Sistemas de producción de tomates (Solanum lycopersicum M.) en Nicaragua: una caracterización en el municipio de Tisma, Masaya, Nicaragua

Nicaragua is a country with climatic conditions suitable for agriculture, which allow the establishment of various vegetables of importance in food security. The present study was carried out in the municipality of Tisma, department of Masaya, in 2016, with the purpose of characterizing the production systems of the tomato crop (Solanum lycopersicum M.) through the generation of information. A socioeconomic survey was applied where the agronomic and phytosanitary management of the crop and postharvest of the production was incorporated. Based on the information obtained, we proceeded to sample, process and analyze the record of 25 Production Units (UP), the variables were subjected to univariate analyzes. The results showed that in the majority of the UP the masculine sex predominates, with average ages less than 40 years. The producers are owners of their UP, the educational level determined that 42.86% of the men and 36.84% of the women did not manage to finish the primary education. 100% of the producers use certified tomato seed, the phytosanitary management of the crop was carried out using conventional compounds (Agrochemicals), resorting to the purchase of selective products since 96% recognize the main pests and diseases that affect this area, being the whitefly (Bemisia tabaci) the main problem, in the growth stage of the crop. In the postharvest handling a small percentage disinfects boxes and means of transport, this because the production is destined to the local market and is marketed as a fresh vegetable.Nicaragua es un país con condiciones climáticas apta para la agricultura, que permiten el establecimiento de diversas hortalizas de importancia en la seguridad alimentaria. El presente estudio se realizó en el municipio de Tisma, departamento de Masaya, en el año 2016, con el propósito de caracterizar los sistemas de producción del cultivo del Tomate (Solanum lycopersicum M.) a través de la generación de información. Se aplicó una encuesta socioeconómica en donde se incorporó el manejo agronómico y fitosanitario del cultivo y postcosecha de la producción. Basado en la información obtenida, se procedió a muestrear, procesar y analizar el registro de 25 Unidades de Producción (UP), las variables se sometieron a aná- lisis univariados. Los resultados mostraron que en la mayoría de las UP predomina el sexo masculino, con edades promedios inferiores a los 40 años. Los productores son propietarios de sus UP, el nivel educativo determinó que 42.86% de los varones y 36.84% de las mujeres no lograron concluir la educación primaria. El 100% de los productores emplean semilla certificada de tomate, el manejo fitosanitario del cultivo se realizó empleando compuestos convencionales (Agroquímicos), recurriendo a la compra de productos selectivos, ya que el 96% reconocen las principales plagas y enfermedades que afectan este rubro, siendo la mosca blanca (Bemisia tabaci) la principal problemática, en la etapa de crecimiento del cultivo. En el manejo postcosecha un pequeño porcentaje desinfecta cajillas y medios de transporte, esto debido a que la producción tiene como destino el mercado local y es comercializado como hortaliza fresca

Valoración de atrayentes en la captura de moscas de la fruta en el cultivo de Guayaba taiwanesa (Psidium guajava L.), León, Nicaragua, 2018.

La producción de fruta a nivel nacional se ve afectada por diversos organismos, siendo el complejo de mosca de la fruta quienes mayores pérdidas ocasionan. El propósito fue evaluar la captura de mosca de la fruta en el cultivo de guayaba taiwanesa (Psidium guajavaL.) mediante la implementación de cuatro atrayentes alimenticios (Ceratrap, Borax de torula, triple componente y proteína hidrolizada + malathion), en dos tipos de trampas (Multilure y Artesanal). Este estudio se realizó en el municipio El Jicaral, en León, Nicaragua. Las variables evaluadas fueron: número de adultos, número de hembras, número de machos. Se empleó estadísticos descriptivos, análisis de varianza de medidas repetidas y correlación. Las trampas cebadas con Ceratrap obtuvieron las mayores capturas de adultos del complejo de moscas de la fruta para ambos sexos, siendo el género Anastrepha el de mayor presencia, las especies A. obliqua, A. striatay A. distincta, sobresalieron. La presencia de Ceratitis capitata fuebaja, lo que demostró que este municipio existe una baja prevalencia

