Ácidos naftênicos no petróleo

Brazilian petroleum is known by its high acidity due to the presence of acidic constituents, especially naphthenic acids (NA). The total characterization of the NA in petrochemical samples has been receiving special attention in research and comprises an analytical challenge, mainly due to the complexity of their mixtures. Gas chromatography with mass detector (GC/MS) is the technique of analysis more used, but recently comprehensive two-dimensional gas chromatography (GC × GC) has been used, due to its high resolution, peak capacity and sensitivity. The goal of this article is to discuss the techniques for sample preparation and analysis of NA in petroleum

Infertilidade, justiça reprodutiva e pandemia de COVID-19: reflexões sobre acesso e barreiras

Objective: to critically examine access to health services for infertility and assisted human reproduction during the COVID-19 pandemic, emphasizing the perspective of reproductive justice. Methods: data for analysis were derived from the online survey titled COVID-19 Pandemic and Women\u27s Reproductive Practices in Brazil, garnering 8,313 responses from women aged 18 years or older residing in all regions of the country. The self-administered questionnaire circulated from July to October 2021 and comprised both closed and open-ended questions. Descriptive analysis of the objective responses obtained from 242 women actively seeking infertility care involved the calculation of simple frequencies for relevant variables. Responses provided in the open-ended sections of the questionnaire underwent thematic analysis. Results: revealed the presence of both institutional and non-institutional barriers to infertility care, with a notable exacerbation during the pandemic. Conclusion: given that infertility and assisted reproduction treatment predominantly cater to cisgender women from middle and upper socio-economic strata, characterized by higher education levels and mostly white, there is a compelling need for the implementation of public policies that ensure equitable access for all individuals. Received: 28/04/23|Review: 06/10/23|Accepted: 30/10/23Objetivo: reflexionar sobre el acceso a los servicios de salud para la infertilidad y la reproducción humana asistida durante el período de la pandemia de COVID-19, desde la perspectiva de la justicia reproductiva. Metodología: se utilizaron datos de la encuesta en línea de la Pandemia de COVID-19 y prácticas reproductivas de las mujeres en Brasil, que obtuvo 8.313 respuestas de mujeres residentes en todas las regiones del país, con edad igual o superior a 18 años. El cuestionario autoaplicado circuló entre julio y octubre de 2021, conteniendo preguntas cerradas y abiertas. El análisis descriptivo de las respuestas objetivas de 242 mujeres que relataron buscar atención por infertilidad implicó el cálculo de frecuencias simples de las variables. Los textos escritos en los espacios abiertos del cuestionario fueron sometidos a análisis temático. Resultados: el estudio verificó la existencia de barreras institucionales y no institucionales para la atención de la infertilidad, ambas aumentadas por la pandemia. Conclusión: se recomienda la implementación de una política pública que garantice el pleno acceso a todas las personas, dado que el tratamiento de la infertilidad y reproducción asistida tiende a estar restringido a mujeres cisgénero de clase media y alta, con mayor educación y en su mayoría blancas. Recepción: 28/04/23|Revisión: 06/10/23|Aceptación: 30/10/23Objetivo: refletir sobre o acesso a serviços de saúde para infertilidade e reprodução humana assistida durante o período da pandemia de COVID-19, na perspectiva da justiça reprodutiva. Metodologia: utilizou-se dados do inquérito online da pesquisa Pandemia de COVID-19 e práticas reprodutivas de mulheres no Brasil, que obteve 8.313 respostas de mulheres residentes em todas as regiões do país, de 18 anos ou mais. O questionário autoaplicável circulou entre julho e outubro de 2021, contendo questões fechadas e abertas. A análise descritiva das respostas objetivas de 242 mulheres que referiram buscar atendimento para infertilidade contou com o cálculo de frequências simples das variáveis. Já os textos escritos nos espaços abertos do questionário foram submetidos à análise temática. Resultados: o estudo verificou a existência de barreiras institucionais e não institucionais para os cuidados da infertilidade, ambas incrementadas pela pandemia. Conclusão: recomenda-se a efetivação de política pública que garanta acesso pleno a todas as pessoas, haja vista que o tratamento para infertilidade e reprodução assistida tende a se restringir a mulheres cisgênero, de camadas médias e altas, mais escolarizadas e majoritariamente brancas. Submissão: 28/04/23|Revisão: 06/10/23|Aprovação: 30/10/2

Saúde, reprodução e sexualidade nos tempos da COVID-19: memórias incorporadas das mulheres no Brasil

