Turnos de rega e doses de polímero hidrorretentir na formação de mudas de cafeeiro

Without enough water can not install a pond. There hydro retainers polymers capable of absorbing water and releasing it gradually. In order to evaluate the efficiency of using different doses of these polymers on substrates of coffee seedlings at different irrigation frequency, were two experiments, one in the bag and another seedling seedlings in tubes, inSector Cafeicultura, Departamento de Agricultura, da Universidade de Lavras, Minas Gerais, in a greenhouse covered with polyethylene film and shading 50%, from October 2011 to March 2012. In both experiments were the designs into blocks and split plot scheme for analysis of 6 doses of polymer (in the sub plots) X 5 water levels (in installments) in 4 replicates. The six doses tested were: 0, 5, 10, 15, 20 and 25% of the gel volume in the polymer substrate (1500g dry polymer 400 liters hydrated in water) both in the experiment as sachets in the tubes. The irrigation of the seedlings in tubes were: Level 1: Twice / day; Level 2: Once / day; Level 3, 4, 5: 1, 2, 3 days without water. In the experiment in bags, irrigation levels were: Level 1: all days (1 time / day), Level 2, 3, 4, 5: 1, 2, 3, 4 days without water. It is concluded, the application of the polymer gel in seedlings tubes and sachets has no effect on plant growth. The irrigation of seedlings in tubes should be made preferably twice a day. The daily irrigations in seedling bags can harm their development.Além da necessidade de otimização do uso da água, esta pode afetar significativamente a qualidade das mudas. Objetivou-se, neste trabalho, avaliar a eficiência do uso de diferentes turnos de rega e doses do polímero hidrorretentor em substratos na formação de mudas de cafeeiro em tubetes e saquinhos. Dois experimentos foram instalados no Setor de Cafeicultura DAG/UFLA, em casa de vegetação coberta com filme de polietileno e sombrite de 50%, de outubro 2011 a março 2012. Nos dois experimentos, os delineamentos foram em blocos e esquema de parcelas subdivididas, para análise de 6 doses de polímero (nas sub-parcelas) e 5 níveis de irrigação (nas parcelas), em 4 repetições. As 6 doses testadas foram: 0, 5, 10, 15, 20 e 25% do polímero hidratado no volume do substrato (1500 g de polímero seco, hidratados em 400 litros de água), tanto no experimento de saquinhos, quanto no de tubetes. As irrigações das mudas em tubetes foram: duas vezes ao dia; uma vez ao dia; 1, 2 e 3 dias sem regar. No experimento em saquinhos, os níveis de irrigação foram: rega todos dias (1 vez dia -1); 1, 2, 3 e 4 dias sem regar. Concluiu-se que a aplicação do polímero hidratado, no substrato de mudas em saquinhos e em tubetes não tem efeito no crescimento das plantas. As irrigações de mudas em tubetes devem ser feitas preferencialmente duas vezes ao dia. As irrigações em mudas de saquinhos devem ser feitas a cada dois dias, na ausência de chuvas

Qualidade do café arborizado e a pleno sol, em manejo pós-colheita no sudeste da Bahia

This study was developed to characterize aspects related to the physical and chemical quality of Arabica coffee grown under shading and full sun with wet and dry post-harvest management. The experimental design was a randomized block in factorial 2 x 2 (two forms of farming - full sun and wooded with grevillea and processing two forms - dry and wet),consisting of five blocks, totaling 20 plots. Plots were, after collection and manegement post-harvest by volume of 10 liters of the fruit according to treatment. At harvest, for each form of cultivation, the was evaluated, wet mass, drought mass and moisture content of 100 fruits. Was determined after drying the dry mass coffee and mass of coffee. To determine the quality of coffee was analyzed for physical and chemical properties. There was a significant interaction between postharvest manegement and characteristics of the coffee plantations in wet weight and dry weight of coffee, coffee yields and total titratable acidity.The wet processing increases the yield of the fruit and the mass of coffee. Coffee wooded have fewer defects, higher percentage of coffee retained in the sieve 17 above and a higher concentration of non-reducing sugars and total sugars. The association of coffee trees to contribute to improved physical and chemical aspects of the grains. The use of wet postharvest management, improves the physical quality of the coffee.Para caracterizar aspectos relacionados à qualidade química e física do café arábica, cultivado sob arborização e a pleno sol, com manejo pós-colheita por via úmida e seca, foi desenvolvido o presente estudo. O delineamento experimental utilizado foi em blocos casualisados, no esquema fatorial 2 x 2 (duas formas de cultivo – a pleno sol e arborizado com grevílea e de duas formas de processamento – via seca e via úmida), constituídos de cinco blocos, totalizando 20 parcelas. A parcela foi composta, após colheita e manejo pós-colheita, por volume de 10 litros de frutos de acordo com o tratamento. Na colheita, paracada forma de cultivo, foi avaliado a massa úmida, seca e teor de umidade em 100 frutos. Na pós secagem foi determinada a massa seca do café e massa do café beneficiado. Para a determinação da qualidade do café foram realizadas análises físicas e químicas. Observou-se efeito da interação manejo pós-colheita e sistema de cultivo, nas características massa úmida e massa seca de café, rendimento do café e acidez titulável total. O processamento por via úmida incrementa o rendimento do fruto e a massa do café beneficiado. Cafés arborizados apresentam menor número de defeitos, maiores teor de açúcares não redutores e açúcares totais. A associação de árvores aos cafezais contribui para melhorar os aspectos físicos e químicos dos grãos. Autilização do manejo pós-colheita por via úmida, melhora a qualidade física do café