Fluctuación poblacional de moscas de las frutas (Díptera: Tephritidae) en Nicaragua, basado en el sistema de vigilancia fitosanitaria, 2017

The fruit fl y complex (Diptera: Tephritidae) represents one of the main phytosanitary problems for fruit production in Nicaragua. The present study was carried out with the determination of knowing the fl uctuation of the fruit fl y complex in Nicaragua, based on the phytosanitary surveillance system, in 2017, in a total of 17 trapping routes nationwide corresponding to the same number of departments. The traps received inspections and maintenance every 15 days by specialists from the Institute of Protection and Agricultural Health (IPSA). The data have been subjected to an analysis of descriptive statistics. The variables were analyzed, after transformation ( x + 0.5 ), by means of an analysis of the variance (ANDEVA) of repeated measures. To observe the diff erences between the paired measurements, a Tukey multiple range test was performed. The number of adults captured, number of males and females captured was evaluated. The fruit fl y complex in Nicaragua is made up of 10 species, mainly of the Anastrepha (Nine species) and Ceratitis genera, which are present throughout the country, giving the highest catches of adult females. The population fl uctuation is variable in the departments of the country, being the departments of Carazo, Jinotega and Nueva Segovia where the largest numbers of adult specimens were reported, in the months of April, March and October. The most prevalent species were Anastrepha obliqua, Anastrepha serpentina, and Ceratitis capitata, in all sampling routes in the diff erent months of the year and period evaluatedEl complejo de moscas de las frutas (Diptera: Tephritidae) representa uno de los principales problemas fi tosanitarios a la producción frutícola de Nicaragua. Se efectuó el presente estudio con la fi nalidad de conocer la fl uctuación del complejo de moscas de las frutas en Nicaragua, basado en el sistema de vigilancia fi tosanitaria, en el periodo 2017, en un total de 17 rutas de trampeo a nivel nacional correspondiente a igual número de departamentos. Las trampas recibieron inspecciones y mantenimiento cada 15 días por especialistas del Instituto de Protección y Sanidad Agropecuaria (IPSA). Los datos se sometieron a análisis de estadística descriptivos. Las variables se analizaron, previa transformación ( x + 0.5 ), mediante un análisis de la varianza (ANDEVA) de medidas repetidas. Para observar las diferencias entre las medidas pareadas se realizó un test de rangos múltiples de Tukey. Se evaluó número de adultos capturados, número de machos y hembras capturadas. El complejo de moscas de las frutas en Nicaragua está conformado por 10 especies, principalmente de los géneros Anastrepha (Nueve especies) y Ceratitis, las cuales están presente en todo el país, dándose las mayores capturas de hembras adultas. La fl uctuación poblacional es variable en los departamentos del país, siendo los departamentos de Carazo, Jinotega y Nueva Segovia donde se reportaron las mayores cantidades de especímenes adultos, en los meses de abril, marzo y octubre. Las especies con mayor predominancia fue Anastrepha obliqua, Anastrepha serpentina, y Ceratitis capitata, en todas las rutas de muestreo en los diferentes meses del año y periodo evaluado.&nbsp

Resolver problemas sociales: hacia una metodología de nodos articuladores (Complexus 11)

Los autores nos comparten sus experiencias y búsquedas, desde sus enfoques teóricos particulares y al mismo tiempo desde un trabajo de interconexión intrauniversitaria para la producción de conocimiento, metodologías y herramientas orientadas a solucionar integralmente problemáticas sociales complejas y con escenarios cambiantes

Rising rural body-mass index is the main driver of the global obesity epidemic in adults

Body-mass index (BMI) has increased steadily in most countries in parallel with a rise in the proportion of the population who live in cities(.)(1,2) This has led to a widely reported view that urbanization is one of the most important drivers of the global rise in obesity(3-6). Here we use 2,009 population-based studies, with measurements of height and weight in more than 112 million adults, to report national, regional and global trends in mean BMI segregated by place of residence (a rural or urban area) from 1985 to 2017. We show that, contrary to the dominant paradigm, more than 55% of the global rise in mean BMI from 1985 to 2017-and more than 80% in some low- and middle-income regions-was due to increases in BMI in rural areas. This large contribution stems from the fact that, with the exception of women in sub-Saharan Africa, BMI is increasing at the same rate or faster in rural areas than in cities in low- and middle-income regions. These trends have in turn resulted in a closing-and in some countries reversal-of the gap in BMI between urban and rural areas in low- and middle-income countries, especially for women. In high-income and industrialized countries, we noted a persistently higher rural BMI, especially for women. There is an urgent need for an integrated approach to rural nutrition that enhances financial and physical access to healthy foods, to avoid replacing the rural undernutrition disadvantage in poor countries with a more general malnutrition disadvantage that entails excessive consumption of low-quality calories.Peer reviewe

