Diseño e implementación de un sistema de evaluación por competencias bajo modalidad virtual aplicando encuestas a dos grupos de estudiantes de ingeniería industrial, periodos 2020-2 y 2021-1

Como consecuencia de las medidas de contingencia actual (cuarentena) determinadas por las autoridades debido a la fuerte presencia del virus Sars-Cov-2 (COVID-19) en el Perú, las instituciones de nivel superior decidieron continuar con sus actividades académicas haciendo uso de plataformas virtuales de educación. Con ello, se han cambiado las sumillas de todos los cursos, para dar paso al diseño de nuevas actividades de aprendizaje, y con ello, nuevas formas de evaluación adaptadas al contexto virtual. Frente a esto, resulta necesaria una nueva metodología de evaluación, la cual pueda ser objetiva dentro de un contexto virtual en el que se desconoce la veracidad de las respuestas por cuestionario debido a la no-presencialidad. Es por ello que el objetivo de la presente tesis es diseñar e implementar un sistema de evaluación por competencias para la modalidad virtual en un grupo de estudiantes universitarios de la carrera de Ingeniería Industrial en el año 2021.El enfoque de estudio es cuantitativo, de diseño experimental instrumental. Se trabajó con dos grupos de 109 estudiantes de la carrera de Ingeniería Industrial en el periodo2020-2021en diferentes semestres, siendo que el primer grupo trabajó con el sistema de evaluación tradicional y el segundo con el nuevo diseño propuesto. En ambos casos se realizó una encuesta para determinar si el sistema de evaluación cumple con las características de objetividad requeridas. Se concluye que, en comparación al sistema de evaluación inicial consistente en cuestionarios, se obtuvo una mejora de hasta 1.53 puntos en una escala de valoración del 1 al 5, con el nuevo sistema de evaluación diseñado.Escuela de Postgrad

Modelo de gestión para la aplicación de herramientas Lean Manufacturing para la mejora de la productividad en una empresa de confección de ropa antiflama de Lima – Perú

La presente investigación se enfoca en el análisis del proceso productivo y de los tiempos estándar de una empresa textil de confección de ropa antiflama de Lima, Perú, centrándose en el área de confección debido a las múltiples deficiencias que presenta. El objetivo principal de la presente tesis es mejorar la productividad de esta empresa a través de la implementación de herramientas Lean Manufacturing. Para ello, se analiza los procesos de esta mencionada área para poder detectar los problemas, y con ello se elaboró un plan de mejora continua siguiendo la metodología DMAIC, para poder lograr a través de ello un beneficio para la empresa y también para el cliente. Con la aplicación de las 5S, instructivos para el aprendizaje, un estudio de tiempos y un plan de mantenimiento total, se obtuvo un aumento del 20% de la productividad hora-hombre. Asimismo, se sometió el modelo a un juicio de expertos y se obtuvo un valor de validación de V de Aiken de 100%, lo que indica que el modelo es efectivo en la mejora de la productividad

