Étude du comportement des cellules humaines en présence de l'interleukine 13 humaine in vitro et in vivo dans le cadre de la thérapie cellulaire pour la dystrophie musculaire de Duchenne

La dystrophie musculaire de Duchenne est une maladie héréditaire qui touche les garçons. Une des approches envisagées pour rétablir l'expression de dystrophine dans le muscle est la thérapie cellulaire. Celle-ci connaît des limitations majeures comme le fort taux de mortalité et le faible potentiel migratoire des cellules transplantées. Dans l'optique de limiter ces obstacles, nous nous sommes intéressés à l'interleukine 13. En effet, il a été prouvé que l'interleukine 13 sécrétée par les fibres musculaires induit l'activation, la différenciation des cellules satellites en myoblastes et leur fusion avec les fibres pour induire l'hypertrophie musculaire. Par ailleurs, les effets de l'interleukine 13 sur les muscles squelettiques sont très peu connus. Résultats : L'étude in vitro des effets du traitement des myoblastes humains avec l'interleukine 13 humaine montre une augmentation du taux de fusion et une amélioration du potentiel migratoire via une action chémo-attractante. De plus, l'interleukine 13 permet d'améliorer la prolifération et la survie des myoblastes suite à l'induction d'un stress oxydatif. Par ailleurs, Le prétraitement et la co-injection de l'interleukine 13 ne montrent pas une amélioration concluante dans le taux de survie post-greffe. Aussi, l'électroporation d'un plasmide contenant le gène de l'interleukine 13 humaine dans les muscles de souris RAG avant la greffe ne semble pas augmenter le potentiel migratoire des cellules transplantées. Conclusions : Les effets de l'interleukine 13 sur les myoblastes observés in vitro semblent très prometteurs. Cependant, ces effets ne sont pas observables in vivo. D est nécessaire d'optimiser les méthodes d'introduction du gène dans les muscles de souris et les méthodes d'investigation pour avoir des résultats plus concluants

Comprehensive miRNome-wide profiling in a neuronal cell model of synucleinopathy implies involvement of cell cycle genes

Growing evidence suggests that epigenetic mechanisms like microRNA-mediated transcriptional regulation contribute to the pathogenesis of parkinsonism. In order to study the influence of microRNAs (miRNAs), we analyzed the miRNome 2 days prior to major cell death in α-synuclein-overexpressing Lund human mesencephalic neurons, a well-established cell model of Parkinson\u27s disease (PD), by next-generation sequencing. The expression levels of 23 miRNAs were significantly altered in α-synuclein-overexpressing cells, 11 were down- and 12 upregulated

Protective efficacy of phosphodiesterase-1 inhibition against alpha-synuclein toxicity revealed by compound screening in LUHMES cells

Abstract α-synuclein-induced neurotoxicity is a core pathogenic event in neurodegenerative synucleinopathies such as Parkinson’s disease, dementia with Lewy bodies, or multiple system atrophy. There is currently no disease-modifying therapy available for these diseases. We screened 1,600 FDA-approved drugs for their efficacy to protect LUHMES cells from degeneration induced by wild-type α-synuclein and identified dipyridamole, a non-selective phosphodiesterase inhibitor, as top hit. Systematic analysis of other phosphodiesterase inhibitors identified a specific phosphodiesterase 1 inhibitor as most potent to rescue from α-synuclein toxicity. Protection was mediated by an increase of cGMP and associated with the reduction of a specific α-synuclein oligomeric species. RNA interference experiments confirmed PDE1A and to a smaller extent PDE1C as molecular targets accounting for the protective efficacy. PDE1 inhibition also rescued dopaminergic neurons from wild-type α-synuclein induced degeneration in the substantia nigra of mice. In conclusion, this work identifies inhibition of PDE1A in particular as promising target for neuroprotective treatment of synucleinopathies

Loss of fragile X mental retardation protein precedes Lewy pathology in Parkinson’s disease

International audienceParkinson’s disease (PD) is the most common neurodegenerative movement disorder and is characterized by the progressive loss of dopaminergic (DA) neurons in the substantia nigra pars compacta (SNc) and the gradual appearance of α-synuclein (α-syn)-containing neuronal protein aggregates. Although the exact mechanism of α-syn-mediated cell death remains elusive, recent research suggests that α-syn-induced alterations in neuronal excitability contribute to cell death in PD. Because the fragile X mental retardation protein (FMRP) controls the expression and function of numerous neuronal genes related to neuronal excitability and synaptic function, we here investigated the role of FMRP in α-syn-associated pathological changes in cell culture and mouse models of PD as well as in post-mortem human brain tissue from PD patients. We found FMRP to be decreased in cultured DA neurons and in the mouse brain in response to α-syn overexpression. FMRP was, furthermore, lost in the SNc of PD patients and in patients with early stages of incidental Lewy body disease (iLBD). Unlike fragile X syndrome (FXS), FMR1 expression in response to α-syn was regulated by a mechanism involving Protein Kinase C (PKC) and cAMP response element-binding protein (CREB). Reminiscent of FXS neurons, α-syn-overexpressing cells exhibited an increase in membrane N-type calcium channels, increased phosphorylation of ERK1/2, eIF4E and S6, increased overall protein synthesis, and increased expression of Matrix Metalloproteinase 9 (MMP9). FMRP affected neuronal function in a PD animal model, because FMRP-KO mice were resistant to the effect of α-syn on striatal dopamine release. In summary, our results thus reveal a new role of FMRP in PD and support the examination of FMRP-regulated genes in PD disease progression