Height and body-mass index trajectories of school-aged children and adolescents from 1985 to 2019 in 200 countries and territories: a pooled analysis of 2181 population-based studies with 65 million participants

Summary Background Comparable global data on health and nutrition of school-aged children and adolescents are scarce. We aimed to estimate age trajectories and time trends in mean height and mean body-mass index (BMI), which measures weight gain beyond what is expected from height gain, for school-aged children and adolescents. Methods For this pooled analysis, we used a database of cardiometabolic risk factors collated by the Non-Communicable Disease Risk Factor Collaboration. We applied a Bayesian hierarchical model to estimate trends from 1985 to 2019 in mean height and mean BMI in 1-year age groups for ages 5–19 years. The model allowed for non-linear changes over time in mean height and mean BMI and for non-linear changes with age of children and adolescents, including periods of rapid growth during adolescence. Findings We pooled data from 2181 population-based studies, with measurements of height and weight in 65 million participants in 200 countries and territories. In 2019, we estimated a difference of 20 cm or higher in mean height of 19-year-old adolescents between countries with the tallest populations (the Netherlands, Montenegro, Estonia, and Bosnia and Herzegovina for boys; and the Netherlands, Montenegro, Denmark, and Iceland for girls) and those with the shortest populations (Timor-Leste, Laos, Solomon Islands, and Papua New Guinea for boys; and Guatemala, Bangladesh, Nepal, and Timor-Leste for girls). In the same year, the difference between the highest mean BMI (in Pacific island countries, Kuwait, Bahrain, The Bahamas, Chile, the USA, and New Zealand for both boys and girls and in South Africa for girls) and lowest mean BMI (in India, Bangladesh, Timor-Leste, Ethiopia, and Chad for boys and girls; and in Japan and Romania for girls) was approximately 9–10 kg/m2. In some countries, children aged 5 years started with healthier height or BMI than the global median and, in some cases, as healthy as the best performing countries, but they became progressively less healthy compared with their comparators as they grew older by not growing as tall (eg, boys in Austria and Barbados, and girls in Belgium and Puerto Rico) or gaining too much weight for their height (eg, girls and boys in Kuwait, Bahrain, Fiji, Jamaica, and Mexico; and girls in South Africa and New Zealand). In other countries, growing children overtook the height of their comparators (eg, Latvia, Czech Republic, Morocco, and Iran) or curbed their weight gain (eg, Italy, France, and Croatia) in late childhood and adolescence. When changes in both height and BMI were considered, girls in South Korea, Vietnam, Saudi Arabia, Turkey, and some central Asian countries (eg, Armenia and Azerbaijan), and boys in central and western Europe (eg, Portugal, Denmark, Poland, and Montenegro) had the healthiest changes in anthropometric status over the past 3·5 decades because, compared with children and adolescents in other countries, they had a much larger gain in height than they did in BMI. The unhealthiest changes—gaining too little height, too much weight for their height compared with children in other countries, or both—occurred in many countries in sub-Saharan Africa, New Zealand, and the USA for boys and girls; in Malaysia and some Pacific island nations for boys; and in Mexico for girls. Interpretation The height and BMI trajectories over age and time of school-aged children and adolescents are highly variable across countries, which indicates heterogeneous nutritional quality and lifelong health advantages and risks

Diminishing benefits of urban living for children and adolescents’ growth and development

