Factores sociodemográficos y características de la alimentación complementaria asociados con anemia ferropénica en niños de 6 a 12 meses de edad en Lima-Perú, 2019: un estudio de casos y controles

Introducción: En Perú, un importante problema de salud pública que perjudica principalmente a niños menores de 18 meses es la anemia cuya causa principal se debe a la deficiencia de hierro. Es indispensable evaluar las características de la alimentación complementaria asociadas a anemia ferropénica para prevenir los efectos negativos en el desarrollo cognitivo, físico y social en los niños menores de 12 meses. Objetivos: Evaluar la asociación entre la alimentación complementaria y la anemia ferropénica en niños de 6 a 12 meses de edad de Lima-Perú, 2019. Métodos: Estudio retrospectivo de casos y controles no pareados de una base secundaria donde se estudiaron niños de 6 a 12 meses de edad de 5 establecimientos de salud materno infantil ubicados en zonas urbanas y urbano-marginales en 3 distritos de Lima en el 2019. Se analizaron 45 casos de anemia ferropénica junto con los 180 controles que fueron seleccionados de manera aleatoria. El modelo de regresión logística fue utilizado para calcular los Odds Ratio (OR) crudos y ajustados. Resultados: La muestra de 225 niños tuvo una media de edad de 9,53 ±1,96 para los casos y 8,66±2,36 para los controles. Además, de los casos, el 67% fue hombre mientras que de los controles el 50% fue varón. Las características de la alimentación complementaria no se asociaron significativamente con la anemia ferropénica. Sin embargo, se encontró asociación significativa con el sexo (aOR=2,13; IC95% 1,04 a 4,56), edad (aOR=1,20; IC95% 1,03 a 1,42) y la sesión educativa de alimentación complementaria (aOR=0,43; IC95% 0,20 a 0,90) que recibieron las madres. Conclusiones: Los patrones agonistas y antagonistas de la alimentación complementaria no se asociaron significativamente a anemia ferropénica debido a la baja frecuencia de consumo de alimentos ricos en hierro de nuestra población estudiada. El sexo y la edad del niño se asociaron a una mayor posibilidad de tener anemia; mientras que la sesión educativa de la madre sobre alimentación complementaria se asoció a tener una menor posibilidad de tener anemia ferropénica.Introduction: In Peru, anemia constitutes a public health problem that mainly affects children under 18 months, which the main cause is due to iron deficiency. It is important to evaluate the complementary feeding characteristics associated with iron deficiency anemia to prevent the negative effects that affect the physical, cognitive, and social development in children under 12 months of age. Objectives: To assess the association between complementary feeding and iron deficiency anemia in children between 6 to 12 months old from Lima-Peru, 2019. Methods: Retrospective study of unpaired cases and controls from a secondary base where children from 6 to 12 months of age from 5 maternal and child health facilities located in urban and urban-marginal areas in 3 districts of Lima in the 2019. Forty-five cases of iron deficiency anemia were analyzed together with the 180 controls that were randomly selected. The logistic regression model was used to calculate the crude and adjusted Odds Ratio (OR). Results: The sample of 225 children had a mean age of 9.53 ± 1.96 for the cases and 8.66 ± 2.36 for the controls. Furthermore, of the cases, 67% were boys, while of the controls, 50% were boys. Complementary feeding characteristics were not significantly associated with iron deficiency anemia. However, a significant association was found with gender (aOR = 2.13; 95% CI 1.04 to 4.56), age (aOR = 1.20; 95% CI 1.03 to 1.4) and the educational session of complementary feeding (aOR = 0.43; 95% CI 0.20 to 0.90) received by the mothers. Conclusions: The agonist and antagonist patterns of complementary feeding were not significantly associated with iron deficiency anemia due to the low frequency of consumption of rich iron foods in the children. The sex and age of the infant were associated with a increased chance of having iron deficiency anemia, while the mother's educational session on complementary feeding was associated with a lower chance of having iron deficiency anemia.TesisODS 3: Salud y bienestarODS 2: Hambre ceroODS 4: Educación de calida

