Práticas artísticas no ensino básico e secundário

A matéria-prima de que trata esta revista é base de trabalho para um ensino artístico alargado, estendendo-se fora dos limites da aula, transgredindo os limites formais dos curricula, implicando património e riqueza cultural, sensibilizando para o imaterial, criando públicos apreciadores e também agentes criadores. É toda uma comunidade que se interliga através dos valores imateriais que sempre foram os da arte. A tarefa do educador é muito alargada: exige-se que esteja à altura deste desígnio humanista, que é também um desafio ao destino da humanidade: pela educação artística constroem-se futuros, e sem arte há intolerância, materialismo, indiferença, alienação, morte. Os tempos que se vivem são exigentes. As questões da pós modernidade estão muito acesas, desde as que nos obrigam ao desassossego, como a sustentabilidade e a poluição, como as que nos implicam politicamente, como a justiça, os direitos civis, a desigualdade. Tudo isto é matéria com a qual se amassa um barro que pode ser mais ou menos criativo: trata-se de extrair a matéria-prima com que se pode fazer os blocos que constroem o futuro. Aos profissionais da educação e do ensino, esta consciência, ao mesmo tempo desamparada – os cortes da economia neoliberal transformaram a arte em indústria, e a sua educação em criação de consumidores – e ao mesmo tempo vigilante e interventiva. Os artigos que responderam a esta chamada, respondem, cada um a seu modo, a este desassossego, a este desconforto, a este mal-estar contemporâneo. Dispuseram-se segundo uma sequência que se articula com base em temas afins que se podem descrever sucintamente: Todos os que participaram neste número mostraram a sua matéria-prima, a sua reação à falta que a arte nos faz. A chamada soa, e ressoa, e é necessário que seja por todos ouvida, em todos os países. É simples: as artes estão em perigo. Perigo porque há menos horas, menos professores, menos opções, menos conhecimento. As reduções no horário, a eliminação de disciplinas tão importantes como a história da arte, fazem de cada professor um agente da resistência, um ser mais implicado na sobrevivência da chama da criação. Matéria-prima: matéria para resgatar a verdade humana, a arte, a expressão mais valiosa da sua vaidade. Resgatar o homem que Michel Foucault (1988: 412) vê ameaçado, como um rosto na areia, desenhado à beira-mar.info:eu-repo/semantics/publishedVersio

National trends in total cholesterol obscure heterogeneous changes in HDL and non-HDL cholesterol and total-to-HDL cholesterol ratio : a pooled analysis of 458 population-based studies in Asian and Western countries

Background: Although high-density lipoprotein (HDL) and non-HDL cholesterol have opposite associations with coronary heart disease, multi-country reports of lipid trends only use total cholesterol (TC). Our aim was to compare trends in total, HDL and nonHDL cholesterol and the total-to-HDL cholesterol ratio in Asian and Western countries. Methods: We pooled 458 population-based studies with 82.1 million participants in 23 Asian and Western countries. We estimated changes in mean total, HDL and non-HDL cholesterol and mean total-to-HDL cholesterol ratio by country, sex and age group. Results: Since similar to 1980, mean TC increased in Asian countries. In Japan and South Korea, the TC rise was due to rising HDL cholesterol, which increased by up to 0.17 mmol/L per decade in Japanese women; in China, it was due to rising non-HDL cholesterol. TC declined in Western countries, except in Polish men. The decline was largest in Finland and Norway, at similar to 0.4 mmol/L per decade. The decline in TC in most Western countries was the net effect of an increase in HDL cholesterol and a decline in non-HDL cholesterol, with the HDL cholesterol increase largest in New Zealand and Switzerland. Mean total-to-HDL cholesterol ratio declined in Japan, South Korea and most Western countries, by as much as similar to 0.7 per decade in Swiss men (equivalent to similar to 26% decline in coronary heart disease risk per decade). The ratio increased in China. Conclusions: HDL cholesterol has risen and the total-to-HDL cholesterol ratio has declined in many Western countries, Japan and South Korea, with only a weak correlation with changes in TC or non-HDL cholesterol.Peer reviewe

Height and body-mass index trajectories of school-aged children and adolescents from 1985 to 2019 in 200 countries and territories: a pooled analysis of 2181 population-based studies with 65 million participants

