Philosophical issues: ethics in teacher formation

O ser humano passa por um processo de desenvolvimento, que o acompanha ao longo de toda a sua vida. E como parte deste desenvolvimento vai adquirindo valores em seus processos de interações sociais. O artigo em tela discorre sobre a ética na formação do professor, entendendo-a como parte de um processo que contribui para o desempenho exitoso do trabalho docente junto aos alunos. Este artigo objetiva analisar a importância da ética na formação dos professores. Trata-se de uma abordagem qualitativa, com o uso da pesquisa bibliográfica. Como aporte teórico, utilizou-se autores como Tadêus; Cunha, Vasquez, Ricci, Santos, entre outros. Os resultados revelaram que os professores têm papel essencial no desenvolvimento da sociedade, pois ensinam alunos da educação básica e preparam profissionais das mais diversas áreas, por isso precisaram da ética para o bom desempenho das suas funções docentes. Conclui-se que a ética, na sociedade atual, é de grande relevância, tanto na formação dos professores, quanto na prática docente, quando estes preparam os alunos para o exercício da cidadania.Humans undergo a development process, which accompanies them throughout their lives, and, as part of this development, they acquire values in their social interactions. The present article discusses ethics in teacher formation, understanding it as part of a process that contributes to successful teaching performances and it aims to analyze the importance of ethics in teacher training. It is a bibliographic research with a qualitative approach. As a theoretical support, it was used the contribution of authors such as Tadêus; Cunha, Vasquez, Ricci, Santos, among others. The results revealed that teachers have an essential role in the development of society, as they teach basic education students and prepare professionals from the most diverse areas, which is why they needed ethics for the good performance of their teaching functions. Thus, it is concluded that ethics, in today's society, is of great relevance, both in teacher education and in teaching practice, when they prepare students for the exercise of citizenship

Accidentes de trabajo fatales y violencia interpersonal en Brasil, 2000-2010

In this study, we present estimates of the proportionate mortality of work injuries involving interpersonal violence in Brazil from 2000 to 2010. Data come from the Mortality Information System based on death certificates from the Health Ministry, which in Brazil include a field for recording work-related injuries that must be completed in all deaths due to external causes. There were 1,368,732 deaths due to external causes, 31,576 (2.3%) due to work injuries, and only 226 (0.02%) due to work injuries involving interpersonal violence. Nearly 80% of the death certificates did not include data in the work injury field. Most cases occurred among males (94.3%) 25-34 years of age with less than high school education in the Southeast and Northeast country regions, primarily in the manufacturing and agricultural industries. The majority of cases were caused by firearms, followed by sharp instruments, with a relative increase in this last category during the study period. Findings suggest underrecording of diagnoses that recognize the work-related nature of the death. Better training on death certificate completion and studies to quantify the underrecording of work injuries and work injuries involving interpersonal violence are needed.En el presente estudio se estima la mortalidad proporcional por accidentes de trabajo provocados por violencia interpersonal en Brasil, entre 2000 y 2010. Se analizaron los datos del Sistema de Información sobre Mortalidad, basados en los informes estadísticosde defunción del Ministerio de Salud de Brasil, los cuales incluyen un campo para el registro de accidentes de trabajo que debe ser completado en toda defunción por causas externas. Se identificaron 1.368.732 casos de defunciones por causas externas, 31.576 (2,3%) por accidentes de trabajo y solo 226 (0,02%) por accidentes de trabajo con violenciainterpersonal. Cerca del 80% de los informes estadísticos de defunción no tenían el campo “accidente de trabajo” completado. La mayor cantidad de casos ocurrió entre hombres(94,3%) de 25-34 años, con nivel de escolaridad medio, ubicados en la región sudeste y noreste, que trabajan principalmente en la producción de bienes y servicios industriales y la actividad agropecuaria. La mayoría de los casos fueron causados por armas de fuego, seguidos por armas blancas, con un aumento relativo de estos últimos en el período estudiado.Los resultados sugieren un gran subregistro de diagnósticos que reconocen la relacióncon el trabajo. Se hace necesaria una mejor capacitación en el llenado de los informes estadísticos, así como estudios que cuantifiquen el subregistro de accidentes de trabajo y accidentes de trabajo con violencia interpersonal

