Una aproximación teórica de la literacidad mediática hacia la competencia mediática en el currículo peruano

Due to digital revolution, mass media has a great presence in people's lives. Hence, there is a prevailing media culture of incessant and changing information. This generates the need to develop a media literacy to be taught as part of a media competence in Peruvian classrooms. This would be presented with greater complexity and precision within the Peruvian National Curriculum of Basic Education in order to accomplish the ideal of the knowledge society. Therefore, the purpose of this paper was to carry out a theoretical review and an analysis of media literacy and its realization as a media competence in the curriculum. Because of this, it is concluded that some aspects of media competence are present in different curricular areas (Art and Culture, Communication, Social Sciences and Personal Development Citizenship and Civics) in addition to the transversal competence 28. However, these aspects are not exclusively or systematically presented as proposed by Ferrés through six dimensions. For this reason, it is proposed to include this competence within the area of communication, considering the characteristics and needs of the Peruvian educational system for the elaboration of its respective capacities and performances.Debido a la revolución digital, los medios de comunicación tienen una gran presencia en la vida de las personas. De ahí que se vive una imperante cultura mediática en donde la información es incesante y cambiante. Esto genera la necesidad de desarrollar una literacidad mediática que se enseñe como parte de una competencia mediática en las aulas peruanas. Esta se presentaría con mayor complejidad y precisión dentro del Currículo Nacional de Educación Básica del Perú en vista de cumplir con el ideal de la sociedad del conocimiento. Por ello, el presente trabajo tuvo como propósito realizar una revisión teórica y un análisis de la literacidad mediática y su concreción como competencia mediática en el currículo. A partir de ello, se concluye que algunos aspectos de la competencia mediática están presentes en diversas áreas curriculares (Arte y cultura, Comunicación, Ciencias sociales y Desarrollo Personal Ciudadanía y Cívica) además de la competencia transversal 28. Sin embargo, estos aspectos no se plantean exclusiva ni sistemáticamente como lo propone Ferrés a través de seis dimensiones. Es por ello que se propone que se incluya dicha competencia dentro del área de comunicación considerando las características y necesidades del sistema educativo peruano para la elaboración de sus respectivas capacidades y desempeños

Treatment with tocilizumab or corticosteroids for COVID-19 patients with hyperinflammatory state: a multicentre cohort study (SAM-COVID-19)

Objectives: The objective of this study was to estimate the association between tocilizumab or corticosteroids and the risk of intubation or death in patients with coronavirus disease 19 (COVID-19) with a hyperinflammatory state according to clinical and laboratory parameters. Methods: A cohort study was performed in 60 Spanish hospitals including 778 patients with COVID-19 and clinical and laboratory data indicative of a hyperinflammatory state. Treatment was mainly with tocilizumab, an intermediate-high dose of corticosteroids (IHDC), a pulse dose of corticosteroids (PDC), combination therapy, or no treatment. Primary outcome was intubation or death; follow-up was 21 days. Propensity score-adjusted estimations using Cox regression (logistic regression if needed) were calculated. Propensity scores were used as confounders, matching variables and for the inverse probability of treatment weights (IPTWs). Results: In all, 88, 117, 78 and 151 patients treated with tocilizumab, IHDC, PDC, and combination therapy, respectively, were compared with 344 untreated patients. The primary endpoint occurred in 10 (11.4%), 27 (23.1%), 12 (15.4%), 40 (25.6%) and 69 (21.1%), respectively. The IPTW-based hazard ratios (odds ratio for combination therapy) for the primary endpoint were 0.32 (95%CI 0.22-0.47; p < 0.001) for tocilizumab, 0.82 (0.71-1.30; p 0.82) for IHDC, 0.61 (0.43-0.86; p 0.006) for PDC, and 1.17 (0.86-1.58; p 0.30) for combination therapy. Other applications of the propensity score provided similar results, but were not significant for PDC. Tocilizumab was also associated with lower hazard of death alone in IPTW analysis (0.07; 0.02-0.17; p < 0.001). Conclusions: Tocilizumab might be useful in COVID-19 patients with a hyperinflammatory state and should be prioritized for randomized trials in this situatio