Smart technologies and memorable experiences as drivers of Peruvian tourists’ revisit intention

Posible publicación en revistas indexadasEl turismo es uno de los principales sectores económicos que ha logrado un crecimiento acelerado. En este contexto, el avance de las tecnologías turísticas inteligentes está influyendo en la vivencia y recordación de los destinos turísticos; generando la necesidad de comprender la influencia de las experiencias y el comportamiento posterior de los viajeros. Por ello, este estudio analizó la relación entre las tecnologías turísticas inteligentes, las experiencias turísticas memorables, el apego al lugar, la actitud y la intención de revisita. La investigación adoptó un enfoque cuantitativo, de alcance transversal y de tipo explicativo. Los datos se recopilaron mediante una encuesta en línea, aplicada en una muestra no probabilística por conveniencia compuesta de 372 participantes, con edades entre 18 y 50 años de edad, quienes visitaron al menos un destino turístico nacional durante el último año. Para analizar las relaciones de variables y validar las hipótesis formuladas, se implementó un modelo de ecuaciones estructurales (SEM) de primer y segundo orden; siendo este último el modelo final de investigación. Los datos se procesaron mediante el software SmartPLS, se presentaron seis hipótesis de las cuales cinco fueron aprobadas. Los hallazgos evidenciaron una relación significativa y fuerte entre las experiencias turísticas memorables y el apego al lugar.Tourism is one of the main economic sectors that has achieved rapid growth. In this context, advances in smart tourism technologies are influencing the experience and memory of tourist destinations, creating a need to understand the influence of travelers' experiences and subsequent behavior. Therefore, this study analyzed the relationship between smart tourism technologies, memorable tourism experiences, place attachment, attitude, and revisit intention. The research adopted a quantitative, explanatory cross-sectional approach. Data were collected through an online survey, applied to a non-probabilistic convenience sample of 372 participants, aged between 18 and 50, who had visited at least one national tourist destination during the last year. To measure the relationships between variables and test the hypotheses, first- and second-order structural equation modeling (SEM) was implemented, with the latter being the final research model. The data were processed using SmartPLS software, from which five hypotheses were approved. The findings showed a significant and strong relationship between memorable tourist experiences and attachment to the place; that is, when tourists build a connection with the destination, it has significant value for the traveler.Tesi

Cause Related Marketing: The influence of congruence and identification on purchase intention

Posible publicación en revistas indexadasDiversas marcas de moda han empezado a contribuir con la sociedad mientras fortalecen su imagen y valor de marca, por lo que es relevante analizar la influencia que genera en los consumidores estas campañas de marketing con causa. Sin embargo, la poca investigación entre las variables de congruencia e identificación y cómo estas influyen en la intención de compra, genera un vacío teórico que se pretende abordar en el presente trabajo. Asimismo, este estudio explica la influencia que ejercen la congruencia marca–causa, la identificación con la causa, la actitud hacia la marca y la credibilidad en la marca sobre la intención de compra en el contexto del marketing con causa en el sector moda. Para ello, se empleó un estudio con enfoque cuantitativo de tipo explicativa no probabilístico a una muestra de 402 personas entre hombres y mujeres con el proceso estadístico PLS-SEM. Los hallazgos revelan una relación significativa entre la congruencia con el aumento de credibilidad en la marca, fortalecida por una alianza auténtica. Además, se observa que la credibilidad en la marca mejora la actitud que los usuarios tienen hacia ella. A partir de los resultados se contribuye al entendimiento de la relación entre variables y a la vez proporcionar información para futuras investigaciones.Several fashion brands have begun to contribute to society while strengthening their image and brand value, which makes it relevant to analyze the influence that cause-related marketing campaigns generate on consumers. However, the limited research on the relationship between congruence and identification, and how these variables influence purchase intention, creates a theoretical gap that this study aims to address. Likewise, this research examines the influence of brand–cause congruence, identification with the cause, brand attitude, and brand credibility on purchase intention within the context of cause-related marketing in the fashion sector. To this end, a quantitative, explanatory, non-probabilistic study was conducted with a sample of 402 men and women, using the statistical process PLS-SEM. The findings reveal a significant relationship between congruence and increased brand credibility, reinforced by an authentic alliance. Furthermore, brand credibility is observed to enhance consumers’ attitudes toward the brand. Based on these results, this study contributes to understanding the relationships among these variables while also providing insights for future research.Tesi