BASES FISIOPATOLÓGICAS DA ICTERÍCIA NEONATAL: UMA REVISÃO BIBLIOGRÁFICA

Introduction: Neonatal jaundice is common in newborns, affecting up to 60% of healthy babies and up to 80% of premature infants. Although generally benign, it can lead to serious neurological complications if not treated appropriately. The pathophysiology involves a complex imbalance in bilirubin metabolism, including liver immaturity and hemolysis as major factors. Objective: This review aims to synthesize knowledge about the pathophysiological basis of neonatal jaundice, in order to support evidence-based clinical practices. Methods; Original studies and reviews published in peer-reviewed journals in the last 20 years were selected, focusing on genetic, environmental and neonatal development-related risk factors associated with neonatal jaundice. Results and Discussion: Neonatal jaundice results from an imbalance in bilirubin metabolism, involving production, conjugation, excretion and metabolism. Studies highlight liver immaturity and hemolysis as the main factors. Monitoring bilirubin levels and timely therapeutic intervention are crucial to preventing serious complications. Conclusion: Understanding the pathophysiological mechanisms of neonatal jaundice is essential for an effective clinical approach. Continued investment in research and interdisciplinary collaboration offer promising prospects for future advances in the management of this condition, with a view to improving clinical outcomes and the quality of life of affected newborns.Introducción: La ictericia neonatal es frecuente en los recién nacidos y afecta hasta al 60% de los bebés sanos y hasta al 80% de los prematuros. Aunque generalmente es benigna, puede dar lugar a complicaciones neurológicas graves si no se trata adecuadamente. La fisiopatología implica un complejo desequilibrio en el metabolismo de la bilirrubina, incluyendo la inmadurez hepática y la hemólisis como factores principales. Objetivo: Esta revisión pretende sintetizar los conocimientos sobre las bases fisiopatológicas de la ictericia neonatal con el fin de apoyar la práctica clínica basada en la evidencia. Métodos: Se seleccionaron estudios originales y revisiones publicados en revistas revisadas por pares en los últimos 20 años, centrados en factores de riesgo genéticos, ambientales y relacionados con el desarrollo neonatal asociados a la ictericia neonatal. Resultados y Discusión: La ictericia neonatal es el resultado de un desequilibrio en el metabolismo de la bilirrubina, que implica producción, conjugación, excreción y metabolismo. Los estudios destacan la inmadurez hepática y la hemólisis como principales factores. El control de los niveles de bilirrubina y la intervención terapéutica oportuna son cruciales para prevenir complicaciones graves. Conclusión: La comprensión de los mecanismos fisiopatológicos de la ictericia neonatal es esencial para un enfoque clínico eficaz. La inversión continuada en investigación y la colaboración interdisciplinar ofrecen perspectivas prometedoras para futuros avances en el tratamiento de esta afección, con el objetivo de mejorar los resultados clínicos y la calidad de vida de los recién nacidos afectados.Introdução: A icterícia neonatal é comum em recém-nascidos, afetando até 60% dos bebês saudáveis e até 80% dos prematuros. Apesar de geralmente benigna, pode levar a complicações neurológicas graves se não tratada adequadamente. A fisiopatologia envolve um desequilíbrio complexo no metabolismo da bilirrubina, incluindo imaturidade hepática e hemólise como fatores principais.Objetivo: Esta revisão visa sintetizar o conhecimento sobre as bases fisiopatológicas da icterícia neonatal, para subsidiar práticas clínicas baseadas em evidências. Métodos: Foram selecionados estudos originais e revisões publicados em periódicos revisados por pares nos últimos 20 anos, com foco em fatores de risco genéticos, ambientais e relacionados ao desenvolvimento neonatal associados à icterícia neonatal. Resultados e Discussão: A icterícia neonatal resulta de um desequilíbrio no metabolismo da bilirrubina, envolvendo produção, conjugação, excreção e metabolismo. Estudos destacam a imaturidade hepática e a hemólise como principais fatores. O monitoramento dos níveis de bilirrubina e intervenção terapêutica oportuna são cruciais para prevenir complicações graves. Conclusão: O entendimento dos mecanismos fisiopatológicos da icterícia neonatal é essencial para uma abordagem clínica eficaz. Investimentos contínuos em pesquisa e colaboração interdisciplinar oferecem perspectivas promissoras para avanços futuros no manejo dessa condição, visando melhorar os desfechos clínicos e a qualidade de vida dos recém-nascidos afetados.Introdução: A icterícia neonatal é comum em recém-nascidos, afetando até 60% dos bebês saudáveis e até 80% dos prematuros. Apesar de geralmente benigna, pode levar a complicações neurológicas graves se não tratada adequadamente. A fisiopatologia envolve um desequilíbrio complexo no metabolismo da bilirrubina, incluindo imaturidade hepática e hemólise como fatores principais.Objetivo: Esta revisão visa sintetizar o conhecimento sobre as bases fisiopatológicas da icterícia neonatal, para subsidiar práticas clínicas baseadas em evidências. Métodos: Foram selecionados estudos originais e revisões publicados em periódicos revisados por pares nos últimos 20 anos, com foco em fatores de risco genéticos, ambientais e relacionados ao desenvolvimento neonatal associados à icterícia neonatal. Resultados e Discussão: A icterícia neonatal resulta de um desequilíbrio no metabolismo da bilirrubina, envolvendo produção, conjugação, excreção e metabolismo. Estudos destacam a imaturidade hepática e a hemólise como principais fatores. O monitoramento dos níveis de bilirrubina e intervenção terapêutica oportuna são cruciais para prevenir complicações graves. Conclusão: O entendimento dos mecanismos fisiopatológicos da icterícia neonatal é essencial para uma abordagem clínica eficaz. Investimentos contínuos em pesquisa e colaboração interdisciplinar oferecem perspectivas promissoras para avanços futuros no manejo dessa condição, visando melhorar os desfechos clínicos e a qualidade de vida dos recém-nascidos afetados