Summary Background Comparable global data on health and nutrition of school-aged children and adolescents are scarce. We aimed to estimate age trajectories and time trends in mean height and mean body-mass index (BMI), which measures weight gain beyond what is expected from height gain, for school-aged children and adolescents. Methods For this pooled analysis, we used a database of cardiometabolic risk factors collated by the Non-Communicable Disease Risk Factor Collaboration. We applied a Bayesian hierarchical model to estimate trends from 1985 to 2019 in mean height and mean BMI in 1-year age groups for ages 5–19 years. The model allowed for non-linear changes over time in mean height and mean BMI and for non-linear changes with age of children and adolescents, including periods of rapid growth during adolescence. Findings We pooled data from 2181 population-based studies, with measurements of height and weight in 65 million participants in 200 countries and territories. In 2019, we estimated a difference of 20 cm or higher in mean height of 19-year-old adolescents between countries with the tallest populations (the Netherlands, Montenegro, Estonia, and Bosnia and Herzegovina for boys; and the Netherlands, Montenegro, Denmark, and Iceland for girls) and those with the shortest populations (Timor-Leste, Laos, Solomon Islands, and Papua New Guinea for boys; and Guatemala, Bangladesh, Nepal, and Timor-Leste for girls). In the same year, the difference between the highest mean BMI (in Pacific island countries, Kuwait, Bahrain, The Bahamas, Chile, the USA, and New Zealand for both boys and girls and in South Africa for girls) and lowest mean BMI (in India, Bangladesh, Timor-Leste, Ethiopia, and Chad for boys and girls; and in Japan and Romania for girls) was approximately 9–10 kg/m2. In some countries, children aged 5 years started with healthier height or BMI than the global median and, in some cases, as healthy as the best performing countries, but they became progressively less healthy compared with their comparators as they grew older by not growing as tall (eg, boys in Austria and Barbados, and girls in Belgium and Puerto Rico) or gaining too much weight for their height (eg, girls and boys in Kuwait, Bahrain, Fiji, Jamaica, and Mexico; and girls in South Africa and New Zealand). In other countries, growing children overtook the height of their comparators (eg, Latvia, Czech Republic, Morocco, and Iran) or curbed their weight gain (eg, Italy, France, and Croatia) in late childhood and adolescence. When changes in both height and BMI were considered, girls in South Korea, Vietnam, Saudi Arabia, Turkey, and some central Asian countries (eg, Armenia and Azerbaijan), and boys in central and western Europe (eg, Portugal, Denmark, Poland, and Montenegro) had the healthiest changes in anthropometric status over the past 3·5 decades because, compared with children and adolescents in other countries, they had a much larger gain in height than they did in BMI. The unhealthiest changes—gaining too little height, too much weight for their height compared with children in other countries, or both—occurred in many countries in sub-Saharan Africa, New Zealand, and the USA for boys and girls; in Malaysia and some Pacific island nations for boys; and in Mexico for girls. Interpretation The height and BMI trajectories over age and time of school-aged children and adolescents are highly variable across countries, which indicates heterogeneous nutritional quality and lifelong health advantages and risks

Repositioning of the global epicentre of non-optimal cholesterol

High blood cholesterol is typically considered a feature of wealthy western countries(1,2). However, dietary and behavioural determinants of blood cholesterol are changing rapidly throughout the world(3) and countries are using lipid-lowering medications at varying rates. These changes can have distinct effects on the levels of high-density lipoprotein (HDL) cholesterol and non-HDL cholesterol, which have different effects on human health(4,5). However, the trends of HDL and non-HDL cholesterol levels over time have not been previously reported in a global analysis. Here we pooled 1,127 population-based studies that measured blood lipids in 102.6 million individuals aged 18 years and older to estimate trends from 1980 to 2018 in mean total, non-HDL and HDL cholesterol levels for 200 countries. Globally, there was little change in total or non-HDL cholesterol from 1980 to 2018. This was a net effect of increases in low- and middle-income countries, especially in east and southeast Asia, and decreases in high-income western countries, especially those in northwestern Europe, and in central and eastern Europe. As a result, countries with the highest level of non-HDL cholesterol-which is a marker of cardiovascular riskchanged from those in western Europe such as Belgium, Finland, Greenland, Iceland, Norway, Sweden, Switzerland and Malta in 1980 to those in Asia and the Pacific, such as Tokelau, Malaysia, The Philippines and Thailand. In 2017, high non-HDL cholesterol was responsible for an estimated 3.9 million (95% credible interval 3.7 million-4.2 million) worldwide deaths, half of which occurred in east, southeast and south Asia. The global repositioning of lipid-related risk, with non-optimal cholesterol shifting from a distinct feature of high-income countries in northwestern Europe, north America and Australasia to one that affects countries in east and southeast Asia and Oceania should motivate the use of population-based policies and personal interventions to improve nutrition and enhance access to treatment throughout the world.Peer reviewe

