Ketahanan Galur-Galur Padi Pup1 Terhadap Penyakit Blas

Blast is one of major disease on the upland rice in Indonesia. Upland rice lines derived from Kasalath and NILC443 crosses, containing Pup1 gen locus had been developed and evaluated for P fertilizer efficiency. Those lines would be evaluated for blast resistance, due to the fact that Pup1 locus contains genes involved in plant defend mechanism to disease, including blast disease. The BC2F5 plants derived from six crosses (DK, DN, SK, SN, BK, BN) were used in this research. Responses to blast disease in the green house were evaluated at ICABIOGRAD Bogor from March to April 2011, using combination of three blast races (race 173, 033, and 133). The response to blast disease in the field was evaluated at Taman Bogo Research Station, Lampung, and at farmer\u27s field in Cikeusal Village, Banten, from January to April 2011. Molecular analysis to trace Pup1 gene locus was conducted at the Molecular Biology Laboratory, using specific primer K20-2, from January to August 2013. Based on the molecular analysis all Pup1 lines showed homozygoes alleles, except the heterozygoes alleles on SK7, SK8, SK15, SK16, BN8 line, which were then not included in the next planting. The responses to blast at greenhouse among lines varied, but the Pup1 lines were mostly at level of moderate resistan (AT). Based on the result from the field experiment, most of Pup1 lines were resistance, however the susceptible check plant (Kencana Bali) did not show blast fungus infection. Differences of the result might be due to the blast testing at the green house which was more favorable for blast fungal growth. The effect of Pup1 gene locus showed clearly on resistance of plants obtained from Situ Bagendit cross, where Situ Bagendit was susceptible and does not contain the Pup1 locus. Additional of Pup1 locus in Situ Bagendit genome had increased the degree of resistant to blast

Rice Anther Culture to Develop Double Haploid Population and Blast Resistant Lines

Penyakit blas pada padi yang disebabkanoleh cendawan Pyricularia grisea, merupakan salah satukendala dalam produksi beras. Sumber gen ketahanan terhadappenyakit blas dijumpai pada spesies padi liar Oryzarufipogon. Populasi silang ganda (BC2F3) turunan IR64 danO. rufipogon mempunyai QTL untuk sifat ketahanan terhadappenyakit blas. Untuk mempercepat perolehan tanamanhomosigot dari populasi tersebut, dilakukan kultur anterpada dua media induksi kalus: I1 (N6 + NAA 2 mg/l + kinetin0,5 mg/l + sukrosa 60 g/l + putresin 0,16 g/l) dan I2 (N6 +2,4-D 2 mg/l + sukrosa 50 g/l) dan dua media regenerasi: R1(MS + NAA 0,5 mg/l + kinetin 2 mg/l + sukrosa 40 g/l +putresin 0,16 g/l) dan R2 (MS + NAA 1 mg/l + kinetin 2 mg/l+ sukrosa 30 g/l). Kultur anter dilakukan pada sembilan genotipe,di mana tiga genotipe (149-16, 343, 337-13) memberikanrespon terbaik dalam produksi planlet hijau setelahdikulturkan pada media regenerasi R1. Dari 208 planlet hasilregenerasi diperoleh 42 planlet haploid ganda dari genotipe149-16, 11 planlet haploid ganda dari genotipe 343, dan 44planlet haploid ganda dari genotipe 337-13. Skrining ketahananblas di rumah kaca pada populasi haploid gandamenghasilkan 46 tanaman tahan terhadap ras 001, 33 tanamantahan terhadap ras 033, dan 79 tanaman tahan terhadapras 173. Sebanyak 28 tanaman bersifat tahan, baik terhadapras 001, 033, maupun 173 seperti halnya O. rufipogon.Galur-galur homosigot ini akan diuji di lapang untuk ketahanannyaterhadap penyakit blas dan karakter agronominya