Guía de práctica clínica para la prevención, diagnóstico, tratamiento y rehabilitación de la falla cardiaca en población mayor de 18 años, clasificación B, C y D

La falla cardíaca es un síndrome clínico caracterizado por síntomas y signos típicos de insuficiencia cardíaca, adicional a la evidencia objetiva de una anomalía estructural o funcional del corazón. Guía completa 2016. Guía No. 53Población mayor de 18 añosN/

Heterogeneous contributions of change in population distribution of body mass index to change in obesity and underweight NCD Risk Factor Collaboration (NCD-RisC)

From 1985 to 2016, the prevalence of underweight decreased, and that of obesity and severe obesity increased, in most regions, with significant variation in the magnitude of these changes across regions. We investigated how much change in mean body mass index (BMI) explains changes in the prevalence of underweight, obesity, and severe obesity in different regions using data from 2896 population-based studies with 187 million participants. Changes in the prevalence of underweight and total obesity, and to a lesser extent severe obesity, are largely driven by shifts in the distribution of BMI, with smaller contributions from changes in the shape of the distribution. In East and Southeast Asia and sub-Saharan Africa, the underweight tail of the BMI distribution was left behind as the distribution shifted. There is a need for policies that address all forms of malnutrition by making healthy foods accessible and affordable, while restricting unhealthy foods through fiscal and regulatory restrictions

Worldwide trends in hypertension prevalence and progress in treatment and control from 1990 to 2019: a pooled analysis of 1201 population-representative studies with 104 million participants

Background Hypertension can be detected at the primary health-care level and low-cost treatments can effectively control hypertension. We aimed to measure the prevalence of hypertension and progress in its detection, treatment, and control from 1990 to 2019 for 200 countries and territories. Methods We used data from 1990 to 2019 on people aged 30–79 years from population-representative studies with measurement of blood pressure and data on blood pressure treatment. We defined hypertension as having systolic blood pressure 140 mm Hg or greater, diastolic blood pressure 90 mm Hg or greater, or taking medication for hypertension. We applied a Bayesian hierarchical model to estimate the prevalence of hypertension and the proportion of people with hypertension who had a previous diagnosis (detection), who were taking medication for hypertension (treatment), and whose hypertension was controlled to below 140/90 mm Hg (control). The model allowed for trends over time to be non-linear and to vary by age. Findings The number of people aged 30–79 years with hypertension doubled from 1990 to 2019, from 331 (95% credible interval 306–359) million women and 317 (292–344) million men in 1990 to 626 (584–668) million women and 652 (604–698) million men in 2019, despite stable global age-standardised prevalence. In 2019, age-standardised hypertension prevalence was lowest in Canada and Peru for both men and women; in Taiwan, South Korea, Japan, and some countries in western Europe including Switzerland, Spain, and the UK for women; and in several low-income and middle-income countries such as Eritrea, Bangladesh, Ethiopia, and Solomon Islands for men. Hypertension prevalence surpassed 50% for women in two countries and men in nine countries, in central and eastern Europe, central Asia, Oceania, and Latin America. Globally, 59% (55–62) of women and 49% (46–52) of men with hypertension reported a previous diagnosis of hypertension in 2019, and 47% (43–51) of women and 38% (35–41) of men were treated. Control rates among people with hypertension in 2019 were 23% (20–27) for women and 18% (16–21) for men. In 2019, treatment and control rates were highest in South Korea, Canada, and Iceland (treatment >70%; control >50%), followed by the USA, Costa Rica, Germany, Portugal, and Taiwan. Treatment rates were less than 25% for women and less than 20% for men in Nepal, Indonesia, and some countries in sub-Saharan Africa and Oceania. Control rates were below 10% for women and men in these countries and for men in some countries in north Africa, central and south Asia, and eastern Europe. Treatment and control rates have improved in most countries since 1990, but we found little change in most countries in sub-Saharan Africa and Oceania. Improvements were largest in high-income countries, central Europe, and some upper-middle-income and recently high-income countries including Costa Rica, Taiwan, Kazakhstan, South Africa, Brazil, Chile, Turkey, and Iran. Interpretation Improvements in the detection, treatment, and control of hypertension have varied substantially across countries, with some middle-income countries now outperforming most high-income nations. The dual approach of reducing hypertension prevalence through primary prevention and enhancing its treatment and control is achievable not only in high-income countries but also in low-income and middle-income settings