Worldwide trends in underweight and obesity from 1990 to 2022: a pooled analysis of 3663 population-representative studies with 222 million children, adolescents, and adults

Background Underweight and obesity are associated with adverse health outcomes throughout the life course. We estimated the individual and combined prevalence of underweight or thinness and obesity, and their changes, from 1990 to 2022 for adults and school-aged children and adolescents in 200 countries and territories. Methods We used data from 3663 population-based studies with 222 million participants that measured height and weight in representative samples of the general population. We used a Bayesian hierarchical model to estimate trends in the prevalence of different BMI categories, separately for adults (age ≥20 years) and school-aged children and adolescents (age 5–19 years), from 1990 to 2022 for 200 countries and territories. For adults, we report the individual and combined prevalence of underweight (BMI <18·5 kg/m2) and obesity (BMI ≥30 kg/m2). For schoolaged children and adolescents, we report thinness (BMI <2 SD below the median of the WHO growth reference) and obesity (BMI >2 SD above the median). Findings From 1990 to 2022, the combined prevalence of underweight and obesity in adults decreased in 11 countries (6%) for women and 17 (9%) for men with a posterior probability of at least 0·80 that the observed changes were true decreases. The combined prevalence increased in 162 countries (81%) for women and 140 countries (70%) for men with a posterior probability of at least 0·80. In 2022, the combined prevalence of underweight and obesity was highest in island nations in the Caribbean and Polynesia and Micronesia, and countries in the Middle East and north Africa. Obesity prevalence was higher than underweight with posterior probability of at least 0·80 in 177 countries (89%) for women and 145 (73%) for men in 2022, whereas the converse was true in 16 countries (8%) for women, and 39 (20%) for men. From 1990 to 2022, the combined prevalence of thinness and obesity decreased among girls in five countries (3%) and among boys in 15 countries (8%) with a posterior probability of at least 0·80, and increased among girls in 140 countries (70%) and boys in 137 countries (69%) with a posterior probability of at least 0·80. The countries with highest combined prevalence of thinness and obesity in school-aged children and adolescents in 2022 were in Polynesia and Micronesia and the Caribbean for both sexes, and Chile and Qatar for boys. Combined prevalence was also high in some countries in south Asia, such as India and Pakistan, where thinness remained prevalent despite having declined. In 2022, obesity in school-aged children and adolescents was more prevalent than thinness with a posterior probability of at least 0·80 among girls in 133 countries (67%) and boys in 125 countries (63%), whereas the converse was true in 35 countries (18%) and 42 countries (21%), respectively. In almost all countries for both adults and school-aged children and adolescents, the increases in double burden were driven by increases in obesity, and decreases in double burden by declining underweight or thinness. Interpretation The combined burden of underweight and obesity has increased in most countries, driven by an increase in obesity, while underweight and thinness remain prevalent in south Asia and parts of Africa. A healthy nutrition transition that enhances access to nutritious foods is needed to address the remaining burden of underweight while curbing and reversing the increase in obesit

Heterogeneous contributions of change in population distribution of body mass index to change in obesity and underweight NCD Risk Factor Collaboration (NCD-RisC)