Analisis Molekuler Dan Uji Daya Hasil Galur-galur BC2F8 Padi Pup1

Improved rice varieties at areas that have problems with the availability of phosphorus (P) is very important. Pup1 locus, thelocus containing genes that play a role in the P uptake, has been well mapped and some markers for selection have beendeveloped. Based on previous studies, BC2F8 lines have been obtained from crosses of Dodokan × Kasalath (DK), Dodokan ×NIL-C443 (DN), Situ Bagendit × Kasalath (SK), Situ Bagendit × NIL-C443 (SN), Batur × Kasalath (BK), and Batur × NIL-C443(BN). This study aimed to evaluate the BC2F8 lines at molecular level as well as their yield potential. The molecular researchwas conducted from November 2013 to June 2014 at ICABIOGRAD, Indonesia and IRRI, Philippines, whereas the field trialswere conducted at Taman Bogo Field Station, Lampung and a farmer\u27s land at Sukabumi, West Java. Molecular analysisdemonstrated that all of the BC2F8-Pup1 lines contained Pup1 locus. However, three lines (B5-SK5, B9-SN2, and C9-BN2)containing the Pup1 locus were found in heterozygotes condition. All of the Pup1 lines still retained the genome compositionof the parent, except for B7-SK7, C10-BN3, and C11-BN4. B1-SK1, B2-SK2, B3-SK3, B4-SK4, B6-SK6, B9-SN2, C4-BK4, C7-BK7,and C12-BN5 Pup1 lines have yield more than their recurrent parents (Situ Bagendit or Batur) in areas with either low orenough available P conditions. B6-SK6 dan C12-BN5 Pup1 lines have yield more than their recurrent parents and checkvarieties (Inpago 7 dan Inpago 8) in area with low available P condition. These lines could be used for multilocation trial

Evaluation of Several Pup1-Lines of Rice (Oryza Sativa L.) on Nutrient Solution and at the Field

Phosphorus (P) deficiency is one of major problems in rice cultivation. Development of a tolerant variety to P deficient soil is expected to reduce the needs of P fertilizer. The aim of this research was to evaluate the agronomic performance of Pup1-introgression rice lines. This research consisted of two separate experiments, an evaluation on rice grown in nutrient solution in the greenhouse of ICABIOGRAD, Bogor; and field evaluation at upland rice screening site Taman Bogo, Lampung. The rice lines used were BC2 F3 derived from crossing of Situ Bagendit with Kasalath and NIL-C443, and from crossing of Batur with Kasalath and NIL-C443. Molecular analysis was conducted to verifiy the Pup1 introgression in the lines used and successfully confirmed the occurance of homozygote Pup1 segment in those lines. Evaluation of rice lines grown in nutrient solution was performed in a split plot factorial design, using the dose of Al (0 and 45 ppm Al3+) as main plots and dose of P (0.5 and 10 ppm P) as subplots. Field evaluation was performed in split plot design, with P fertilization (0 and 500 kg SP-18 ha-1) as main plots and BC2 F3 lines as the subplots. Evaluation using Yoshida nutrient solution showed that the BC2 F3 lines had greater total dry weight under low-P condition (37.5-112.5%), especially under Al-toxicity, compared to the respective parental varieties (Situ Bagendit and Batur). Field evaluation showed that the Pup1-introgression lines had greater shoot dry weight than the respective parental lines (10.5-74.82%). However there was no significnant effect of Pup1 introgression in terms of weight of filled grain

Rising rural body-mass index is the main driver of the global obesity epidemic in adults