Contributions of mean and shape of blood pressure distribution to worldwide trends and variations in raised blood pressure: A pooled analysis of 1018 population-based measurement studies with 88.6 million participants

© The Author(s) 2018. Background: Change in the prevalence of raised blood pressure could be due to both shifts in the entire distribution of blood pressure (representing the combined effects of public health interventions and secular trends) and changes in its high-blood-pressure tail (representing successful clinical interventions to control blood pressure in the hypertensive population). Our aim was to quantify the contributions of these two phenomena to the worldwide trends in the prevalence of raised blood pressure. Methods: We pooled 1018 population-based studies with blood pressure measurements on 88.6 million participants from 1985 to 2016. We first calculated mean systolic blood pressure (SBP), mean diastolic blood pressure (DBP) and prevalence of raised blood pressure by sex and 10-year age group from 20-29 years to 70-79 years in each study, taking into account complex survey design and survey sample weights, where relevant. We used a linear mixed effect model to quantify the association between (probittransformed) prevalence of raised blood pressure and age-group- and sex-specific mean blood pressure. We calculated the contributions of change in mean SBP and DBP, and of change in the prevalence-mean association, to the change in prevalence of raised blood pressure. Results: In 2005-16, at the same level of population mean SBP and DBP, men and women in South Asia and in Central Asia, the Middle East and North Africa would have the highest prevalence of raised blood pressure, and men and women in the highincome Asia Pacific and high-income Western regions would have the lowest. In most region-sex-age groups where the prevalence of raised blood pressure declined, one half or more of the decline was due to the decline in mean blood pressure. Where prevalence of raised blood pressure has increased, the change was entirely driven by increasing mean blood pressure, offset partly by the change in the prevalence-mean association. Conclusions: Change in mean blood pressure is the main driver of the worldwide change in the prevalence of raised blood pressure, but change in the high-blood-pressure tail of the distribution has also contributed to the change in prevalence, especially in older age groups

Height and body-mass index trajectories of school-aged children and adolescents from 1985 to 2019 in 200 countries and territories: a pooled analysis of 2181 population-based studies with 65 million participants