Doses de fósforo no desenvolvimento inicial de cafeeiros em solos com diferentes texturas

Aimed to evaluate phosphorus levels in soils with different textures in coffee. We used factor: 4 (phosphorus levels) x 3 (type of soil) in a randomized block with three replications. Evaluated: height, leaf area, leaf, stem diameter, dry mass of shoot, root, and total absolute growth rate, relative growth rate, leaf area index, leaf area ratio and rate of assimilation net. It was found maximum growth of plants dosing 501-720 g P2O5. No effect of high doses of phosphorus (P) to form plants with higher yield potential.Objetivou-se avaliar altas doses de fósforo em solos com diferentes texturas, na implantação de cafeeiros. Utilizouse fatorial: 4 (doses de fósforo) x 3 (tipos de solo) em DBC, com três repetições. Avaliou-se: altura, área foliar, no folhas, diâmetro de caule, massa seca de parte aérea, raiz, e total, taxa de crescimento absoluto, taxa de crescimento relativo, índice de área foliar, razão de área foliar e taxa de assimilação líquida. Verificaram-se máximos crescimentos das plantas entre doses de 501 a 720 g.pl-1 de P2O5. Há efeito de altas doses de fósforo (P) na formação de plantas com maior potencial produtivo

Perfil sensorial de cultivares de café processados por via seca e via úmida após armazenamento

The different types of post-harvest processing employed in coffee fruits may yield different beverages, whose sensory profile depends on environmental factors and management in the production process. All the processes involved in coffee production, from soil and climatic characteristics of the growing area to the adopted storage system, interfere in the coffee beverage quality. The objective of this research was to describe the sensory profile of different coffee varieties processed by dry (natural) and wet (demucilated), after one year of storage. Were evaluated sensorially four coffee cultivars (Red Catuaí IAC 144, Iapar 59, Yellow Bourbon e Paraíso MG H 419-1), of Coffea arabica L. of the 2012/2013 season with the completion of two post-harvest processing (natural and demucilated cherry) after one year of storage. Sensory analysis was performed by two accredited tasters and enabled through the protocol of the Specialty Coffee Association of America - SCAA. Cultivars behave differently in quality according to the adopted process. Coffees of the natural processing stood out in most sensory attributes evaluated in relation to demucilated coffees after one year of storage. The Red Catuaí IAC 144 and Iapar 59 showed better quality when subjected to natural processing. Already in demucilated coffees, highest scores were awarded the Yellow Bourbon cultivars and Paraíso.Os diferentes tipos de processamentos pós-colheita empregados nos frutos de café podem originar diferentes bebidas, cujo perfil sensorial depende de fatores ambientais e do manejo no processo de produção. Todos os processos envolvidos na produção de café, desde as características edafoclimáticas da área de cultivo até o sistema de armazenamento adotado, interferem na qualidade de bebida do café. Objetivou-se neste trabalho descrever o perfil sensorial de diferentes cultivares de café processados por via seca (natural) e via úmida (desmucilado), após um ano de armazenamento. Foram avaliados sensorialmente quatro cultivares de café (Catuaí Vermelho IAC 144, Iapar 59, Bourbon Amarelo e Paraíso MG H 419-1), da espécie Coffea arabica L. da safra de 2012/2013, com a realização de dois processamentos pós-colheita (natural e cereja desmucilado) após um ano de armazenamento. A análise sensorial foi realizada por dois provadores credenciados e habilitados por meio do protocolo da Specialty Coffee Association of America – SCAA. As cultivares se comportam de maneira diferenciada na qualidade em função do processamento adotado. Os cafés do processamento natural se destacaram na maioria dos atributos sensoriais avaliados em relação aos cafés desmucilados após um ano de armazenamento. As cultivares Catuaí Vermelho IAC 144 e Iapar 59 apresentaram melhor qualidade quando submetidas ao processamento natural. Já nos cafés desmucilados, maiores notas foram atribuídas às cultivares Bourbon Amarelo e Paraíso