Objective: this study seeks to comprehend the impact of the COVID-19 pandemic on women\u27s lives and health, with a particular focus on sexual and reproductive health, and to reflect on sexual and reproductive rights and reproductive justice within the context of the health crisis. Methods: employing an online questionnaire featuring 113 objective questions and one open-ended question for free comments, the study gathered responses from 8,313 women. Out of these, 1,838 utilized the open question to articulate their experiences during the pandemic. The collected material underwent analysis using narrative and thematic approaches, along with memory construction techniques. Results: the findings indicate heightened challenges in accessing health services, particularly for sexual and reproductive health. The pandemic deepened inequities in the sexual division of labor, leading to increased domestic and professional workloads, economic insecurity, elevated tensions in affective-sexual relationships, greater exposure to violence, and notable repercussions on psycho-emotional health. These factors collectively influenced women\u27s health/illness experiences, sexual lives, and reproductive plans during the initial years of the pandemic. Conclusion: the intersection of the health crisis with a democratic crisis in rights has intertwined social and physiological factors into the historical and material experiences of women\u27s sexual and reproductive bodies. These experiences follow the trajectories of gender, race, and class-based precariousness and injustices. Women\u27s accounts contribute to the construction of a collective memory of the pandemic that is not necessarily uniform or linear. Beyond illustrating the present moment, these memories aid in understanding and addressing similar crises in the future. Received: 30/03/23|Review: 10/11/23|Accepted: 12/11/23Objetivo: comprender cómo la pandemia de COVID-19 afectó la vida y la salud de las mujeres, con énfasis en aspectos de salud sexual y reproductiva y reflexionar sobre los derechos sexuales y reproductivos y la justicia reproductiva, en el contexto de la crisis sanitaria. Metodología: se utilizó un cuestionario online con 113 preguntas objetivas y una pregunta abierta para comentarios libres al final. De 8.313 mujeres que respondieron el cuestionario, 1.838 relataron sus experiencias durante la pandemia, en este espacio abierto. Este material fue analizado mediante técnicas análisis de narrativa y temática y de construcción de memoria. Resultados: hubo aumento de las dificultades para acceder a los servicios de salud, especialmente de salud sexual y reproductiva, profundización de las inequidades en la división sexual del trabajo, con sobrecarga de trabajo doméstico y profesional, inseguridad económica, tensiones en las relaciones afectivo-sexuales y mayor exposición. a la violencia, e importantes repercusiones en la salud psicoemocional. Todos estos aspectos afectaron las experiencias de salud/enfermedad, la vida sexual, los planes y experiencias reproductivas, en los primeros años de la pandemia. Conclusión: en Brasil, en el solapamiento de la crisis sanitaria con la crisis democrática y de derechos, hechos sociales y hechos fisiológicos se mezclan y totalizan en la experiencia histórica y material de los cuerpos sexuales y reproductivos de las mujeres, siguiendo las líneas de fuerza de la precariedad y las injusticias. de género, raza y clase. Las narrativas de las mujeres contribuyen a la construcción de una memoria colectiva – no necesariamente unívoca y lineal – de la pandemia. Memorias que no sólo pueden ilustrar el momento presente, sino que también contribuyen a comprender y afrontar crisis futuras similares. Recepción: 30/03/23|Revisión: 10/11/23|Aceptación: 12/11/23Objetivo: compreender como a pandemia de COVID-19 afetou a vida e a saúde das mulheres, com ênfase nos aspectos da saúde sexual e reprodutiva, e refletir sobre os direitos sexuais e reprodutivos e a justiça reprodutiva no contexto da crise sanitária. Metodologia: utilizou-se questionário online com 113 perguntas objetivas e uma questão aberta para comentários. De 8.313 mulheres que responderam ao questionário, 1.838 relataram suas vivências durante a pandemia na questão aberta. Esse material passou por técnicas de análise narrativa e temática e de construção de memória. Resultados: evidenciou-se a ampliação das dificuldades de acesso a serviços de saúde, em especial de saúde sexual e reprodutiva; o aprofundamento das iniquidades na divisão sexual do trabalho, com sobrecarga de trabalho doméstico e profissional; a insegurança econômica; o tensionamentos das relações afetivo-sexuais e maior exposição à violência; e importantes repercussões na saúde psicoemocional. Todos esses aspectos afetaram as experiências de saúde e adoecimento; a vida sexual; e os planos e experiências reprodutivas nos primeiros anos de pandemia. Conclusão: no Brasil, na sobreposição da emergência sanitária com a crise democrática de direitos, fatos sociais e fatos fisiológicos se misturam e se totalizam na experiência histórica e material do corpo sexual e reprodutivo das mulheres, seguindo as linhas de força das precariedades e injustiças de gênero, de raça e de classe. Os relatos das mulheres contribuem para a construção de uma memória coletiva – não necessariamente unívoca e linear – da pandemia. Memórias que podem não apenas ilustrar o momento presente, como contribuir para o entendimento e enfrentamento de crises semelhantes futuras. Submissão: 30/03/23|Revisão: 10/11/23|Aprovação: 12/11/2