Reducing the environmental impact of surgery on a global scale: systematic review and co-prioritization with healthcare workers in 132 countries

Abstract Background Healthcare cannot achieve net-zero carbon without addressing operating theatres. The aim of this study was to prioritize feasible interventions to reduce the environmental impact of operating theatres. Methods This study adopted a four-phase Delphi consensus co-prioritization methodology. In phase 1, a systematic review of published interventions and global consultation of perioperative healthcare professionals were used to longlist interventions. In phase 2, iterative thematic analysis consolidated comparable interventions into a shortlist. In phase 3, the shortlist was co-prioritized based on patient and clinician views on acceptability, feasibility, and safety. In phase 4, ranked lists of interventions were presented by their relevance to high-income countries and low–middle-income countries. Results In phase 1, 43 interventions were identified, which had low uptake in practice according to 3042 professionals globally. In phase 2, a shortlist of 15 intervention domains was generated. In phase 3, interventions were deemed acceptable for more than 90 per cent of patients except for reducing general anaesthesia (84 per cent) and re-sterilization of ‘single-use’ consumables (86 per cent). In phase 4, the top three shortlisted interventions for high-income countries were: introducing recycling; reducing use of anaesthetic gases; and appropriate clinical waste processing. In phase 4, the top three shortlisted interventions for low–middle-income countries were: introducing reusable surgical devices; reducing use of consumables; and reducing the use of general anaesthesia. Conclusion This is a step toward environmentally sustainable operating environments with actionable interventions applicable to both high– and low–middle–income countries

EVALUACIÓN DE UN SISTEMA DE FERMENTACIÓN EXTRACTIVA PARA LA PRODUCCIÓN DE ÁCIDO LÁCTICO UTILIZANDO SUERO DE LECHE COMO SUSTRATO EVALUATION OF AN EXTRACTIVE FERMENTATION SYSTEM FOR THE PRODUCTION OF LACTIC ACID USING WHEY AS SUBSTRATE

En este trabajo se aplica la técnica de fermentación extractiva in situ para la producción y separación de ácido láctico, usando suero de leche como sustrato y Lactobacillus delbrueckii spp. bulgaricus. La técnica consiste en el uso de una fase orgánica en contacto con el medio de cultivo, permitiendo así la extracción directa de un compuesto a medida que éste se produce durante la fermentación. Se utiliza una fase orgánica compuesta por un solvente no polar (hexano, heptano e iso-octano) y tributil fosfato, TBP como agente extractante. Se realizaron pruebas iniciales de toxicidad de la fase orgánica sobre el microorganismo y de capacidad extractiva de ácido láctico, encontrándose que con hexano-TBP se obtienen los mejores resultados. Posteriormente se realiza la fermentación extractiva, para la cual se utiliza un diseño central compuesto, cuyos factores fueron: pH, % (v/v) de TBP en la fase orgánica y % (v/v) de la fase acuosa. Se analizan como variables respuesta la concentración de ácido láctico en el medio de cultivo (ALFA) y el coeficiente de partición Kd, presentando los modelos matemáticos que describen su comportamiento. Se encuentra que el pH es el factor más significativo durante el proceso.In this work the technique of in situ extractive fermentation is applied for the production and separation of lactic acid, using whey as substrate and Lactobacillus delbrueckii spp. bulgaricus. The technique consists on the use of an organic phase in contact with a culture medium that allows the direct extraction of a compound as it is produced during the fermentation. The organic phase used is composed by a non polar solvent (hexane, heptane and iso-octane) and tributyl phosphate, TBP as extracting agent. Toxicity of the organic phase onto the microorganism and its extracting capacity of lactic acid are tested, and finding that the best results were obtained with hexane-TBP. Later on, the extractive fermentation was carried out with a central composite design using pH, % (v/v) of TBP in the organic phase and % (v/v) the water phase as factors. The response variable analyzed were the concentration of lactic acid in the culture medium (ALFA) and the partition coefficient Kd, displaying the mathematical models that describe their behavior. It finding that pH is the more significant factor during the process