Acretismo placentário – sinais de suspeição na avaliação ecográfica pré-natal de rotina / Placental accretism - signals of suspection in prenatal echographic evaluation of routine

O acretismo placentário é caracterizado por uma invasão anormal do tecido placentário além da camada decídua, fator que corrobora para uma invasão intensa, podendo alcançar a serosa uterina. Sua classificação pode ser compreendida de acordo com a profundidade de penetração – acreta, increta, percreta. Seu diagnóstico complementar envolve os achados ultrassonográficos. Os principais sinais de suspeição que se pode destacar na avaliação ecográfica pré-natal de rotina são a perda do espaço hipoecoico retroplacentário, múltiplas lacunas irregulares na espessura placentária, irregularidade da interface entre o útero e a bexiga, adelgaçamento do miométrio subjacente, protuberância da placenta, massa exofítica focal, hipervascularização uterovesical intraplacentária e retroplacentária. Entretanto, a ausência de sinais ultrassonográficos não descarta o diagnóstico de acretismo placentário, especialmente na presença de fatores de risco preditores

Severe early onset preeclampsia: short and long term clinical, psychosocial and biochemical aspects

Preeclampsia is a pregnancy specific disorder commonly defined as de novo hypertension and proteinuria after 20 weeks gestational age. It occurs in approximately 3-5% of pregnancies and it is still a major cause of both foetal and maternal morbidity and mortality worldwide1. As extensive research has not yet elucidated the aetiology of preeclampsia, there are no rational preventive or therapeutic interventions available. The only rational treatment is delivery, which benefits the mother but is not in the interest of the foetus, if remote from term. Early onset preeclampsia (<32 weeks’ gestational age) occurs in less than 1% of pregnancies. It is, however often associated with maternal morbidity as the risk of progression to severe maternal disease is inversely related with gestational age at onset2. Resulting prematurity is therefore the main cause of neonatal mortality and morbidity in patients with severe preeclampsia3. Although the discussion is ongoing, perinatal survival is suggested to be increased in patients with preterm preeclampsia by expectant, non-interventional management. This temporising treatment option to lengthen pregnancy includes the use of antihypertensive medication to control hypertension, magnesium sulphate to prevent eclampsia and corticosteroids to enhance foetal lung maturity4. With optimal maternal haemodynamic status and reassuring foetal condition this results on average in an extension of 2 weeks. Prolongation of these pregnancies is a great challenge for clinicians to balance between potential maternal risks on one the eve hand and possible foetal benefits on the other. Clinical controversies regarding prolongation of preterm preeclamptic pregnancies still exist – also taking into account that preeclampsia is the leading cause of maternal mortality in the Netherlands5 - a debate which is even more pronounced in very preterm pregnancies with questionable foetal viability6-9. Do maternal risks of prolongation of these very early pregnancies outweigh the chances of neonatal survival? Counselling of women with very early onset preeclampsia not only comprises of knowledge of the outcome of those particular pregnancies, but also knowledge of outcomes of future pregnancies of these women is of major clinical importance. This thesis opens with a review of the literature on identifiable risk factors of preeclampsia