KEANEKARAGAMAN TUMBUHAN BERHABITUS POHON DI STASIUN SORAYA EKOSISTEM LEUSER

Stasiun Soraya adalah stasiun penelitian di dalam Kawasan Ekosistem Leuser. Stasiun penelitian ini diduga memiliki keanekaragaman tumbuhan yang tinggi termasuk tumbuhan yang berhabitus pohon. Untuk mendapatkan data yang akurat tentang keanekaragaman tumbuhan maka perlu dilakukan penelitian Keanekaragaman Tumbuhan Berhabitus Pohon yang bertujuan untuk mengetahui Kekayaan Spesies, Suku, Nilai Penting, dan Indeks Keanekaragaman Tumbuhan di lokasi tersebut. Metode Transek Berpetak (Belt Transect) telah digunakan untuk mendata tetumbuhan di stasiun ini pada area cuplikan (sampling) seluas 2 hektar (Ha). Ada 108 spesies tetumbuhan yang merupakan anggota dari 80 marga dan 38 suku. Suku yang memiliki spesies yang dominan adalah Euphorbiaceae (12 spesies) dan Dipterocarpaceae (11 spesies). Beberapa suku lainnya juga memiliki spesies yang relatif banyak yaitu Lauraceae dan Meliaceae (masing-masing 8 spesies), dan Moraceae (7 spesies). Tetumbuhan yang terbatas spesiesnya ada 17 suku yaitu hanya memiliki 1 spesies tumbuhan dalam area 2 Ha. Spesies tumbuhan yang memiliki Nilai Penting tertinggi adalah Streblus elongatus (Damli atau Tempinis) yaitu 29,35 sehingga tumbuhan ini memberi peranan penting di lokasi tersebut. Tumbuhan yang memiliki Nilai Penting terendah adalah Acacia pennata (akar rambut galang) yaitu 0,23 sehingga spesies ini harus menjadi perhatian untuk dikonservasi. Dua belas spesies tercantum dalam daftar merah IUCN dengan kategori critically endangered, vulnerable, dan low risk. Indeks keanekaragaman spesies tumbuhan di lokasi ini adalah 4,0 sehingga dapat disimpulkan bahwa kondisi hutan di lokasi ini masih cukup baik dan memiliki keanekaragaman yang tinggi

KAJIAN ETNOBIOLOGI TANAMAN OBAT MASYARAKAT MEUNASAH RAYEUK, LAMNO KABUPATEN ACEH

Masyarakat aceh telah lama mengenal dan menggunakan tumbuhan berkhasiat obat sebagai salah satu upaya dalam menanggulangi masalah kesehatan. Penggunaan tanaman obat memiliki efek samping yang lebih kecil dan aman dibandingkan obat modern. Penelitian ini bertujuan mendata jenis-jenis tumbuhan obat, bagian yang digunakan, cara mendapatkan dan cara pengolahan. Penelitian ini dilakukan di Meunasah Rayeuk pada bulan Maret 2017. Pengumpulan data dilakukan dengan metode survey eksploratif dengan tekhnik wawancara semi struktural. Sampel pada penelitian ini adalah pengobat tradisional (dukun beranak, dukun pijat dan peracik obat). Hasil penelitian menunjukkan terdapat 32 jenis tumbuhan yang termasuk dalam 27 suku. Bagian tumbuhan yang paling banyak dimanfaatkan adalah daun, penyakit yang disembuhkan sebanyak 21 jenis penyakit/kelainan

Green Lean Six Sigma model for waste reduction of raw material in a nectar manufacturing company of Lima, Peru

Purpose: Food waste is a latent problem for society, one of the main causes being poor management of the operating processes within the food industry, which is the main reason the present research aimed to reduce raw material waste in a nectar factory. Design/methodology/approach: The methodology led to carrying out an experimental investigation where a Green Lean Six Sigma Model was applied, whose foundation was the use of tools such as Environmental Value Stream Mapping (E - VSM), DMAIC (Define - Measure - Analyze - Improve - Control), Poka Yoke and DOE (Design of Experiments), the data obtained were exposed to an inferential statistical analysis using tests such as Anderson - Darling and T-Student. Findings: As a final result, a waste reduction of 2.23% was obtained, which is equivalent to approximately 120 kg of useful raw material, in addition the environmental impact was reduced by 2.2%, waste costs were also reduced by approximately 5.5% and produced an increase in global productivity by 2.4%. Research limitations/implications: It is shown that the application of methodologies such as Green, Lean and Six Sigma in the food industry present benefits during and after the application of the model; such as preventive control of waste, standardization in processes; benefits that, in coordination with an organizational culture of continuous improvement, can significantly improve the current state of companies. Practical implications: The positive obtained results support the methodology proposed by the authors to reduce the waste of agricultural raw material. It is expected to be a benchmark for other similar organizations that seek to generate greater productivity in line with the search for environmentally sustainable operations. Originality/value: This is one of the first studies that aims to reduce the waste of raw materials in food processing companies, considering aspects of mitigating environmental impact

Clonal chromosomal mosaicism and loss of chromosome Y in elderly men increase vulnerability for SARS-CoV-2