From 1985 to 2016, the prevalence of underweight decreased, and that of obesity and severe obesity increased, in most regions, with significant variation in the magnitude of these changes across regions. We investigated how much change in mean body mass index (BMI) explains changes in the prevalence of underweight, obesity, and severe obesity in different regions using data from 2896 population-based studies with 187 million participants. Changes in the prevalence of underweight and total obesity, and to a lesser extent severe obesity, are largely driven by shifts in the distribution of BMI, with smaller contributions from changes in the shape of the distribution. In East and Southeast Asia and sub-Saharan Africa, the underweight tail of the BMI distribution was left behind as the distribution shifted. There is a need for policies that address all forms of malnutrition by making healthy foods accessible and affordable, while restricting unhealthy foods through fiscal and regulatory restrictions

The Impact of University Collaborative Learning on Student Academic Achievement: A Wiki for Political and Management Science

El objetivo del proyecto es llevar a la práctica una acción formativa basada en la web 2.0 con la participación de profesores y alumnos pertenecientes a distintos grados, facultades y universidades. En concreto, esta iniciativa pretende continuar con la wiki, www.dcpa.wikidot.com, que comenzó a realizarse en 2015 en virtud de la convocatoria de PIMCD. La wiki contribuye a que los estudiantes, de manera colaborativa, diseñen un proyecto educativo de integración curricular a partir de unos supuestos establecidos previamente por el profesor. Por lo tanto, este tipo de experiencia permite crear una base documental de gran utilidad para otros alumnos que estudian este tipo de asignaturas o para cualquier persona que muestren una inquietud o necesidad de buscar, encontrar o ampliar el conocimiento sobre determinadas cuestiones relacionadas con la Ciencia Política y la Ciencia de la Administración. Además, este año vamos a incorporar al proyecto de innovación la creación de un blog, como una experiencia piloto, en una de las asignaturas de los profesores del equipo. De esta manera, se continúa avanzando en el aprendizaje colaborativo, así como en la interacción entre el profesor y el alumno. El blog, al igual que la wiki, permite difundir de lo que ocurre en el aula al resto de la sociedad, contribuyendo a la transferencia del conocimiento. La razón principal de haber elegido estas herramientas es que este tipo de aplicaciones, bajo la estructura de un procesador de texto en línea, permite que cualquier persona pueda escribir, publicar fotografías o vídeos, archivos o links, sin ninguna complejidad. Además, contribuye a renovar las metodologías de enseñanza, ya que favorece el aprendizaje colaborativo (el conocimiento se comparte) y refuerza la relación de confianza entre profesor-alumno, ya que el estudiante adquiere un rol activo en el proceso de recopilación, análisis y difusión de conocimiento. De este modo, el estudiante adquiere competencias y habilidades de una manera dinámica. No obstante, para que las tecnologías generen valor en los procesos de enseñanza-aprendizaje es necesario que los profesores nos centremos en diseñar unas experiencias de aprendizaje adaptadas a ellas. Solo de esta manera, la wiki y el blog pueden contribuir a la construcción del conocimiento y a la resolución de problemas de manera progresiva y evolutiva, de fomento de la capacidad crítica, evaluación de la información y el cuestionamiento de la realidad, y compromiso por un análisis equilibrado del trabajo de otros y contra los prejuicios. Por tal motivo, se presentará a los estudiantes una serie de pautas que deberán seguir para su buen desarrollo. En cuanto a la wiki, en primer lugar, se explicará el programa de la asignatura y se les indicarán que podrán desarrollar analíticamente cualquier concepto o acontecimiento que guarde relación con la misma, y en segundo lugar, se les señalara que deberán formar un grupo de 4 personas para poder llevar a cabo tal tarea, y que, una vez que determinen el tema a trabajar, deberá concretarlo con la profesora para evitar duplicidades y recibir los fundamentos sobre las cuales deberán vertebrar sus trabajos. En cuanto al blog, se expondrá a los alumnos de la asignatura de “Sistema político español”, que se creará una bitácora común para toda la clase en la que los mismos grupos de la wiki publicar una noticia, un video, una nota de prensa, etc relacionada con cada tema de la asignatura, y además deberán comentar esta aportación y vincularla con la parte teórica. Así, la innovación docente que se pretende conseguir es fomentar el trabajo colaborativo dentro y fuera del aula. En la actualidad, la wiki cuenta con 308 conceptos, por lo que esta iniciativa contribuirá a ampliar la información y el conocimiento sobre la Ciencia Política y la Ciencia de la Administración, incrementado, así, su repercusión, al igual que el blog. Con ello, los alumnos aprenderán a trabajar en grupo y de forma ordenada y continuada, además de adquirir una serie de herramientas que podrán ser empleadas en otras asignaturas y aspectos de su vida personal y