Contributions of mean and shape of blood pressure distribution to worldwide trends and variations in raised blood pressure: A pooled analysis of 1018 population-based measurement studies with 88.6 million participants

© The Author(s) 2018. Background: Change in the prevalence of raised blood pressure could be due to both shifts in the entire distribution of blood pressure (representing the combined effects of public health interventions and secular trends) and changes in its high-blood-pressure tail (representing successful clinical interventions to control blood pressure in the hypertensive population). Our aim was to quantify the contributions of these two phenomena to the worldwide trends in the prevalence of raised blood pressure. Methods: We pooled 1018 population-based studies with blood pressure measurements on 88.6 million participants from 1985 to 2016. We first calculated mean systolic blood pressure (SBP), mean diastolic blood pressure (DBP) and prevalence of raised blood pressure by sex and 10-year age group from 20-29 years to 70-79 years in each study, taking into account complex survey design and survey sample weights, where relevant. We used a linear mixed effect model to quantify the association between (probittransformed) prevalence of raised blood pressure and age-group- and sex-specific mean blood pressure. We calculated the contributions of change in mean SBP and DBP, and of change in the prevalence-mean association, to the change in prevalence of raised blood pressure. Results: In 2005-16, at the same level of population mean SBP and DBP, men and women in South Asia and in Central Asia, the Middle East and North Africa would have the highest prevalence of raised blood pressure, and men and women in the highincome Asia Pacific and high-income Western regions would have the lowest. In most region-sex-age groups where the prevalence of raised blood pressure declined, one half or more of the decline was due to the decline in mean blood pressure. Where prevalence of raised blood pressure has increased, the change was entirely driven by increasing mean blood pressure, offset partly by the change in the prevalence-mean association. Conclusions: Change in mean blood pressure is the main driver of the worldwide change in the prevalence of raised blood pressure, but change in the high-blood-pressure tail of the distribution has also contributed to the change in prevalence, especially in older age groups

Repositioning of the global epicentre of non-optimal cholesterol

High blood cholesterol is typically considered a feature of wealthy western countries(1,2). However, dietary and behavioural determinants of blood cholesterol are changing rapidly throughout the world(3) and countries are using lipid-lowering medications at varying rates. These changes can have distinct effects on the levels of high-density lipoprotein (HDL) cholesterol and non-HDL cholesterol, which have different effects on human health(4,5). However, the trends of HDL and non-HDL cholesterol levels over time have not been previously reported in a global analysis. Here we pooled 1,127 population-based studies that measured blood lipids in 102.6 million individuals aged 18 years and older to estimate trends from 1980 to 2018 in mean total, non-HDL and HDL cholesterol levels for 200 countries. Globally, there was little change in total or non-HDL cholesterol from 1980 to 2018. This was a net effect of increases in low- and middle-income countries, especially in east and southeast Asia, and decreases in high-income western countries, especially those in northwestern Europe, and in central and eastern Europe. As a result, countries with the highest level of non-HDL cholesterol-which is a marker of cardiovascular riskchanged from those in western Europe such as Belgium, Finland, Greenland, Iceland, Norway, Sweden, Switzerland and Malta in 1980 to those in Asia and the Pacific, such as Tokelau, Malaysia, The Philippines and Thailand. In 2017, high non-HDL cholesterol was responsible for an estimated 3.9 million (95% credible interval 3.7 million-4.2 million) worldwide deaths, half of which occurred in east, southeast and south Asia. The global repositioning of lipid-related risk, with non-optimal cholesterol shifting from a distinct feature of high-income countries in northwestern Europe, north America and Australasia to one that affects countries in east and southeast Asia and Oceania should motivate the use of population-based policies and personal interventions to improve nutrition and enhance access to treatment throughout the world.Peer reviewe

Heterogeneous contributions of change in population distribution of body mass index to change in obesity and underweight NCD Risk Factor Collaboration (NCD-RisC)

From 1985 to 2016, the prevalence of underweight decreased, and that of obesity and severe obesity increased, in most regions, with significant variation in the magnitude of these changes across regions. We investigated how much change in mean body mass index (BMI) explains changes in the prevalence of underweight, obesity, and severe obesity in different regions using data from 2896 population-based studies with 187 million participants. Changes in the prevalence of underweight and total obesity, and to a lesser extent severe obesity, are largely driven by shifts in the distribution of BMI, with smaller contributions from changes in the shape of the distribution. In East and Southeast Asia and sub-Saharan Africa, the underweight tail of the BMI distribution was left behind as the distribution shifted. There is a need for policies that address all forms of malnutrition by making healthy foods accessible and affordable, while restricting unhealthy foods through fiscal and regulatory restrictions