A guerra civil portuguesa, o almirante Manuel Pessanha e a criação da Ordem de Cristo

UID/HIS/00749/2013 SFRH/BPD/108772/2015O presente artigo trata o contexto histórico dentro do qual amadureceu e se formalizou a criação da Ordem de Cristo, oficialmente estatuída pelo papa João XXII, sob instância do rei D. Dinis, com a bula Ad ea ex quibus de 14 de Março de 1319, detendo-se nos difíceis exórdios da ordem. De facto, a fase conclusiva do demorado processo de fundação da nova militia, empreendido depois da emissão da bula Vox in excelsis de Clemente V que decretava a extinção da Ordem do Templo (1312), coincidiu com as primeiras manifestações concretas da guerra civil que viu afrontar-se o soberano D. Dinis e o herdeiro do trono, o infante D. Afonso, suportado, na sua ação rebelde, pela rainha consorte Isabel, pelo menos durante os anos iniciais do conflito. Dentro deste quadro deve ser considerada ainda a contratação pelo monarca do genovês Manuel Pessanha para assumir a função de Almirante-mor do reino de Portugal. Para este encargo foi escolhido um sabedor de mar estrangeiro, perito na navegação, chegado a Portugal em 1317 com um séquito de especialistas nas técnicas da construção naval, totalmente alheio às dinâmicas internas da monarquia portuguesa na altura. Ao ver bem, a primeira empresa militar em que foram envolvidos os membros da nova cavalaria e o almirante Manuel Pessanha, mancomunados pela vocação marítima e pela missão de defesa das costas das agressões dos infiéis, próprias das instituições a que pertenciam e presidiam e bem explicitadas na documentação a estas referentes, foi a serviço do rei a que tinham jurado lealdade e obediência e em ações de terra durante os turbulentos anos da guerra civil.publishersversionpublishe

Effect of GnRH and D-Chloprostenol application on pregnancy and prolificacy rates on Pelibuey ewes

ABSTRACT Objective. Was to evaluate the effect of GnRH and D-Chloprostenol application on pregnancy and prolificacy rates on Pelibuey ewes. Materials and methods. Forty five ewes were randomly allocated to one of three treatments: T1(n=15), day 0: sponges with 65 mg medroxyprogesterone acetate (MPA) + 200 IU equine chorionic gonadotropin (eCG) and sponge removal (day 12) + breeding by natural mating (days 12-15); T2 (n=15), day 0: 50 μg gonadotropin releasing hormone (GnRH) + 7.5 mg D-Chloprostenol (day 5) + 50 μg GnRH (day 7) + insemination at fixed time (AIFT) 12 to 14 h after last injection of GnRH; T3 (n=15), 100 μg GnRH (day 0) + 7.5 mg D-Chloprostenol (day 5) + 100 μg GnRH (day 7) + AIFT 12 to 14 h after last injection of GnRH. Results. The average concentration of progesterone (P4) in blood was 1.22 ± 0.74 ng/mL, which was used to verify ovarian activity at the beginning of the treatments. 100% of the T1 ewes presented estrus, beginning at 38.4±9.56 h after sponge removal. There were differences (p0.05) among the treatments where the values were 1.2, 1.4 and 1.4 lambs/ewe for T1, T2 and T3, Conclusions. The results of this study show that the use of GnRH and D-Chloprostenol did improve pregnancy rates but did not improve prolificacy in tropical ewe

Síntesis de proteína mediante la fermentación de la caña de azúcar adicionada con urea y un cultivo ácido láctico

The aim of this study was to evaluate the crude protein (CP) and true protein (TP) content of sugarcane after the solid-state fermentation process (SSF) with and without addition of urea or an inoculum of Pediococcus acidilactici, Lindner. Nine aerobic silos were used where three treatments were evaluated: ground whole cane (GWC), GWC plus 2% urea (GWCu) and GWC inoculated with 108 CFU of P. acidilactici (GWClab). pH, CP and TP levels were measured, as well as changes in the microbial populations. The pH was higher than 6.1, except for GWCu where it was lower (5.6; p<0.05). The amounts of CP and TP were low, without differences between treatments until the end of the incubation period (72 h). Low amounts of lactic acid bacteria (lab) were observed in GWCu, with no significant differences in GWC and GWClab (p>0.05). In the periods of 48 and 72 h, the number of cellulolytic and total bacteria were similar (p>0.05) between treatments. The FES of sugarcane allows to conserve forage, but in the short term it does not improve the content of CP and TP in the dry matter (DM), even with the addition of probiotics or urea.El objetivo del estudio fue evaluar el contenido de proteína cruda (PC) y proteína verdadera (PV) de la caña de azúcar después del proceso de fermentación en estado sólido (FES) con y sin adición de urea o un inóculo de Pediococcus acidilactici, Lindner. Se utilizaron nueve silos aerobios donde se evaluaron tres tratamientos: caña integral molida (CIM), CIM más 2% de urea (CIMu) y CIM inoculada con 108 UFC de P. acidilactici (CIMbal). Se midió el pH, niveles de PC y PV, así como cambios en las poblaciones microbianas. El pH fue superior a 6.1, con excepción de CIMu donde fue menor (5.6; p<0.05). Las cantidades de PC y PV fueron bajas, sin diferencia entre tratamientos hasta el final del periodo de incubación (72 h). Se observaron bajas cantidades de bacterias ácido-lácticas (BAL) en CIMu, sin diferencias en CIM y CIMbal (p>0.05). En los periodos de 48 y 72 h la cantidad de bacterias celulolíticas y totales fueron similares (p>0.05) entre tratamientos. La FES de la caña de azúcar permite conservar forraje, pero en el corto plazo no mejora el contenido de PC y PV en la materia seca (MS), incluso con la adición de probiótico o urea