The pandemic caused by severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2, COVID-19) had an estimated overall case fatality ratio of 1.38% (pre-vaccination), being 53% higher in males and increasing exponentially with age. Among 9578 individuals diagnosed with COVID-19 in the SCOURGE study, we found 133 cases (1.42%) with detectable clonal mosaicism for chromosome alterations (mCA) and 226 males (5.08%) with acquired loss of chromosome Y (LOY). Individuals with clonal mosaic events (mCA and/or LOY) showed a 54% increase in the risk of COVID-19 lethality. LOY is associated with transcriptomic biomarkers of immune dysfunction, pro-coagulation activity and cardiovascular risk. Interferon-induced genes involved in the initial immune response to SARS-CoV-2 are also down-regulated in LOY. Thus, mCA and LOY underlie at least part of the sex-biased severity and mortality of COVID-19 in aging patients. Given its potential therapeutic and prognostic relevance, evaluation of clonal mosaicism should be implemented as biomarker of COVID-19 severity in elderly people. Among 9578 individuals diagnosed with COVID-19 in the SCOURGE study, individuals with clonal mosaic events (clonal mosaicism for chromosome alterations and/or loss of chromosome Y) showed an increased risk of COVID-19 lethality

Height and body-mass index trajectories of school-aged children and adolescents from 1985 to 2019 in 200 countries and territories: a pooled analysis of 2181 population-based studies with 65 million participants

Summary Background Comparable global data on health and nutrition of school-aged children and adolescents are scarce. We aimed to estimate age trajectories and time trends in mean height and mean body-mass index (BMI), which measures weight gain beyond what is expected from height gain, for school-aged children and adolescents. Methods For this pooled analysis, we used a database of cardiometabolic risk factors collated by the Non-Communicable Disease Risk Factor Collaboration. We applied a Bayesian hierarchical model to estimate trends from 1985 to 2019 in mean height and mean BMI in 1-year age groups for ages 5–19 years. The model allowed for non-linear changes over time in mean height and mean BMI and for non-linear changes with age of children and adolescents, including periods of rapid growth during adolescence. Findings We pooled data from 2181 population-based studies, with measurements of height and weight in 65 million participants in 200 countries and territories. In 2019, we estimated a difference of 20 cm or higher in mean height of 19-year-old adolescents between countries with the tallest populations (the Netherlands, Montenegro, Estonia, and Bosnia and Herzegovina for boys; and the Netherlands, Montenegro, Denmark, and Iceland for girls) and those with the shortest populations (Timor-Leste, Laos, Solomon Islands, and Papua New Guinea for boys; and Guatemala, Bangladesh, Nepal, and Timor-Leste for girls). In the same year, the difference between the highest mean BMI (in Pacific island countries, Kuwait, Bahrain, The Bahamas, Chile, the USA, and New Zealand for both boys and girls and in South Africa for girls) and lowest mean BMI (in India, Bangladesh, Timor-Leste, Ethiopia, and Chad for boys and girls; and in Japan and Romania for girls) was approximately 9–10 kg/m2. In some countries, children aged 5 years started with healthier height or BMI than the global median and, in some cases, as healthy as the best performing countries, but they became progressively less healthy compared with their comparators as they grew older by not growing as tall (eg, boys in Austria and Barbados, and girls in Belgium and Puerto Rico) or gaining too much weight for their height (eg, girls and boys in Kuwait, Bahrain, Fiji, Jamaica, and Mexico; and girls in South Africa and New Zealand). In other countries, growing children overtook the height of their comparators (eg, Latvia, Czech Republic, Morocco, and Iran) or curbed their weight gain (eg, Italy, France, and Croatia) in late childhood and adolescence. When changes in both height and BMI were considered, girls in South Korea, Vietnam, Saudi Arabia, Turkey, and some central Asian countries (eg, Armenia and Azerbaijan), and boys in central and western Europe (eg, Portugal, Denmark, Poland, and Montenegro) had the healthiest changes in anthropometric status over the past 3·5 decades because, compared with children and adolescents in other countries, they had a much larger gain in height than they did in BMI. The unhealthiest changes—gaining too little height, too much weight for their height compared with children in other countries, or both—occurred in many countries in sub-Saharan Africa, New Zealand, and the USA for boys and girls; in Malaysia and some Pacific island nations for boys; and in Mexico for girls. Interpretation The height and BMI trajectories over age and time of school-aged children and adolescents are highly variable across countries, which indicates heterogeneous nutritional quality and lifelong health advantages and risks