Canagliflozin and renal outcomes in type 2 diabetes and nephropathy

BACKGROUND Type 2 diabetes mellitus is the leading cause of kidney failure worldwide, but few effective long-term treatments are available. In cardiovascular trials of inhibitors of sodium–glucose cotransporter 2 (SGLT2), exploratory results have suggested that such drugs may improve renal outcomes in patients with type 2 diabetes. METHODS In this double-blind, randomized trial, we assigned patients with type 2 diabetes and albuminuric chronic kidney disease to receive canagliflozin, an oral SGLT2 inhibitor, at a dose of 100 mg daily or placebo. All the patients had an estimated glomerular filtration rate (GFR) of 30 to &lt;90 ml per minute per 1.73 m2 of body-surface area and albuminuria (ratio of albumin [mg] to creatinine [g], &gt;300 to 5000) and were treated with renin–angiotensin system blockade. The primary outcome was a composite of end-stage kidney disease (dialysis, transplantation, or a sustained estimated GFR of &lt;15 ml per minute per 1.73 m2), a doubling of the serum creatinine level, or death from renal or cardiovascular causes. Prespecified secondary outcomes were tested hierarchically. RESULTS The trial was stopped early after a planned interim analysis on the recommendation of the data and safety monitoring committee. At that time, 4401 patients had undergone randomization, with a median follow-up of 2.62 years. The relative risk of the primary outcome was 30% lower in the canagliflozin group than in the placebo group, with event rates of 43.2 and 61.2 per 1000 patient-years, respectively (hazard ratio, 0.70; 95% confidence interval [CI], 0.59 to 0.82; P=0.00001). The relative risk of the renal-specific composite of end-stage kidney disease, a doubling of the creatinine level, or death from renal causes was lower by 34% (hazard ratio, 0.66; 95% CI, 0.53 to 0.81; P&lt;0.001), and the relative risk of end-stage kidney disease was lower by 32% (hazard ratio, 0.68; 95% CI, 0.54 to 0.86; P=0.002). The canagliflozin group also had a lower risk of cardiovascular death, myocardial infarction, or stroke (hazard ratio, 0.80; 95% CI, 0.67 to 0.95; P=0.01) and hospitalization for heart failure (hazard ratio, 0.61; 95% CI, 0.47 to 0.80; P&lt;0.001). There were no significant differences in rates of amputation or fracture. CONCLUSIONS In patients with type 2 diabetes and kidney disease, the risk of kidney failure and cardiovascular events was lower in the canagliflozin group than in the placebo group at a median follow-up of 2.62 years

Height and body-mass index trajectories of school-aged children and adolescents from 1985 to 2019 in 200 countries and territories: a pooled analysis of 2181 population-based studies with 65 million participants

Summary Background Comparable global data on health and nutrition of school-aged children and adolescents are scarce. We aimed to estimate age trajectories and time trends in mean height and mean body-mass index (BMI), which measures weight gain beyond what is expected from height gain, for school-aged children and adolescents. Methods For this pooled analysis, we used a database of cardiometabolic risk factors collated by the Non-Communicable Disease Risk Factor Collaboration. We applied a Bayesian hierarchical model to estimate trends from 1985 to 2019 in mean height and mean BMI in 1-year age groups for ages 5–19 years. The model allowed for non-linear changes over time in mean height and mean BMI and for non-linear changes with age of children and adolescents, including periods of rapid growth during adolescence. Findings We pooled data from 2181 population-based studies, with measurements of height and weight in 65 million participants in 200 countries and territories. In 2019, we estimated a difference of 20 cm or higher in mean height of 19-year-old adolescents between countries with the tallest populations (the Netherlands, Montenegro, Estonia, and Bosnia and Herzegovina for boys; and the Netherlands, Montenegro, Denmark, and Iceland for girls) and those with the shortest populations (Timor-Leste, Laos, Solomon Islands, and Papua New Guinea for boys; and Guatemala, Bangladesh, Nepal, and Timor-Leste for girls). In the same year, the difference between the highest mean BMI (in Pacific island countries, Kuwait, Bahrain, The Bahamas, Chile, the USA, and New Zealand for both boys and girls and in South Africa for girls) and lowest mean BMI (in India, Bangladesh, Timor-Leste, Ethiopia, and Chad for boys and girls; and in Japan and Romania for girls) was approximately 9–10 kg/m2. In some countries, children aged 5 years started with healthier height or BMI than the global median and, in some cases, as healthy as the best performing countries, but they became progressively less healthy compared with their comparators as they grew older by not growing as tall (eg, boys in Austria and Barbados, and girls in Belgium and Puerto Rico) or gaining too much weight for their height (eg, girls and boys in Kuwait, Bahrain, Fiji, Jamaica, and Mexico; and girls in South Africa and New Zealand). In other countries, growing children overtook the height of their comparators (eg, Latvia, Czech Republic, Morocco, and Iran) or curbed their weight gain (eg, Italy, France, and Croatia) in late childhood and adolescence. When changes in both height and BMI were considered, girls in South Korea, Vietnam, Saudi Arabia, Turkey, and some central Asian countries (eg, Armenia and Azerbaijan), and boys in central and western Europe (eg, Portugal, Denmark, Poland, and Montenegro) had the healthiest changes in anthropometric status over the past 3·5 decades because, compared with children and adolescents in other countries, they had a much larger gain in height than they did in BMI. The unhealthiest changes—gaining too little height, too much weight for their height compared with children in other countries, or both—occurred in many countries in sub-Saharan Africa, New Zealand, and the USA for boys and girls; in Malaysia and some Pacific island nations for boys; and in Mexico for girls. Interpretation The height and BMI trajectories over age and time of school-aged children and adolescents are highly variable across countries, which indicates heterogeneous nutritional quality and lifelong health advantages and risks

CMS physics technical design report : Addendum on high density QCD with heavy ions

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