The user and their intention to continue using shared hosting platforms in Latin America

Posible publicación en revistas indexadasLas plataformas de alojamiento compartido desempeñan un rol importante en la publicación, reserva y la promoción de alojamientos privados; lo que supone una alteración de la forma habitual de llevar a cabo transacciones en esta industria. No obstante, los factores que influyen en la intención de continuidad de los alojamientos compartidos no han sido concluyentes. Entre estos factores se encuentra la conciencia de precio y el valor percibido en los usuarios, que suelen basar su decisión de compra en el costo. Por lo tanto, el presente trabajo tiene como propósito examinar la conciencia de precio, valor percibido, confianza percibida, seguridad percibida con relación a la satisfacción, intención de continuidad e intención de recomendación de los usuarios de plataformas de alojamiento compartido. En ese sentido, se desarrolló una investigación de enfoque explicativo, de tipo cuantitativo y de alcance transversal. Se realizó un muestreo no probabilístico por conveniencia, donde se encuestó a encuestar a 471 hombres y mujeres entre 18 y 46 años; obteniendo 391 encuestas válidas. Para la medición y análisis de resultados se llevó a cabo con la Escala de Likert del 1 al 5 y el modelo de ecuaciones estructurales. Asimismo, para evaluar la validez de las hipótesis se realizó un modelo de ecuaciones estructurales y los datos fueron analizados a través del software Smart- PLS .Los resultados confirmaron las once hipótesis propuestas; evidenciando congruencia y respaldo en los datos obtenidos. Se destacó la relevancia de la conciencia de precio, valor percibido, confianza y seguridad como factores clave para fomentar la continuidad y recomendación.Shared accommodation platforms play a significant role in the listing, booking, and promotion of private accommodations, thus altering the traditional way transactions are conducted in this industry. However, the factors influencing the intention to continue using shared accommodations have not been conclusively determined. These factors include price awareness and perceived value among users, who typically base their purchasing decisions on cost. Therefore, this study aims to examine price awareness, perceived value, perceived trust, perceived security in relation to satisfaction, intention to continue using the platform, and intention to recommend it among users of shared accommodation platforms. To this end, an explanatory, quantitative, cross-sectional study was conducted. A non-probabilistic convenience sampling method was used, surveying 471 men and women between 18 and 46 years of age; 391 valid surveys were obtained. The Likert scale (1-5) and structural equation modeling were used for measurement and analysis of the results. A structural equation model was also developed to assess the validity of the hypotheses, and the data were analyzed using SmartPLS software. The results confirmed the eleven proposed hypotheses, demonstrating consistency and support in the data obtained. The relevance of price awareness, perceived value, trust, and security as key factors for fostering repeat business and recommendations was highlighted.Tesi

The role of the media in the coverage of childhood vaccination in children under two years of age in Peru, ENDES 2021–2024