Summary Background Comparable global data on health and nutrition of school-aged children and adolescents are scarce. We aimed to estimate age trajectories and time trends in mean height and mean body-mass index (BMI), which measures weight gain beyond what is expected from height gain, for school-aged children and adolescents. Methods For this pooled analysis, we used a database of cardiometabolic risk factors collated by the Non-Communicable Disease Risk Factor Collaboration. We applied a Bayesian hierarchical model to estimate trends from 1985 to 2019 in mean height and mean BMI in 1-year age groups for ages 5–19 years. The model allowed for non-linear changes over time in mean height and mean BMI and for non-linear changes with age of children and adolescents, including periods of rapid growth during adolescence. Findings We pooled data from 2181 population-based studies, with measurements of height and weight in 65 million participants in 200 countries and territories. In 2019, we estimated a difference of 20 cm or higher in mean height of 19-year-old adolescents between countries with the tallest populations (the Netherlands, Montenegro, Estonia, and Bosnia and Herzegovina for boys; and the Netherlands, Montenegro, Denmark, and Iceland for girls) and those with the shortest populations (Timor-Leste, Laos, Solomon Islands, and Papua New Guinea for boys; and Guatemala, Bangladesh, Nepal, and Timor-Leste for girls). In the same year, the difference between the highest mean BMI (in Pacific island countries, Kuwait, Bahrain, The Bahamas, Chile, the USA, and New Zealand for both boys and girls and in South Africa for girls) and lowest mean BMI (in India, Bangladesh, Timor-Leste, Ethiopia, and Chad for boys and girls; and in Japan and Romania for girls) was approximately 9–10 kg/m2. In some countries, children aged 5 years started with healthier height or BMI than the global median and, in some cases, as healthy as the best performing countries, but they became progressively less healthy compared with their comparators as they grew older by not growing as tall (eg, boys in Austria and Barbados, and girls in Belgium and Puerto Rico) or gaining too much weight for their height (eg, girls and boys in Kuwait, Bahrain, Fiji, Jamaica, and Mexico; and girls in South Africa and New Zealand). In other countries, growing children overtook the height of their comparators (eg, Latvia, Czech Republic, Morocco, and Iran) or curbed their weight gain (eg, Italy, France, and Croatia) in late childhood and adolescence. When changes in both height and BMI were considered, girls in South Korea, Vietnam, Saudi Arabia, Turkey, and some central Asian countries (eg, Armenia and Azerbaijan), and boys in central and western Europe (eg, Portugal, Denmark, Poland, and Montenegro) had the healthiest changes in anthropometric status over the past 3·5 decades because, compared with children and adolescents in other countries, they had a much larger gain in height than they did in BMI. The unhealthiest changes—gaining too little height, too much weight for their height compared with children in other countries, or both—occurred in many countries in sub-Saharan Africa, New Zealand, and the USA for boys and girls; in Malaysia and some Pacific island nations for boys; and in Mexico for girls. Interpretation The height and BMI trajectories over age and time of school-aged children and adolescents are highly variable across countries, which indicates heterogeneous nutritional quality and lifelong health advantages and risks

Worldwide trends in underweight and obesity from 1990 to 2022: a pooled analysis of 3663 population-representative studies with 222 million children, adolescents, and adults

Background Underweight and obesity are associated with adverse health outcomes throughout the life course. We estimated the individual and combined prevalence of underweight or thinness and obesity, and their changes, from 1990 to 2022 for adults and school-aged children and adolescents in 200 countries and territories. Methods We used data from 3663 population-based studies with 222 million participants that measured height and weight in representative samples of the general population. We used a Bayesian hierarchical model to estimate trends in the prevalence of different BMI categories, separately for adults (age ≥20 years) and school-aged children and adolescents (age 5–19 years), from 1990 to 2022 for 200 countries and territories. For adults, we report the individual and combined prevalence of underweight (BMI <18·5 kg/m2) and obesity (BMI ≥30 kg/m2). For schoolaged children and adolescents, we report thinness (BMI <2 SD below the median of the WHO growth reference) and obesity (BMI >2 SD above the median). Findings From 1990 to 2022, the combined prevalence of underweight and obesity in adults decreased in 11 countries (6%) for women and 17 (9%) for men with a posterior probability of at least 0·80 that the observed changes were true decreases. The combined prevalence increased in 162 countries (81%) for women and 140 countries (70%) for men with a posterior probability of at least 0·80. In 2022, the combined prevalence of underweight and obesity was highest in island nations in the Caribbean and Polynesia and Micronesia, and countries in the Middle East and north Africa. Obesity prevalence was higher than underweight with posterior probability of at least 0·80 in 177 countries (89%) for women and 145 (73%) for men in 2022, whereas the converse was true in 16 countries (8%) for women, and 39 (20%) for men. From 1990 to 2022, the combined prevalence of thinness and obesity decreased among girls in five countries (3%) and among boys in 15 countries (8%) with a posterior probability of at least 0·80, and increased among girls in 140 countries (70%) and boys in 137 countries (69%) with a posterior probability of at least 0·80. The countries with highest combined prevalence of thinness and obesity in school-aged children and adolescents in 2022 were in Polynesia and Micronesia and the Caribbean for both sexes, and Chile and Qatar for boys. Combined prevalence was also high in some countries in south Asia, such as India and Pakistan, where thinness remained prevalent despite having declined. In 2022, obesity in school-aged children and adolescents was more prevalent than thinness with a posterior probability of at least 0·80 among girls in 133 countries (67%) and boys in 125 countries (63%), whereas the converse was true in 35 countries (18%) and 42 countries (21%), respectively. In almost all countries for both adults and school-aged children and adolescents, the increases in double burden were driven by increases in obesity, and decreases in double burden by declining underweight or thinness. Interpretation The combined burden of underweight and obesity has increased in most countries, driven by an increase in obesity, while underweight and thinness remain prevalent in south Asia and parts of Africa. A healthy nutrition transition that enhances access to nutritious foods is needed to address the remaining burden of underweight while curbing and reversing the increase in obesit