Optimal growth and development in childhood and adolescence is crucial for lifelong health and well-being1–6. Here we used data from 2,325 population-based studies, with measurements of height and weight from 71 million participants, to report the height and body-mass index (BMI) of children and adolescents aged 5–19 years on the basis of rural and urban place of residence in 200 countries and territories from 1990 to 2020. In 1990, children and adolescents residing in cities were taller than their rural counterparts in all but a few high-income countries. By 2020, the urban height advantage became smaller in most countries, and in many high-income western countries it reversed into a small urban-based disadvantage. The exception was for boys in most countries in sub-Saharan Africa and in some countries in Oceania, south Asia and the region of central Asia, Middle East and north Africa. In these countries, successive cohorts of boys from rural places either did not gain height or possibly became shorter, and hence fell further behind their urban peers. The difference between the age-standardized mean BMI of children in urban and rural areas was <1.1 kg m–2 in the vast majority of countries. Within this small range, BMI increased slightly more in cities than in rural areas, except in south Asia, sub-Saharan Africa and some countries in central and eastern Europe. Our results show that in much of the world, the growth and developmental advantages of living in cities have diminished in the twenty-first century, whereas in much of sub-Saharan Africa they have amplified

Heterogeneous contributions of change in population distribution of body mass index to change in obesity and underweight NCD Risk Factor Collaboration (NCD-RisC)

From 1985 to 2016, the prevalence of underweight decreased, and that of obesity and severe obesity increased, in most regions, with significant variation in the magnitude of these changes across regions. We investigated how much change in mean body mass index (BMI) explains changes in the prevalence of underweight, obesity, and severe obesity in different regions using data from 2896 population-based studies with 187 million participants. Changes in the prevalence of underweight and total obesity, and to a lesser extent severe obesity, are largely driven by shifts in the distribution of BMI, with smaller contributions from changes in the shape of the distribution. In East and Southeast Asia and sub-Saharan Africa, the underweight tail of the BMI distribution was left behind as the distribution shifted. There is a need for policies that address all forms of malnutrition by making healthy foods accessible and affordable, while restricting unhealthy foods through fiscal and regulatory restrictions

Prevalence, associated factors and outcomes of pressure injuries in adult intensive care unit patients: the DecubICUs study

Funder: European Society of Intensive Care Medicine; doi: http://dx.doi.org/10.13039/501100013347Funder: Flemish Society for Critical Care NursesAbstract: Purpose: Intensive care unit (ICU) patients are particularly susceptible to developing pressure injuries. Epidemiologic data is however unavailable. We aimed to provide an international picture of the extent of pressure injuries and factors associated with ICU-acquired pressure injuries in adult ICU patients. Methods: International 1-day point-prevalence study; follow-up for outcome assessment until hospital discharge (maximum 12 weeks). Factors associated with ICU-acquired pressure injury and hospital mortality were assessed by generalised linear mixed-effects regression analysis. Results: Data from 13,254 patients in 1117 ICUs (90 countries) revealed 6747 pressure injuries; 3997 (59.2%) were ICU-acquired. Overall prevalence was 26.6% (95% confidence interval [CI] 25.9–27.3). ICU-acquired prevalence was 16.2% (95% CI 15.6–16.8). Sacrum (37%) and heels (19.5%) were most affected. Factors independently associated with ICU-acquired pressure injuries were older age, male sex, being underweight, emergency surgery, higher Simplified Acute Physiology Score II, Braden score 3 days, comorbidities (chronic obstructive pulmonary disease, immunodeficiency), organ support (renal replacement, mechanical ventilation on ICU admission), and being in a low or lower-middle income-economy. Gradually increasing associations with mortality were identified for increasing severity of pressure injury: stage I (odds ratio [OR] 1.5; 95% CI 1.2–1.8), stage II (OR 1.6; 95% CI 1.4–1.9), and stage III or worse (OR 2.8; 95% CI 2.3–3.3). Conclusion: Pressure injuries are common in adult ICU patients. ICU-acquired pressure injuries are associated with mainly intrinsic factors and mortality. Optimal care standards, increased awareness, appropriate resource allocation, and further research into optimal prevention are pivotal to tackle this important patient safety threat

Correction to: Prevalence, associated factors and outcomes of pressure injuries in adult intensive care unit patients: the DecubICUs study

The original version of this article unfortunately contained a mistake