In Peru, the national immunization schedule includes Bacillus Calmette–Guérin (BCG), Diphtheria–Tetanus–Pertussis (DTaP), Measles–Mumps–Rubella (MMR), and Poliomyelitis (Pol) vaccines. Despite their proven role in reducing infant morbidity and mortality, coverage remains uneven and is potentially influenced by access to communication media. We analyzed data from 37,791 mother–child pairs with children aged 18–24 months from the nationally representative Demographic and Family Health Survey (ENDES) 2021–2024. Using generalized linear models with a Poisson family and log link, we estimated adjusted prevalence ratios (PRa) for associations between complete vaccination and access to various media types (newspaper, radio, television, internet, computer, landline, mobile phone), accounting for the complex survey design through sampling weights, stratification, and clustering. Complete vaccination was reported for 94.1% of children for BCG, 85.5% for DTaP, 86.3% for Pol, and 52.9% for MMR. Mobile phone or smartphone ownership was consistently associated with higher completion across all vaccines, ranging from a 12% increase for BCG (PRa 1.12; 95% CI 1.03–1.21) to a 43% increase for MMR (PRa 1.43; 95% CI 1.15–1.77). Radio access was positively associated with DTaP (PRa 1.03; 95% CI 1.00–1.05) and Pol (PRa 1.04; 95% CI 1.01–1.06). Speaking a language other than Spanish or Quechua was linked to lower coverage, particularly for MMR (PRa 0.67; 95% CI 0.56–0.82) and DTaP (PRa 0.76; 95% CI 0.68–0.86). These findings suggest that expanding culturally and linguistically tailored communication strategies through both traditional and digital media, especially mobile phones and radio, could improve vaccination uptake, particularly for MMR, DTaP, and Pol.Universidad Privada del NorteRevisión por pare

Chronic Disease Association Between Mobility and Dexterity Disabilities in the Prison Population of Peru

Background: In the Peruvian penitentiary context, exposure to adverse conditions may contribute to the development of chronic diseases, whose association with physical disability, particularly in mobility and dexterity, has been scarcely explored. Objectives: The objective of this study is to estimate the association between chronic diseases and mobility and dexterity disabilities in the penitentiary population of Peru. Methods: A cross-sectional analytical study based on data from the 2016 National Census of the Penitentiary Population, which included 76,180 inmates in 66 penitentiary centers. Individuals over 18 years old who answered key questions about chronic diseases and disabilities were included. The final sample consisted of 75,963 inmates. A 405-item questionnaire was administered, from which only the information related to chronic diseases and disabilities was considered for analysis. Descriptive statistics, bivariate analyses, and Poisson regression models were applied to estimate adjusted associations, accounting for potential confounding variables and adhering to established ethical research principles. Results: The majority of participants were male (94%), and the predominant age group was 30 - 34 years (43.3%). About 9.7% reported mobility and dexterity disabilities, with 39.4% having mild disabilities. Regarding chronic diseases, 6.3% had lung diseases, 4.8% had hypertension, and 2.5% had diabetes. A significant association was found between chronic diseases and disability. Multimorbidity increased the risk of disability, with a prevalence ratio (PR) of 2.00 for one disease, 2.89 (2.62 - 3.20) for two diseases, and 3.91 (3.25 - 4.70) for three diseases. Conclusions: The presence of chronic diseases such as diabetes, hypertension, and respiratory disease, as well as their comorbidity, is significantly associated with a higher prevalence of mobility and dexterity disabilities among incarcerated individualsRevisión por pare

Professional Proficiency Portfolio: Clinical Experiences of Medical Intern Vanessa Ma at a Private Clinic in Lima (January to December 2025)