Exacerbation and appearance of dermatosis during COVID-19 quarantine period in Bogotá, Colombia: a descriptive study of the psychological impairments

Introduction: Quarantine established in several countries by the new coronavirus pandemic, dramatically changed our lifestyle, affecting quality of life, skin, and psyche. We described the skin diseases that initiated or were exacerbated in quarantine and assessed the impact on quality of life and the possible presence of anxiety. Materials and methods: We performed a descriptive study from April 2020 to August 2020, assessing two questionnaires: Dermatology Life Quality Index (DLQI) and Hospital Anxiety and Depression Scale (HADS-A) in a dermatologic center. Variables analyzed were age, sex, onset or exacerbation of skin disease, DLQI and HADS-A scores. We used relative and absolute frequencies to describe patients. We collected data using Microsoft Excel and analyzed with SPSS. Results: Of 124 patients, 85 (69%) were women. Acne was the most frequent dermatosis with 18,5% (n = 23), followed by contact dermatitis with 22 patients (17,7%). HADS-A results showed that 24.2% of patients had psychological distress. DLQI most frequent results had a small effect in life (29.8%; n = 37). Patients with psoriasis and eczematous diseases showed a major impact on their quality of life. Conclusions: Quarantine has been related to exacerbation of pre-existent dermatologic conditions and the onset of skin affections. Lifestyle changes influenced the occurrence of acne and contact dermatitis. DLQI and HADS results did not show an important impact in patients’ quality of life. Further epidemiologic studies are needed to determine whether there is a causal relationship between quarantine and these dermatologic conditions

Biodiversidad 2015. Reporte de Estado y Tendencias de la Biodiversidad Continental de Colombia

El propósito de este documento es fortalecer la capacidad de agentes públicos y privados para la aplicación de la PNGIBSE, que constituye en sí misma una apuesta de interfaz entre ciencia, política y sociedad en la perspectiva de construir sostenibilidad en el desarrollo. Además de ello, representa un insumo para el seguimiento a los compromisos del país frente a convenios e iniciativas internacionales (CDB, IPBES, OCDE), así como un mecanismo pedagógico para generar interés, conciencia y apropiación de las diferentes dimensiones de la biodiversidad del país. En esta oportunidad, el reporte avanza en el desarrollo de nuevas infografías vinculadas con diferentes fuentes de información que garantizan la calidad de los datos con los que se propone y representa el estado de la biodiversidad y de su gestión en Colombia. Incluye como novedad la presentación de material en portal web dedicado (reporte.humboldt.org.co), de manera que todas las personas puedan apropiarse e interactuar con el contenido de manera más efectiva. La perspectiva es construir un modelo en tiempo real del trabajo que se desarrolla en el país para conocer, proteger, utilizar o restaurar su biodiversidad y servicios ecosistémicos, promoviendo la apropiación de todos los ciudadanos e instituciones en la tarea. Biodiversidad 2015, es evidente, aún no está en capacidad de dar cuenta de todos los procesos de gestión de biodiversidad que se dan en Colombia, liderados por múltiples actores y a todas las escalas. Paulatinamente esperamos poder abrir el espacio para incrementar la visibilidad de todas y cada una de las iniciativas que se adelanten, a sabiendas de que la posibilidad de encontrar nuevas respuestas y mejores prácticas no depende del Instituto ni de ninguna instancia en particular, sino de la capacidad colectiva de aprendizaje. Así, esperamos que este nuevo paso en la construcción de un producto colaborativo sea del interés de todos y nos permita avanzar en esa dirección. reporte.humboldt.org.coBogotá, D. C