The PREDICTS database: a global database of how local terrestrial biodiversity responds to human impacts

Biodiversity continues to decline in the face of increasing anthropogenic pressures such as habitat destruction, exploitation, pollution and introduction of alien species. Existing global databases of species’ threat status or population time series are dominated by charismatic species. The collation of datasets with broad taxonomic and biogeographic extents, and that support computation of a range of biodiversity indicators, is necessary to enable better understanding of historical declines and to project – and avert – future declines. We describe and assess a new database of more than 1.6 million samples from 78 countries representing over 28,000 species, collated from existing spatial comparisons of local-scale biodiversity exposed to different intensities and types of anthropogenic pressures, from terrestrial sites around the world. The database contains measurements taken in 208 (of 814) ecoregions, 13 (of 14) biomes, 25 (of 35) biodiversity hotspots and 16 (of 17) megadiverse countries. The database contains more than 1% of the total number of all species described, and more than 1% of the described species within many taxonomic groups – including flowering plants, gymnosperms, birds, mammals, reptiles, amphibians, beetles, lepidopterans and hymenopterans. The dataset, which is still being added to, is therefore already considerably larger and more representative than those used by previous quantitative models of biodiversity trends and responses. The database is being assembled as part of the PREDICTS project (Projecting Responses of Ecological Diversity In Changing Terrestrial Systems – www.predicts.org.uk).We make site-level summary data available alongside this article. The full database will be publicly available in 2015

Reducing the environmental impact of surgery on a global scale: systematic review and co-prioritization with healthcare workers in 132 countries

Abstract Background Healthcare cannot achieve net-zero carbon without addressing operating theatres. The aim of this study was to prioritize feasible interventions to reduce the environmental impact of operating theatres. Methods This study adopted a four-phase Delphi consensus co-prioritization methodology. In phase 1, a systematic review of published interventions and global consultation of perioperative healthcare professionals were used to longlist interventions. In phase 2, iterative thematic analysis consolidated comparable interventions into a shortlist. In phase 3, the shortlist was co-prioritized based on patient and clinician views on acceptability, feasibility, and safety. In phase 4, ranked lists of interventions were presented by their relevance to high-income countries and low–middle-income countries. Results In phase 1, 43 interventions were identified, which had low uptake in practice according to 3042 professionals globally. In phase 2, a shortlist of 15 intervention domains was generated. In phase 3, interventions were deemed acceptable for more than 90 per cent of patients except for reducing general anaesthesia (84 per cent) and re-sterilization of ‘single-use’ consumables (86 per cent). In phase 4, the top three shortlisted interventions for high-income countries were: introducing recycling; reducing use of anaesthetic gases; and appropriate clinical waste processing. In phase 4, the top three shortlisted interventions for low–middle-income countries were: introducing reusable surgical devices; reducing use of consumables; and reducing the use of general anaesthesia. Conclusion This is a step toward environmentally sustainable operating environments with actionable interventions applicable to both high– and low–middle–income countries

Case Study: An Examination of a Case of Obsessional Neurosis through Psychoanalytic Theory

