +/- 2. Of all the identified bacterial species, 19 (35.8%) had never been previously cultured or identified by molecular methods from diabetic foot ulcers. Most of the samples were polymicrobial (N = 38; 88.3%). Of all the isolated species, the most prevalent were Staphylococcus aureus (N = 28; 52.8%), Enterococcus faecalis (N = 24; 45.2%), Enterobacter cloacae (N = 12; 22.6%), Staphylococcus lugdunensis (N = 10; 18.7%), Staphylococcus epidermidis (N = 6; 11.3%), Proteus mirabilis (N = 6; 11.3%), and Finegoldia magna (N = 5; 9.4%). The only factor associated with wound improvement after a 1-month follow-up was the presence of E. faecalis (p = 0.012) when compared with patients without wound improvement. This study confirms the complementary role of culturomics in the exploration of complex microbiota. Further studies on a larger scale are needed to fully understand the clinical importance of the microbiota of diabetic foot infections