Large expert-curated database for benchmarking document similarity detection in biomedical literature search

Document recommendation systems for locating relevant literature have mostly relied on methods developed a decade ago. This is largely due to the lack of a large offline gold-standard benchmark of relevant documents that cover a variety of research fields such that newly developed literature search techniques can be compared, improved and translated into practice. To overcome this bottleneck, we have established the RElevant LIterature SearcH consortium consisting of more than 1500 scientists from 84 countries, who have collectively annotated the relevance of over 180 000 PubMed-listed articles with regard to their respective seed (input) article/s. The majority of annotations were contributed by highly experienced, original authors of the seed articles. The collected data cover 76% of all unique PubMed Medical Subject Headings descriptors. No systematic biases were observed across different experience levels, research fields or time spent on annotations. More importantly, annotations of the same document pairs contributed by different scientists were highly concordant. We further show that the three representative baseline methods used to generate recommended articles for evaluation (Okapi Best Matching 25, Term Frequency-Inverse Document Frequency and PubMed Related Articles) had similar overall performances. Additionally, we found that these methods each tend to produce distinct collections of recommended articles, suggesting that a hybrid method may be required to completely capture all relevant articles. The established database server located at https://relishdb.ict.griffith.edu.au is freely available for the downloading of annotation data and the blind testing of new methods. We expect that this benchmark will be useful for stimulating the development of new powerful techniques for title and title/abstract-based search engines for relevant articles in biomedical research.Peer reviewe

Nutrient content and in vitro degradability of the palm kernel meal produced in the state of Chiapas, Mexico, as feed for ruminants

Objective: The objective of this research was to determine the nutritional content of palm kernel meal (HP) produced in the state of Chiapas, Mexico, as feed for ruminants. Design/methodology/approach: The content of dry matter (DM), total protein (TP), ether extract (EE), ash, neutral detergent fiber (NDF), acid detergent fiber (FDA), amino acids, long chain fatty acids (LCFA), minerals, polyphenols and the in vitro degradability of MS (DIDM), NDF (DINDF) and FAD (DIADF) was determined. Results: The contents were: DM 92.23%, PC 10.56%, EE 7.2%. ashes 3.09%, FDN 76.56% and FDA 57.20%. The HP had a low concentration of lysine (0.3%), methionine (0.228%) and tryptophan (0.095%) and high contents of lauric acid (50.49%), palmitic (10.92%), stearic acid (19.725%). ), oleic (13.56%), copper (23.3 ppm), iron (230.5 ppm), zinc (78.47 ppm) and total phenols (7.8 mg/g); although the DIDM (46.02), DINDF (29.91) and DIADF (27.61), were low. Findings/conclusions: HP as a by-product of the oil agroindustry offers some nutritional characteristics to be used as feed for ruminants, but it is recommended to carry out a chemical analysis of this by-product before including it in balanced diets to have an adequate balance of nutrients.  Objective: The objective of this study was to determine the nutritional content of palm kernel meal (PM) produced in the state of Chiapas, Mexico, as feed for ruminants. Design/Methodology/Approach: The following were determined: content of dry matter (DM), total protein (TP), ethereal extract (EE), ash, neutral detergent fiber (NDF), acid detergent fiber (ADF), amino acids, long chain fatty acids (LCFA), minerals, polyphenols, and the in vitro degradability of DM (IDDM), of the NDF (IDNDF), and of the ADF (IDADF). Results: The contents were: DM 92.23%, TP 10.56%, EE 7.2%, ash 3,09%, NDF 76,56% and ADF 57,20%. The PM had low concentration of lysine (0.3%), methionine (0.228%) and tryptophan (0.095%), and high contents of lauric acid (50.49%), palmitic acid (10.92%), stearic acid (19.725%), oleic acid (13.56%), copper (23.3 mg kg-1), iron (230.5 mg kg-1), zinc (78.47 mg kg-1) and total phenols (7.8 mg g-1), although the IDDM (46.02%), IDNDF (29.91%) and IDADF (27.61%) were low. Findings/Conclusions: The PM, as byproduct of the oil agroindustry, has some important nutritional characteristics to be used as feed for ruminants. It is recommended to conduct a chemical analysis of this byproduct before including it in balanced meals to have an adequate balance of nutrient