Söz konusu çalışma obsesyon nevrozunun çeşitli semptomlarını sergilediği düşünülen bir kişinin psikoterapi seanslarının kuramsal incelemesidir. Obsesyon nevrozunun semptomatolojisinin günümüzde aldığı görünümlere getirilebilecek kuramsal açılımlar çalışmanın temel konusudur. Obsesyon nevrozunun semptomlarının görünümleri farklı çağlara göre değişebilse de nevrozun çekirdeğini oluşturan yapının baki kaldığı düşüncesi çalışmanın oluşturulmasındaki motivasyon niteliğindedir. Ayrıca, söz konusu vakayı Lacanyen psikanalitik kuram yoluyla incelemek çalışmanın bir diğer amacı olmuştur. Lacanyen kuramdan vakaya yönelik getirilecek açılımların obsesyon nevrozuna dair bilgi birikimine katkıda bulunacağı düşünülmüştür. Çalışmada çeşitli obsesif semptomlardan mustarip bir üniversite öğrencisinin katıldığı 8 psikoterapi seansı incelenmiştir. Seanslar, bir üniversitenin destek ünitesinde gerçekleştirilmiştir. Seansların oryantasyonu Lacanyen psikanalitik psikoterapidir. Terapist incelenen seanslar için eğitimi kapsamında süpervizyon almıştır. Seansların incelenmesi, obsesif korkular ve düşünce içerikleri, terapistle ilişkilenme ve baba, makam ve yasa kavramlarıyla ilişkilenme süreçlerinin incelemelerini içerir. Ayrıca, Lacanyen Söylem Analizi metodu kullanılarak katılımcının söyleminin özellikleri de incelenmiştir. Kuramsal inceleme kısmında ise Freud ve Lacan’ın kastrasyon kompleksi ve obsesif klinik yapıya dair düşüncelerinin bir derlemesi sunulmuştur.The current study is a theoretical case analysis of psychotherapy sessions which were conducted with a patient who exhibited symptoms of obsessional neurosis. The study examines the symptomatology of obsessional neurosis with its present-day manifestations. The motive for the topic is the idea that the kernel of the neuroses remains constant while symptom manifestations may show adaptations up to differing eras. Furthermore, theoretical elaborations have been expanded by using Lacanian psychoanalytic approach in the current study. In accordance with the objectives, 8 therapy sessions of a university student with several obsessional symptoms has been examined. Lacanian Psychoanalysis was the therapeutic orientation of the therapist, who was supervised for the sessions as part of her clinical practicum education. The sessions were examined from the aspects of obsessive thoughts and fears, patient’s relationship with the therapist and with his/her father, authority figures and general law. Also, Lacanian Discourse Analysis has been used as another method. For theoretical elaboration, the concept of castration complex and the clinical structure of obsessional neurosis from the works of Freud and Lacan were focused

Vaka İncelemesi: Bir Obsesyon Nevrozu Vakasının Psikanalitik Kuram Üzerinden İncelenmesi Örneği

Söz konusu çalışma obsesyon nevrozunun çeşitli semptomlarını sergilediği düşünülen bir kişinin psikoterapi seanslarının kuramsal incelemesidir. Obsesyon nevrozunun semptomatolojisinin günümüzde aldığı görünümlere getirilebilecek kuramsal açılımlar çalışmanın temel konusudur. Obsesyon nevrozunun semptomlarının görünümleri farklı çağlara göre değişebilse de nevrozun çekirdeğini oluşturan yapının baki kaldığı düşüncesi çalışmanın oluşturulmasındaki motivasyon niteliğindedir. Ayrıca, söz konusu vakayı Lacanyen psikanalitik kuram yoluyla incelemek çalışmanın bir diğer amacı olmuştur. Lacanyen kuramdan vakaya yönelik getirilecek açılımların obsesyon nevrozuna dair bilgi birikimine katkıda bulunacağı düşünülmüştür. Çalışmada çeşitli obsesif semptomlardan mustarip bir üniversite öğrencisinin katıldığı 8 psikoterapi seansı incelenmiştir. Seanslar, bir üniversitenin destek ünitesinde gerçekleştirilmiştir. Seansların oryantasyonu Lacanyen psikanalitik psikoterapidir. Terapist incelenen seanslar için eğitimi kapsamında süpervizyon almıştır. Seansların incelenmesi, obsesif korkular ve düşünce içerikleri, terapistle ilişkilenme ve baba, makam ve yasa kavramlarıyla ilişkilenme süreçlerinin incelemelerini içerir. Ayrıca, Lacanyen Söylem Analizi metodu kullanılarak katılımcının söyleminin özellikleri de incelenmiştir. Kuramsal inceleme kısmında ise Freud ve Lacan’ın kastrasyon kompleksi ve obsesif klinik yapıya dair düşüncelerinin bir derlemesi sunulmuştur.The current study is a theoretical case analysis of psychotherapy sessions which were conducted with a patient who exhibited symptoms of obsessional neurosis. The study examines the symptomatology of obsessional neurosis with its present-day manifestations. The motive for the topic is the idea that the kernel of the neuroses remains constant while symptom manifestations may show adaptations up to differing eras. Furthermore, theoretical elaborations have been expanded by using Lacanian psychoanalytic approach in the current study. In accordance with the objectives, 8 therapy sessions of a university student with several obsessional symptoms has been examined. Lacanian Psychoanalysis was the therapeutic orientation of the therapist, who was supervised for the sessions as part of her clinical practicum education. The sessions were examined from the aspects of obsessive thoughts and fears, patient’s relationship with the therapist and with his/her father, authority figures and general law. Also, Lacanian Discourse Analysis has been used as another method. For theoretical elaboration, the concept of castration complex and the clinical structure of obsessional neurosis from the works of Freud and Lacan were focused

