English teachers’ attitudes toward inclusive education: a literature review

Este artículo reporta un análisis del estado del arte sobre las actitudes de los profesores hacia la educación inclusiva de niños con discapacidad. Este artículo analiza una variedad de investigaciones con el propósito de explorar los factores y las razones que pueden incidir en las actitudes de los profesores sobre la enseñanza a niños discapacitados. El análisis fue llevado a cabo para mostrar evidencia de las perspectivas positivas y negativas de los profesores hacía la inclusión. Durante todo el análisis, las actitudes de los profesores resultaron ser influenciadas por su filosofía general de inclusión y la percepción de como debería ser implementado este proceso. Después de discutir los resultados de los estudios analizados, se encontró que las actitudes positivas o negativas dependía de una variedad de factores como el conocimiento de educación inclusiva, tiempo, recursos y desarrollo profesional.Palabras Claves: Inclusión, Politicas, y ActitudesAbstractThis paper reports a review of literature concerning the attitudes of teachers toward inclusive education of children with disabilities. This paper reviews a large body of research-based literature, in order to explore the factors and reasons that might impact teachers’ attitudes concerning the teaching of disabled children. The analysis was carried out to show evidence of positive and negative views of teachers towards inclusion. Throughout the analysis, teachers’ attitudes were found to be influenced by their general philosophy of inclusion and the way they perceived that inclusion should be implemented. After analyzing the results of various research studies, it was found that teachers’ positive or negative attitudes depended on many factors such as knowledge toward inclusive education, time, resources and professional development. Key words: Inclusion, policies and teachers’ attitudes

Cabbage and fermented vegetables : From death rate heterogeneity in countries to candidates for mitigation strategies of severe COVID-19

Large differences in COVID-19 death rates exist between countries and between regions of the same country. Some very low death rate countries such as Eastern Asia, Central Europe, or the Balkans have a common feature of eating large quantities of fermented foods. Although biases exist when examining ecological studies, fermented vegetables or cabbage have been associated with low death rates in European countries. SARS-CoV-2 binds to its receptor, the angiotensin-converting enzyme 2 (ACE2). As a result of SARS-CoV-2 binding, ACE2 downregulation enhances the angiotensin II receptor type 1 (AT(1)R) axis associated with oxidative stress. This leads to insulin resistance as well as lung and endothelial damage, two severe outcomes of COVID-19. The nuclear factor (erythroid-derived 2)-like 2 (Nrf2) is the most potent antioxidant in humans and can block in particular the AT(1)R axis. Cabbage contains precursors of sulforaphane, the most active natural activator of Nrf2. Fermented vegetables contain many lactobacilli, which are also potent Nrf2 activators. Three examples are: kimchi in Korea, westernized foods, and the slum paradox. It is proposed that fermented cabbage is a proof-of-concept of dietary manipulations that may enhance Nrf2-associated antioxidant effects, helpful in mitigating COVID-19 severity.Peer reviewe

Nrf2-interacting nutrients and COVID-19 : time for research to develop adaptation strategies

There are large between- and within-country variations in COVID-19 death rates. Some very low death rate settings such as Eastern Asia, Central Europe, the Balkans and Africa have a common feature of eating large quantities of fermented foods whose intake is associated with the activation of the Nrf2 (Nuclear factor (erythroid-derived 2)-like 2) anti-oxidant transcription factor. There are many Nrf2-interacting nutrients (berberine, curcumin, epigallocatechin gallate, genistein, quercetin, resveratrol, sulforaphane) that all act similarly to reduce insulin resistance, endothelial damage, lung injury and cytokine storm. They also act on the same mechanisms (mTOR: Mammalian target of rapamycin, PPAR gamma:Peroxisome proliferator-activated receptor, NF kappa B: Nuclear factor kappa B, ERK: Extracellular signal-regulated kinases and eIF2 alpha:Elongation initiation factor 2 alpha). They may as a result be important in mitigating the severity of COVID-19, acting through the endoplasmic reticulum stress or ACE-Angiotensin-II-AT(1)R axis (AT(1)R) pathway. Many Nrf2-interacting nutrients are also interacting with TRPA1 and/or TRPV1. Interestingly, geographical areas with very low COVID-19 mortality are those with the lowest prevalence of obesity (Sub-Saharan Africa and Asia). It is tempting to propose that Nrf2-interacting foods and nutrients can re-balance insulin resistance and have a significant effect on COVID-19 severity. It is therefore possible that the intake of these foods may restore an optimal natural balance for the Nrf2 pathway and may be of interest in the mitigation of COVID-19 severity