El presente trabajo recopila treinta casos clínicos aboObjetivo: describir y realizar un análisis crítico de los casos clínicos abordados durante el internado médico, destacando su aporte en el proceso de formación profesional. Métodos: trabajo descriptivo y analítico de la experiencia clínica adquirida durante el internado médico, incluyendo la selección de 30 casos clínicos elegidos por su relevancia diagnóstica, terapéutica y valor formativo. Resultados: descripción del número de casos analizados mediante herramientas de estadística descriptiva, así como la síntesis de los aprendizajes clínicos más relevantes obtenidos a partir de la experiencia del internado. Conclusiones: el internado médico representó un periodo determinante en mi proceso de formación profesional, al permitir consolidar habilidades clínicas, fortalecer la toma de decisiones clínicas fundamentadas y profundizar en el ejercicio responsable de la medicina con la práctica asistencial. A través de este trabajo, evidencié cómo la experiencia clínica adquirida contribuyó a construir una visión más crítica y consciente de la medicina, orientada al respeto y cuidado integral del paciente.This work compiles thirty clinical cases addressed during the medical internship carried out at Clínica San Felipe, reflecting the diversity of pathologies managed across the departments of Internal Medicine, Pediatrics, Gynecology, and Surgery. The cases range from infectious diseases to surgical conditions, which promoted the application of medical knowledge in real clinical settings and supported the progressive development of clinical reasoning and diagnostic skills. Overall, this portfolio represents the clinical and ethical learning achieved throughout the internship period. Objective: To describe and critically analyze the clinical cases addressed during the medical internship, highlighting their contribution to professional medical training. Methodology: A descriptive and analytical study of the clinical experience acquired during the medical internship, including the selection of 30 clinical cases chosen for their diagnostic relevance, therapeutic approach, and educational value. Main findings: Description of the number of cases analyzed using descriptive statistical tools, as well as the synthesis of the most relevant clinical learning obtained from the internship experience. Conclusions: The medical internship represented a decisive stage in my professional development, allowing the consolidation of clinical skills, the strengthening of well-grounded clinical decision-making, and a deeper understanding of responsible medical practice through hands-on patient care. Through this work, I demonstrated how the clinical experience gained contributed to the development of a more critical and conscious perspective of medicine, focused on respect and comprehensive patient care.Trabajo de Suficiencia Profesiona

Motivational Climate and Academic Self-Efficacy in Secondary Students from Educational Institutions in Metropolitan Lima

En el contexto educativo, la interacción, el apoyo emocional y la atención brindada por los docentes favorecen la autoestima y la percepción de las propias capacidades en los estudiantes (Xu & Qi, 2019). La presente investigación se realizó con el fin de determinar la relación entre las variables de clima motivacional y autoeficacia académica en alumnos de tercero a quinto de secundaria de instituciones educativas de Lima Metropolitana. Se obtuvo la muestra por medio de un muestreo no probabilístico por conveniencia y esta fue conformada por 180 estudiantes, de los cuales el 50% fueron hombres y el 50% mujeres. Los participantes se encontraban en tercero (37.2%), cuarto (25.6%) o quinto de secundaria (37.2%) y tenían edades entre los 13 y 17 años. Se utilizó un diseño correlacional simple y se aplicaron dos instrumentos: el Cuestionario de Clima de Clase (CMC - 1) y la Escala de Autoeficacia Académica Percibida Específica a situaciones académicas (EAPESA). El análisis de fiabilidad de ambos instrumentos indicó valores aceptables para el CMC - 1 (α = .96; ω = .96) y para EAPESA (α = .94; ω = .94). Los resultados mostraron una correlación significativa entre las variables de estudio (r = .21; p < .001). Asimismo, no se encontró diferencias significativas en las comparaciones por sexo para ambas variables.In the educational context, the interaction, emotional support, and attention provided by teachers foster students’ self-esteem and their perception of their own abilities (Xu & Qi, 2019). The current research aimed to determine the relationship between Motivational Climate and Academic Self-Efficacy among students in third to fifth year of secondary education institutions in Metropolitan Lima. The sample consisted of 180 students and was obtained through non-probability convenience sampling, with 50% being male and 50% female. The participants were in the third (37.2%), fourth (25.6%), or fifth (37.2%) year of secondary school with ages ranging from 13 to 17 years old. A simple correlational design was used, and two instruments were applied: the Classroom Climate Questionnaire (CMC-1) and the Perceived Academic Self-Efficacy Scale Specific to Academic Situations (EAPESA). Reliability analysis of both instruments indicated acceptable values for the CMC-1 (α = .96; ω = .96) and for the EAPESA (α = .94; ω = .94). The results showed a significant correlation between the study variables (r = .21; p < .001). Additionally, no significant differences were found in comparisons by sex for either variable.Tesi