KONSTRUKSI IDENTITAS DI DALAM NOVEL DESIRABLE DAUGHTERS KARYA BHARATI MUKHERJEE: TINJAUAN PASKAKOLONIAL

Diaspora literature is a kind of literary work that written by a diaspora writer as a form of their conciousness toward the difference between the old and the new tradition. Some issue that usually rose within Diaspora literature are alienation, homesick, nostalgia, and crisis of identity as effect of adaptation process. In her book Women Writers and Indian Diaspora, Agarwal mentioned some of Diaspora writer that contributed in fulfilling the Diaspora literary work such as, Shanta Rama Rau, Jhumpa Lahiri, Chitra Banerjee, Anita Rau Badami, and Bharati Mukherjee. Agarwal also noted while another Diaspora writer choose assimilation and adaptation as identity construction in their novel�s character, in other word Bharati Mukherjee precisely rejected adaptation and assimilation chose to stay loyal with traditional value. The background of this research is to prove and to find Agarwal statement about the identity construction in Bharati�s work that rejected assimilation and adaptation. This research is using hybridity theory by Homi K. Bhabha as part of postcolonialism study. In collecting data and references, both primary data and secondary data, the writer is using �observe� method, which is observing the language unit that found in text that is the novel Desirable Daughters itself. The data that found from the text (the novel) will be separated into binary opposition, until the structure within the text will be found, especially the binary opposition. Besides, this research is also needing the secondary data which taken from books of colonial history in India. Furthermore, the taken data will be related each other within a process called data analysis. Firstly, deconstructive method will be used to read the text within. This deconstructive reading will be formulated into three solutions. The first is by determining the binary opposition that found in the text. The second is taking the line on the binary opposition so the hierarchy within the text will be easily known. The third is turning down the hierarchy and seeing the historical context of culture, based on hybridity theory. After conducting this research deeply, it could be conclude that binary opposition that constructing the structure in Desirable Daughters, is un-regardless with ambivalence/split/doubles. Each opposition that already constructed the author in the novel, are experienced by hybridity as a process of Indian postcolonialism culture. The identity construction that pictured in Desirable Daughters cannot be separated with hybridity and cultural mixture which closely related with history of Indian colonialism