Worldwide trends in underweight and obesity from 1990 to 2022: a pooled analysis of 3663 population-representative studies with 222 million children, adolescents, and adults

Background Underweight and obesity are associated with adverse health outcomes throughout the life course. We estimated the individual and combined prevalence of underweight or thinness and obesity, and their changes, from 1990 to 2022 for adults and school-aged children and adolescents in 200 countries and territories. Methods We used data from 3663 population-based studies with 222 million participants that measured height and weight in representative samples of the general population. We used a Bayesian hierarchical model to estimate trends in the prevalence of different BMI categories, separately for adults (age ≥20 years) and school-aged children and adolescents (age 5–19 years), from 1990 to 2022 for 200 countries and territories. For adults, we report the individual and combined prevalence of underweight (BMI <18·5 kg/m2) and obesity (BMI ≥30 kg/m2). For schoolaged children and adolescents, we report thinness (BMI <2 SD below the median of the WHO growth reference) and obesity (BMI >2 SD above the median). Findings From 1990 to 2022, the combined prevalence of underweight and obesity in adults decreased in 11 countries (6%) for women and 17 (9%) for men with a posterior probability of at least 0·80 that the observed changes were true decreases. The combined prevalence increased in 162 countries (81%) for women and 140 countries (70%) for men with a posterior probability of at least 0·80. In 2022, the combined prevalence of underweight and obesity was highest in island nations in the Caribbean and Polynesia and Micronesia, and countries in the Middle East and north Africa. Obesity prevalence was higher than underweight with posterior probability of at least 0·80 in 177 countries (89%) for women and 145 (73%) for men in 2022, whereas the converse was true in 16 countries (8%) for women, and 39 (20%) for men. From 1990 to 2022, the combined prevalence of thinness and obesity decreased among girls in five countries (3%) and among boys in 15 countries (8%) with a posterior probability of at least 0·80, and increased among girls in 140 countries (70%) and boys in 137 countries (69%) with a posterior probability of at least 0·80. The countries with highest combined prevalence of thinness and obesity in school-aged children and adolescents in 2022 were in Polynesia and Micronesia and the Caribbean for both sexes, and Chile and Qatar for boys. Combined prevalence was also high in some countries in south Asia, such as India and Pakistan, where thinness remained prevalent despite having declined. In 2022, obesity in school-aged children and adolescents was more prevalent than thinness with a posterior probability of at least 0·80 among girls in 133 countries (67%) and boys in 125 countries (63%), whereas the converse was true in 35 countries (18%) and 42 countries (21%), respectively. In almost all countries for both adults and school-aged children and adolescents, the increases in double burden were driven by increases in obesity, and decreases in double burden by declining underweight or thinness. Interpretation The combined burden of underweight and obesity has increased in most countries, driven by an increase in obesity, while underweight and thinness remain prevalent in south Asia and parts of Africa. A healthy nutrition transition that enhances access to nutritious foods is needed to address the remaining burden of underweight while curbing and reversing the increase in obesit

Heterogeneous contributions of change in population distribution of body mass index to change in obesity and underweight NCD Risk Factor Collaboration (NCD-RisC)

From 1985 to 2016, the prevalence of underweight decreased, and that of obesity and severe obesity increased, in most regions, with significant variation in the magnitude of these changes across regions. We investigated how much change in mean body mass index (BMI) explains changes in the prevalence of underweight, obesity, and severe obesity in different regions using data from 2896 population-based studies with 187 million participants. Changes in the prevalence of underweight and total obesity, and to a lesser extent severe obesity, are largely driven by shifts in the distribution of BMI, with smaller contributions from changes in the shape of the distribution. In East and Southeast Asia and sub-Saharan Africa, the underweight tail of the BMI distribution was left behind as the distribution shifted. There is a need for policies that address all forms of malnutrition by making healthy foods accessible and affordable, while restricting unhealthy foods through fiscal and regulatory restrictions