Body-mass index (BMI) has increased steadily in most countries in parallel with a rise in the proportion of the population who live in cities(.)(1,2) This has led to a widely reported view that urbanization is one of the most important drivers of the global rise in obesity(3-6). Here we use 2,009 population-based studies, with measurements of height and weight in more than 112 million adults, to report national, regional and global trends in mean BMI segregated by place of residence (a rural or urban area) from 1985 to 2017. We show that, contrary to the dominant paradigm, more than 55% of the global rise in mean BMI from 1985 to 2017-and more than 80% in some low- and middle-income regions-was due to increases in BMI in rural areas. This large contribution stems from the fact that, with the exception of women in sub-Saharan Africa, BMI is increasing at the same rate or faster in rural areas than in cities in low- and middle-income regions. These trends have in turn resulted in a closing-and in some countries reversal-of the gap in BMI between urban and rural areas in low- and middle-income countries, especially for women. In high-income and industrialized countries, we noted a persistently higher rural BMI, especially for women. There is an urgent need for an integrated approach to rural nutrition that enhances financial and physical access to healthy foods, to avoid replacing the rural undernutrition disadvantage in poor countries with a more general malnutrition disadvantage that entails excessive consumption of low-quality calories.Peer reviewe

Height and body-mass index trajectories of school-aged children and adolescents from 1985 to 2019 in 200 countries and territories: a pooled analysis of 2181 population-based studies with 65 million participants

Summary Background Comparable global data on health and nutrition of school-aged children and adolescents are scarce. We aimed to estimate age trajectories and time trends in mean height and mean body-mass index (BMI), which measures weight gain beyond what is expected from height gain, for school-aged children and adolescents. Methods For this pooled analysis, we used a database of cardiometabolic risk factors collated by the Non-Communicable Disease Risk Factor Collaboration. We applied a Bayesian hierarchical model to estimate trends from 1985 to 2019 in mean height and mean BMI in 1-year age groups for ages 5–19 years. The model allowed for non-linear changes over time in mean height and mean BMI and for non-linear changes with age of children and adolescents, including periods of rapid growth during adolescence. Findings We pooled data from 2181 population-based studies, with measurements of height and weight in 65 million participants in 200 countries and territories. In 2019, we estimated a difference of 20 cm or higher in mean height of 19-year-old adolescents between countries with the tallest populations (the Netherlands, Montenegro, Estonia, and Bosnia and Herzegovina for boys; and the Netherlands, Montenegro, Denmark, and Iceland for girls) and those with the shortest populations (Timor-Leste, Laos, Solomon Islands, and Papua New Guinea for boys; and Guatemala, Bangladesh, Nepal, and Timor-Leste for girls). In the same year, the difference between the highest mean BMI (in Pacific island countries, Kuwait, Bahrain, The Bahamas, Chile, the USA, and New Zealand for both boys and girls and in South Africa for girls) and lowest mean BMI (in India, Bangladesh, Timor-Leste, Ethiopia, and Chad for boys and girls; and in Japan and Romania for girls) was approximately 9–10 kg/m2. In some countries, children aged 5 years started with healthier height or BMI than the global median and, in some cases, as healthy as the best performing countries, but they became progressively less healthy compared with their comparators as they grew older by not growing as tall (eg, boys in Austria and Barbados, and girls in Belgium and Puerto Rico) or gaining too much weight for their height (eg, girls and boys in Kuwait, Bahrain, Fiji, Jamaica, and Mexico; and girls in South Africa and New Zealand). In other countries, growing children overtook the height of their comparators (eg, Latvia, Czech Republic, Morocco, and Iran) or curbed their weight gain (eg, Italy, France, and Croatia) in late childhood and adolescence. When changes in both height and BMI were considered, girls in South Korea, Vietnam, Saudi Arabia, Turkey, and some central Asian countries (eg, Armenia and Azerbaijan), and boys in central and western Europe (eg, Portugal, Denmark, Poland, and Montenegro) had the healthiest changes in anthropometric status over the past 3·5 decades because, compared with children and adolescents in other countries, they had a much larger gain in height than they did in BMI. The unhealthiest changes—gaining too little height, too much weight for their height compared with children in other countries, or both—occurred in many countries in sub-Saharan Africa, New Zealand, and the USA for boys and girls; in Malaysia and some Pacific island nations for boys; and in Mexico for girls. Interpretation The height and BMI trajectories over age and time of school-aged children and adolescents are highly variable across countries, which indicates heterogeneous nutritional quality and lifelong health advantages and risks