Worldwide trends in hypertension prevalence and progress in treatment and control from 1990 to 2019: a pooled analysis of 1201 population-representative studies with 104 million participants.

BACKGROUND: Hypertension can be detected at the primary health-care level and low-cost treatments can effectively control hypertension. We aimed to measure the prevalence of hypertension and progress in its detection, treatment, and control from 1990 to 2019 for 200 countries and territories. METHODS: We used data from 1990 to 2019 on people aged 30-79 years from population-representative studies with measurement of blood pressure and data on blood pressure treatment. We defined hypertension as having systolic blood pressure 140 mm Hg or greater, diastolic blood pressure 90 mm Hg or greater, or taking medication for hypertension. We applied a Bayesian hierarchical model to estimate the prevalence of hypertension and the proportion of people with hypertension who had a previous diagnosis (detection), who were taking medication for hypertension (treatment), and whose hypertension was controlled to below 140/90 mm Hg (control). The model allowed for trends over time to be non-linear and to vary by age. FINDINGS: The number of people aged 30-79 years with hypertension doubled from 1990 to 2019, from 331 (95% credible interval 306-359) million women and 317 (292-344) million men in 1990 to 626 (584-668) million women and 652 (604-698) million men in 2019, despite stable global age-standardised prevalence. In 2019, age-standardised hypertension prevalence was lowest in Canada and Peru for both men and women; in Taiwan, South Korea, Japan, and some countries in western Europe including Switzerland, Spain, and the UK for women; and in several low-income and middle-income countries such as Eritrea, Bangladesh, Ethiopia, and Solomon Islands for men. Hypertension prevalence surpassed 50% for women in two countries and men in nine countries, in central and eastern Europe, central Asia, Oceania, and Latin America. Globally, 59% (55-62) of women and 49% (46-52) of men with hypertension reported a previous diagnosis of hypertension in 2019, and 47% (43-51) of women and 38% (35-41) of men were treated. Control rates among people with hypertension in 2019 were 23% (20-27) for women and 18% (16-21) for men. In 2019, treatment and control rates were highest in South Korea, Canada, and Iceland (treatment >70%; control >50%), followed by the USA, Costa Rica, Germany, Portugal, and Taiwan. Treatment rates were less than 25% for women and less than 20% for men in Nepal, Indonesia, and some countries in sub-Saharan Africa and Oceania. Control rates were below 10% for women and men in these countries and for men in some countries in north Africa, central and south Asia, and eastern Europe. Treatment and control rates have improved in most countries since 1990, but we found little change in most countries in sub-Saharan Africa and Oceania. Improvements were largest in high-income countries, central Europe, and some upper-middle-income and recently high-income countries including Costa Rica, Taiwan, Kazakhstan, South Africa, Brazil, Chile, Turkey, and Iran. INTERPRETATION: Improvements in the detection, treatment, and control of hypertension have varied substantially across countries, with some middle-income countries now outperforming most high-income nations. The dual approach of reducing hypertension prevalence through primary prevention and enhancing its treatment and control is achievable not only in high-income countries but also in low-income and middle-income settings. FUNDING: WHO