Allergic Rhinitis and its Impact on Asthma (ARIA) Phase 4 (2018) : Change management in allergic rhinitis and asthma multimorbidity using mobile technology

Allergic Rhinitis and its Impact on Asthma (ARIA) has evolved from a guideline by using the best approach to integrated care pathways using mobile technology in patients with allergic rhinitis (AR) and asthma multimorbidity. The proposed next phase of ARIA is change management, with the aim of providing an active and healthy life to patients with rhinitis and to those with asthma multimorbidity across the lifecycle irrespective of their sex or socioeconomic status to reduce health and social inequities incurred by the disease. ARIA has followed the 8-step model of Kotter to assess and implement the effect of rhinitis on asthma multimorbidity and to propose multimorbid guidelines. A second change management strategy is proposed by ARIA Phase 4 to increase self-medication and shared decision making in rhinitis and asthma multimorbidity. An innovation of ARIA has been the development and validation of information technology evidence-based tools (Mobile Airways Sentinel Network [MASK]) that can inform patient decisions on the basis of a self-care plan proposed by the health care professional.Peer reviewe

A global experiment on motivating social distancing during the COVID-19 pandemic

Finding communication strategies that effectively motivate social distancing continues to be a global public health priority during the COVID-19 pandemic. This cross-country, preregistered experiment (n = 25,718 from 89 countries) tested hypotheses concerning generalizable positive and negative outcomes of social distancing messages that promoted personal agency and reflective choices (i.e., an autonomy-supportive message) or were restrictive and shaming (i.e., a controlling message) compared with no message at all. Results partially supported experimental hypotheses in that the controlling message increased controlled motivation (a poorly internalized form of motivation relying on shame, guilt, and fear of social consequences) relative to no message. On the other hand, the autonomy-supportive message lowered feelings of defiance compared with the controlling message, but the controlling message did not differ from receiving no message at all. Unexpectedly, messages did not influence autonomous motivation (a highly internalized form of motivation relying on one’s core values) or behavioral intentions. Results supported hypothesized associations between people’s existing autonomous and controlled motivations and self-reported behavioral intentions to engage in social distancing. Controlled motivation was associated with more defiance and less long-term behavioral intention to engage in social distancing, whereas autonomous motivation was associated with less defiance and more short- and long-term intentions to social distance. Overall, this work highlights the potential harm of using shaming and pressuring language in public health communication, with implications for the current and future global health challenges

A multi-country test of brief reappraisal interventions on emotions during the COVID-19 pandemic.

The COVID-19 pandemic has increased negative emotions and decreased positive emotions globally. Left unchecked, these emotional changes might have a wide array of adverse impacts. To reduce negative emotions and increase positive emotions, we tested the effectiveness of reappraisal, an emotion-regulation strategy that modifies how one thinks about a situation. Participants from 87 countries and regions (n = 21,644) were randomly assigned to one of two brief reappraisal interventions (reconstrual or repurposing) or one of two control conditions (active or passive). Results revealed that both reappraisal interventions (vesus both control conditions) consistently reduced negative emotions and increased positive emotions across different measures. Reconstrual and repurposing interventions had similar effects. Importantly, planned exploratory analyses indicated that reappraisal interventions did not reduce intentions to practice preventive health behaviours. The findings demonstrate the viability of creating scalable, low-cost interventions for use around the world

Sequencing and functional analysis of the genome of a nematode egg-parasitic fungus, Pochonia chlamydosporia

Pochonia chlamydosporia is a worldwide-distributed soil fungus with a great capacity to infect and destroy the eggs and kill females of plant-parasitic nematodes. Additionally, it has the ability to colonize endophytically roots of economically-important crop plants, thereby promoting their growth and eliciting plant defenses. This multitrophic behavior makes P. chlamydosporia a potentially useful tool for sustainable agriculture approaches. We sequenced and assembled ∼41 Mb of P. chlamydosporia genomic DNA and predicted 12,122 gene models, of which many were homologous to genes of fungal pathogens of invertebrates and fungal plant pathogens. Predicted genes (65%) were functionally annotated according to Gene Ontology, and 16% of them found to share homology with genes in the Pathogen Host Interactions (PHI) database. The genome of this fungus is highly enriched in genes encoding hydrolytic enzymes, such as proteases, glycoside hydrolases and carbohydrate esterases. We used RNA-Seq technology in order to identify the genes expressed during endophytic behavior of P. chlamydosporia when colonizing barley roots. Functional annotation of these genes showed that hydrolytic enzymes and transporters are expressed during endophytism. This structural and functional analysis of the P. chlamydosporia genome provides a starting point for understanding the molecular mechanisms involved in the multitrophic lifestyle of this fungus. The genomic information provided here should also prove useful for enhancing the capabilities of this fungus as a biocontrol agent of plant-parasitic nematodes and as a plant growth-promoting organism.This research was funded by the Spanish Ministry of Science and Innovation Grant AGL2011-29297