TRADISI BARU: KAJIAN SEMIOTIKA LOTMAN DAN DEKONSTRUKSI ATAS NOVEL PUTRI KARYA PUTU WIJAYA

Putri as a novel that addressing locality of Bali was less widely discussed than others experimental works of Putu Wijaya. Several researches that studied on Putri were dominated by the perspective of feminism without reviewing the structure of the novel as a whole worldview and without any attempt to criticize the idea of the novel. Lotman�s semiotic theory and deconstruction approach are the right theoritical perspectives to expose and criticize the structure of the novel and to enhances the previous studies. Lotman states that secondary modeling system is a reflection of two-way reflection, that is reflection of reality at once a reflection of the author's consciousness. Both of these reflection implies the existence of a relationship between the extra text structure and intra text structure. While the deconstruction approach used to assess the non sistemic world view of the novel. Semantic fields that make up the structure of Putri were equivalence to each other. All of the semantic fields were variants of rational vs. irrational invariant which is arciseme in semiosphere of modernism. The worldview of modernism opposed to the worldview of traditionalism of Bali. Modernism and traditionalism of Bali in Putri connected to modernism and traditionalism of Bali beyond the text based on the principle of the aesthetic of identity and the aesthetic of contrast. Traditionalism of Bali in the text was repositioned by the view point of modernism. It makes this novel as a pheripheric text that was dominated by the aesthetic of contrast. The worldview of Putri also reflects the social structure and history of modern Balinese that was struggle for decades between modernism and traditionalism of Bali which gave birth to new middle class in Bali. The idea of New Tradition in Putri provides the ideas for the middle class to achieve progress and also avoids feeling cut off from the roots of Balinese culture. Deconstruction study show that this novel denies the basic structure of itself that were rationality and tradition without any personal interest

REPRESENTASI SUARA SUBALTERN DALAM NOVEL THE GLORY OF SRI SRI GANESH KARYA MAHASWETA DEVI

This research explains about representation of subaltern�s voice in The Glory of Sri Sri Ganesh, a novel written by Mahasweta Devi. That action aims to develop a deeper analysis about subaltern phenomenon in the novel, regardless of the descriptive analysis. In addition, this research also aims to construct a critical reading. The critical reading in this research will be done by using the concept of subalternity proposed by Gayatri Chakravorty Spivak. According to her definition, subaltern is a position without any identity and there is no space from which the subaltern as subject can speak. In finding out how Mahasweta Devi represents the subalternity through The Glory of Sri Sri Ganesh, aside from using the subaltern theory, the writer also uses the deconstruction reading method. With the discovery of the binary oppositions, it will be seen that one side of the unit is the privileged opposition, hierarchical, and other are the marginalized. In this novel, the hierarchical oppositional forces shape the dominant structure which describes the social life of low class citizen in India. Mahasweta Devi not only develops the dominant structure through characters and sequence of events but she also represent another perspective where subaltern can speak and do something better toward their life with actions of rebellion. The representation of subaltern�s voice in this novel is being questioned by interrogating the author�s hierarchy reversal of dominant structures in the novel. Thus, it would be revealed another data that it is likely to contradict the author's description of her own hierarchy reversal

RUANG PASCAKOLONIAL DALAM KITCHIN KARYA YOSHIMOTO BANANA

Banana Yoshimoto� s choice on a space as the title of her novel Kitchin or Kitchen, which shows the important meaning of space for the novel, is one of the backgrounds of this study. This study will continue the previous one conducted by Kazuo Nakajima and William Weaver entitled The Concept of Space in Modern Japan. Nakajima and Weaver found that the influence of western culture arouse an anxiety about space as certain theme in several works of Japanese literature including Kitchin. Conditions described in their research showed that Japanese society has undergone a cultural colonization, and Kitchin can be classified as one of the postcolonial novel. In brief, referring to those two points, the current study on space in novel Kitchin with postcolonial viewpoint is conducted. This study aims to reveal responds to cultural colonization in post-colonial space appeared in the novel, Kitchin. This study analyzes data of significant textual units in the novel connected significant textual units in other texts, such as culture and architecture texts, using postcolonial theory of the space. The result of this study shows that there is representations colonial concept and concept of tradition in the novel. Moreover, there is also a representation of chaos in the novel. The chaos is a form of new idea that refuse to be classified in one of the groups/ spheres which construct opposition structure of colonial structures and traditions. Therefore, the chaos arouses a new structure other than the previous two. New idea reveals the effort to survive in a society that has been culturally colonized