Reverse Gamification and Audiovisual Language in Architecture and Audiovisual Communication Courses at a Peruvian University

This research aimed to analyze the application of audiovisual language in the Minecraft Education video game and its impact on the learning process of architecture and audiovisual communication students at a university in Lima, Peru. The methodology employed was qualitative, based on semi-structured interviews with students and teachers, as well as the analysis of videos produced by students during the development of their academic projects. The main finding revealed that the use of audiovisual language in Minecraft Education facilitated the creation of collaborative projects, enhancing the understanding of complex concepts through the integration of visual, sound, and narrative elements. Additionally, the interaction within the virtual environment promoted problem-based learning and fostered students’ creativity in designing and solving both architectural and audiovisual communication projects. The main conclusion of this study is that incorporating audiovisual language in gamified environments, such as Minecraft Education, can optimize academic learning, strengthen active participation, and promote cognitive and communicative skills in the educational process.Revisión por pare

Efficiency-Adjusted Public Investment and Economic Growth: Evidence from a Panel of Latin American Countries (2000–2019)

Este estudio examina la relación entre la eficiencia de la inversión pública y el crecimiento económico en países latinoamericanos, poniendo particular atención en la experiencia peruana a lo largo de las dos primeras décadas del siglo XXI. La motivación surge de la persistente brecha entre el volumen de inversión ejecutada y los resultados económicos obtenidos, especialmente en economías donde la calidad institucional y la capacidad de gestión pública son limitadas. El análisis parte del modelo LTGM-PC, que distingue entre eficiencia en la transformación del gasto en capital útil y eficiencia en el uso del stock de infraestructura acumulado. La evidencia teórica indica que estas dos dimensiones influyen en el desempeño del capital público, afectando su capacidad para generar retornos económicos y, en consecuencia, condicionando la trayectoria del ingreso en el largo plazo. Los hechos estilizados muestran que Perú presenta niveles de eficiencia institucional inferiores a los de países comparables, lo que se asocia con un menor PBI per cápita. Asimismo, el gráfico de dispersión elaborado para este estudio confirma una relación positiva entre eficiencia institucional y crecimiento económico: los países con mayor efectividad gubernamental alcanzan mayores niveles de ingreso. Este trabajo aporta al debate nacional al incorporar indicadores internacionales de eficiencia para comparar al Perú con otras economías y al proponer un enfoque de panel para cuantificar rigurosamente el efecto de la eficiencia sobre el crecimiento. Los resultados justifican avanzar hacia una estimación econométrica que permita evaluar de forma integral cómo la eficiencia determina la capacidad de la inversión pública para impulsar el desarrollo económico.This study examines the relationship between public investment efficiency and economic growth in Latin American economies, with particular attention to the Peruvian experience over the first two decades of the twenty-first century. The motivation stems from the persistent disconnect between the scale of executed public investment and the economic outcomes observed, especially in contexts characterized by weak institutional quality and limited public management capacity. The analysis builds on the LTGM-PC framework, which distinguishes between efficiency in transforming public spending into productive capital and efficiency in the use of the accumulated public infrastructure stock. From a theoretical perspective, these two dimensions shape the economic performance of public capital by influencing its ability to generate returns, thereby conditioning the long-term trajectory of income. The stylized facts show that Peru exhibits lower institutional efficiency compared to similar countries, which is associated with a lower GDP per capita. Likewise, the dispersion plot constructed for this study confirms a positive relationship between institutional efficiency and economic growth: countries with higher government effectiveness achieve higher income levels. This research contributes to the national debate by incorporating international efficiency indicators to benchmark Peru against other economies and by proposing a panel-data approach to rigorously quantify the effect of efficiency on growth. The results justify advancing toward an econometric estimation that evaluates how efficiency determines the capacity of public investment to foster economic development.Trabajo de investigació