profesional. Además, se medirá y evaluará su rendimiento académico para conocer si esta nueva metodología de aprendizaje permite mejorar los resultados de los estudiantes. Gracias a ello, los profesores podrán proponer nuevas herramientas docentes que tiendan a dirigir a los estudiantes hacia aquél enfoque de aprendizaje que proporcione mejor rendimiento.The aim of the project is to implement a training action based on web 2.0 with the participation of teachers and students belonging to different degrees, faculties and universities. Specifically, this initiative aims to continue with the wiki, www.dcpa.wikidot.com, which began to be carried out in 2015 under the PIMCD call for proposals. The wiki helps students, in a collaborative manner, to design an educational project of curricular integration based on assumptions previously established by the teacher. Therefore, this type of experience makes it possible to create a very useful documentary base for other students studying this type of subject or for anyone who shows an interest or need to search for, find or expand knowledge on certain issues related to Political Science and Management Science. In addition, this year we are going to incorporate into the innovation project the creation of a blog, as a pilot experience, in one of the subjects taught by the team's lecturers. In this way, we continue to make progress in collaborative learning, as well as in the interaction between teacher and student. The blog, like the wiki, allows the dissemination of what happens in the classroom to the rest of society, contributing to the transfer of knowledge. The main reason for choosing these tools is that this type of application, under the structure of an online word processor, allows anyone to write, publish photographs or videos, files or links, without any complexity. Moreover, it contributes to renew teaching methodologies, as it favours collaborative learning (knowledge is shared) and reinforces the relationship of trust between teacher-student, as the student acquires an active role in the process of gathering, analysing and disseminating knowledge. In this way, the student acquires competences and skills in a dynamic way. However, for technologies to generate value in the teaching-learning process, it is necessary for teachers to focus on designing learning experiences adapted to them. Only in this way can the wiki and the blog contribute to the construction of knowledge and problem solving in a progressive and evolutionary way, fostering critical capacity, evaluation of information and questioning of reality, and commitment to a balanced analysis of the work of others and against prejudices. For this reason, students will be presented with a series of guidelines to follow for its proper development. As for the wiki, firstly, the syllabus of the subject will be explained and they will be told that they will be able to analytically develop any concept or event related to it, and secondly, they will be told that they will have to form a group of 4 people to carry out this task, and that, once they have determined the topic to work on, they should discuss it with the teacher to avoid duplication and to receive the foundations on which they should base their work. As for the blog, it will be explained to the students of the subject "Spanish political system" that a common blog will be created for the whole class in which the same wiki groups will publish a news item, a video, a press release, etc. related to each subject of the course, and they will also have to comment on this contribution and link it to the theoretical part. In this way, the teaching innovation that is intended to be achieved is to encourage collaborative work inside and outside the classroom. At present, the wiki has 218 concepts, so this initiative will contribute to expanding information and knowledge about Political Science and Administration Science, thus increasing its impact, just like the blog. In this way, students will learn to work in groups and in an orderly and continuous manner, as well as acquiring a series of tools that can be used in other subjects and aspects of their personal and professional lives. In addition, their academic performance will be measured and evaluated to find out whether this new learning methodology improves students' results. As a result, teachers will be able to propose new teaching tools that tend to direct students towards the learning approach that provides the best performance.Depto. de Ciencia Política y de la AdministraciónFac. de Ciencias Políticas y SociologíaFALSEUCMsubmitte

The impact of collaborative university learning on student academic performance: A wiki for political and administrative science

Este proyecto es la continuación de otro financiado desde la convocatoria de 2015. Se trata de seguir elaborando una Wiki donde los alumnos tiene que aprender a trabajar colaborativa y autónomamente, además de medir su rendimiento.This project is the continuation of another project funded since the 2015 call. It is intended to follow developing a Wiki where students have to learn to work collaboratively and autonomously, in addition to measuring their performance.Fac. de Trabajo SocialFALSEUCMsubmitte