Mortality from gastrointestinal congenital anomalies at 264 hospitals in 74 low-income, middle-income, and high-income countries: a multicentre, international, prospective cohort study

Summary Background Congenital anomalies are the fifth leading cause of mortality in children younger than 5 years globally. Many gastrointestinal congenital anomalies are fatal without timely access to neonatal surgical care, but few studies have been done on these conditions in low-income and middle-income countries (LMICs). We compared outcomes of the seven most common gastrointestinal congenital anomalies in low-income, middle-income, and high-income countries globally, and identified factors associated with mortality. Methods We did a multicentre, international prospective cohort study of patients younger than 16 years, presenting to hospital for the first time with oesophageal atresia, congenital diaphragmatic hernia, intestinal atresia, gastroschisis, exomphalos, anorectal malformation, and Hirschsprung’s disease. Recruitment was of consecutive patients for a minimum of 1 month between October, 2018, and April, 2019. We collected data on patient demographics, clinical status, interventions, and outcomes using the REDCap platform. Patients were followed up for 30 days after primary intervention, or 30 days after admission if they did not receive an intervention. The primary outcome was all-cause, in-hospital mortality for all conditions combined and each condition individually, stratified by country income status. We did a complete case analysis. Findings We included 3849 patients with 3975 study conditions (560 with oesophageal atresia, 448 with congenital diaphragmatic hernia, 681 with intestinal atresia, 453 with gastroschisis, 325 with exomphalos, 991 with anorectal malformation, and 517 with Hirschsprung’s disease) from 264 hospitals (89 in high-income countries, 166 in middleincome countries, and nine in low-income countries) in 74 countries. Of the 3849 patients, 2231 (58·0%) were male. Median gestational age at birth was 38 weeks (IQR 36–39) and median bodyweight at presentation was 2·8 kg (2·3–3·3). Mortality among all patients was 37 (39·8%) of 93 in low-income countries, 583 (20·4%) of 2860 in middle-income countries, and 50 (5·6%) of 896 in high-income countries (p<0·0001 between all country income groups). Gastroschisis had the greatest difference in mortality between country income strata (nine [90·0%] of ten in lowincome countries, 97 [31·9%] of 304 in middle-income countries, and two [1·4%] of 139 in high-income countries; p≤0·0001 between all country income groups). Factors significantly associated with higher mortality for all patients combined included country income status (low-income vs high-income countries, risk ratio 2·78 [95% CI 1·88–4·11], p<0·0001; middle-income vs high-income countries, 2·11 [1·59–2·79], p<0·0001), sepsis at presentation (1·20 [1·04–1·40], p=0·016), higher American Society of Anesthesiologists (ASA) score at primary intervention (ASA 4–5 vs ASA 1–2, 1·82 [1·40–2·35], p<0·0001; ASA 3 vs ASA 1–2, 1·58, [1·30–1·92], p<0·0001]), surgical safety checklist not used (1·39 [1·02–1·90], p=0·035), and ventilation or parenteral nutrition unavailable when needed (ventilation 1·96, [1·41–2·71], p=0·0001; parenteral nutrition 1·35, [1·05–1·74], p=0·018). Administration of parenteral nutrition (0·61, [0·47–0·79], p=0·0002) and use of a peripherally inserted central catheter (0·65 [0·50–0·86], p=0·0024) or percutaneous central line (0·69 [0·48–1·00], p=0·049) were associated with lower mortality. Interpretation Unacceptable differences in mortality exist for gastrointestinal congenital anomalies between lowincome, middle-income, and high-income countries. Improving access to quality neonatal surgical care in LMICs will be vital to achieve Sustainable Development Goal 3.2 of ending preventable deaths in neonates and children younger than 5 years by 2030