Desafíos del diseño social en condiciones de contingencia

Esta obra aborda al enfoque social del diseño como un desafío para definir propuestas que coadyuven al mejoramiento de diversos sectores de la sociedad, entendido como un esfuerzo conjunto para encontrar soluciones pertinentes y adecuadas basadas en la cultura y los valores de los pueblos. Condiciones que demandan una gran responsabilidad social y moral del diseñador. Se destacan diversas aportaciones de investigaciones que destacan esta visión a través de diversas reflexiones y aportaciones al campo del diseño y la cultura, desde enfoques del respeto a los derechos humanos, a la diversidad y la equidad

Recomendaciones para el dise\uf1o y ejecuci\uf3n de programas educativos en el marco del aprendizaje a lo largo de la vida. Experiencias de las universidades socias del Proyecto TRALL (programa ALFAIII de la Comisi\uf3n Europea).

The publication contains a compilation of lifelong learning innovations. Sharing of experiences and strategies on lifelong learnings integral to UIL\u92s mission and in line with this spirit, the three year TRALL project has shown the importance of promoting synergies instead of the usual dispersion of efforts in the Latin American region. Such projects as TRALL and the resulting publicationare an important way to add value to the many learning reforms different actors are conducting in the different countries in the Latin American region. Imparting and taking on board good practices lead to common understanding and convergence in outlook. At the same time, learning from different country contexts is considered to be relevant for promoting the idea of social diversity. The report Learning to Be commissioned by UNESCO in 1972 (Faure et al., 1972) advocated lifelong education in both developed and developing countries, recognising education as universal and lifelong, and open to all. The UNESCO Report Learning: the Treasure Within (Delors et al., 1996), acknowledged lifelong learning as one of the guiding and organising principles of educational action and reform that underlines the essential role learning plays for both society and individuals.Despite the integrative understanding lifelong learning promoted since 1972, today most education systems are still not in a position to offer quality lifelong learning opportunities for all. Making it a reality implies holistic and sector-wide educational reform involving all sub-sectors and education levels of the education system to ensure the creation of learning opportunities in all settings or delivery modalities (formal, non-formal and informal) for people of all ages, and meeting a wide range of learning needs. Recent developments have reinforced the relevance of lifelong learning. These include an increasingly globalised world, the need for maintain peace and security, the introduction of new technologies, the exponential growth and changing nature of information, demographic shifts and social transformations, climate change and sustainable development, and the need of citizens to upgrade competences to meet labour market, social and environmental demands. Lifelong learning policies in the Latin American region need to be supported by broad social consensus,legislative instruments and coordination mechanism. As lifelong learning activities no longer fall exclusively within the domain of Ministries of Education, a mechanism for facilitating collaboration among various sectors and stakeholder is indispensable. Certain support structures are needed to facilitate lifelong learning. These include on the one hand, a full range of provision of education and learning opportunities, including guidance and counselling; as well as effective information and communication tools, and conducive learning environments and resources. To facilitate lifelong learning and provide incentives for learners, a learning outcomes-based qualifications framework and a coordinated approach to assessment and recognition of learning outcomes in non-formal and informal settings are required

La función de la Corte Penal Internacional: visiones plurales desde una perspectiva interdisciplinar

El presente libro hace parte de los trabajos del grupo de justicia nacional de la “Red de Investigación Perspectivas Iberoamericanas sobre la Justicia”, coordinada desde el Instituto Ibero-Americano de la Haya para la Paz, los Derechos Humanos y la Justicia Internacional (IIH) (Países Bajos). Así mismo, se inscribe dentro de los proyectos de investigación: (a) “La función de la Corte Penal Internacional desde las teorías de la justicia en el derecho internacional” (2019-2020), cofinanciado por la Facultad de Jurisprudencia de la Universidad del Rosario (Bogotá, Colombia) y el IIH (Países Bajos); y (b) “La respuesta del derecho internacional a la corrupción asociada al crimen transnacional organizado” (2019-2021), con número de referencia VFPC009, cofinanciado por la Dirección de Investigación e Innovación y la Facultad de Jurisprudencia de la Universidad del Rosario (Bogotá, Colombia), así como por el IIH (Países Bajos). Ambos proyectos se encuentran adscritos a la línea de investigación “Crítica al derecho internacional desde fundamentos filosóficos”, del Grupo de Investigación en DI de la Facultad de Jurisprudencia de la Universidad del Rosario