Australian Sphingidae – DNA Barcodes Challenge Current Species Boundaries and Distributions

© 2014 Rougerie et al. This is an open-access article distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution License, which permits unrestricted use, distribution, and reproduction in any medium, provided the original author and source are credited. The attached file is the published version of the article

Phylogenetic relationships of the Australasian open-holed trapdoor spiders (Araneae: Mygalomorphae: Nemesiidae: Anaminae): multi-locus molecular analyses resolve the generic classification of a highly diverse fauna

Spiders of the nemesiid mygalomorph subfamily Anaminae are common in the Australasian region from rainforests to deserts. Using specimens from all 12 named genera, we evaluated anamine phylogeny and classification using a multi-locus molecular dataset. We combined newly obtained 18S and 28S ribosomal RNA and elongation factor 1 gamma (EF-1γ) sequences with an existing published dataset and further analysed an expanded mitochondrial (12S rRNA, 16S rRNA, COI) and nuclear (18S rRNA, 28S rRNA, Histone H3, EF-1γ) dataset. The resulting trees showed that most Australasian Anaminae formed a monophyletic group congruent with the tribe Anamini, but that the genus Stanwellia grouped with non-Australian exemplars. Molecular divergence dating revealed that the major Australian radiation of Anamini occurred during the Miocene, with multiple independent incursions from temperate habitats into the arid zone. New Zealand Stanwellia nested within a clade including otherwise Australian taxa, with divergence estimates for the entire genus between 8 and 38 Mya, suggesting that their presence in New Zealand is the result of transoceanic dispersal, rather than continental vicariance. The molecular phylogenies were reconciled with morphological data and used to stabilize the generic classification by recognizing Stanwellia, plus nine genera of Anamini, all of which are newly diagnosed

Thigh-length compression stockings and DVT after stroke

Controversy exists as to whether neoadjuvant chemotherapy improves survival in patients with invasive bladder cancer, despite randomised controlled trials of more than 3000 patients. We undertook a systematic review and meta-analysis to assess the effect of such treatment on survival in patients with this disease

The structure of calling songs in the cicada Pauropsalta annulata Goding and Froggatt (Hemiptera: Cicadidae): evidence of diverging populations?

Variation recorded within species is often taken to represent evidence for local and ongoing adaptation, but often without the interpopulation variation being subject to analysis across the geographic distribution occupied by the taxon. Here we investigate the rhythmic song structure across the range of three known song types in a variable cicada, Pauropsalta annulata Goding and Froggatt. Statistical analysis of the structure of songs across individuals reveals four discrete clusters that are demonstrated to be independent and stable across extensive geographic space in areas of allopatry and, generally, also into areas of sympatry. This suggests that P. annulata is a cryptic species complex. Unique combinations of plant species are linked with each of the clusters, suggesting that the different populations have independent plant associations. These findings are discussed in relation to similar case studies on cicadas and other organisms, with particular emphasis on the most appropriate approach to testing variation across populations, especially when it is thought to represent populations in the initial stages of evolutionary divergence