Worldwide trends in underweight and obesity from 1990 to 2022: a pooled analysis of 3663 population-representative studies with 222 million children, adolescents, and adults

Background Underweight and obesity are associated with adverse health outcomes throughout the life course. We estimated the individual and combined prevalence of underweight or thinness and obesity, and their changes, from 1990 to 2022 for adults and school-aged children and adolescents in 200 countries and territories. Methods We used data from 3663 population-based studies with 222 million participants that measured height and weight in representative samples of the general population. We used a Bayesian hierarchical model to estimate trends in the prevalence of different BMI categories, separately for adults (age ≥20 years) and school-aged children and adolescents (age 5–19 years), from 1990 to 2022 for 200 countries and territories. For adults, we report the individual and combined prevalence of underweight (BMI <18·5 kg/m2) and obesity (BMI ≥30 kg/m2). For schoolaged children and adolescents, we report thinness (BMI <2 SD below the median of the WHO growth reference) and obesity (BMI >2 SD above the median). Findings From 1990 to 2022, the combined prevalence of underweight and obesity in adults decreased in 11 countries (6%) for women and 17 (9%) for men with a posterior probability of at least 0·80 that the observed changes were true decreases. The combined prevalence increased in 162 countries (81%) for women and 140 countries (70%) for men with a posterior probability of at least 0·80. In 2022, the combined prevalence of underweight and obesity was highest in island nations in the Caribbean and Polynesia and Micronesia, and countries in the Middle East and north Africa. Obesity prevalence was higher than underweight with posterior probability of at least 0·80 in 177 countries (89%) for women and 145 (73%) for men in 2022, whereas the converse was true in 16 countries (8%) for women, and 39 (20%) for men. From 1990 to 2022, the combined prevalence of thinness and obesity decreased among girls in five countries (3%) and among boys in 15 countries (8%) with a posterior probability of at least 0·80, and increased among girls in 140 countries (70%) and boys in 137 countries (69%) with a posterior probability of at least 0·80. The countries with highest combined prevalence of thinness and obesity in school-aged children and adolescents in 2022 were in Polynesia and Micronesia and the Caribbean for both sexes, and Chile and Qatar for boys. Combined prevalence was also high in some countries in south Asia, such as India and Pakistan, where thinness remained prevalent despite having declined. In 2022, obesity in school-aged children and adolescents was more prevalent than thinness with a posterior probability of at least 0·80 among girls in 133 countries (67%) and boys in 125 countries (63%), whereas the converse was true in 35 countries (18%) and 42 countries (21%), respectively. In almost all countries for both adults and school-aged children and adolescents, the increases in double burden were driven by increases in obesity, and decreases in double burden by declining underweight or thinness. Interpretation The combined burden of underweight and obesity has increased in most countries, driven by an increase in obesity, while underweight and thinness remain prevalent in south Asia and parts of Africa. A healthy nutrition transition that enhances access to nutritious foods is needed to address the remaining burden of underweight while curbing and reversing the increase in obesit

Heterogeneous contributions of change in population distribution of body mass index to change in obesity and underweight NCD Risk Factor Collaboration (NCD-RisC)

From 1985 to 2016, the prevalence of underweight decreased, and that of obesity and severe obesity increased, in most regions, with significant variation in the magnitude of these changes across regions. We investigated how much change in mean body mass index (BMI) explains changes in the prevalence of underweight, obesity, and severe obesity in different regions using data from 2896 population-based studies with 187 million participants. Changes in the prevalence of underweight and total obesity, and to a lesser extent severe obesity, are largely driven by shifts in the distribution of BMI, with smaller contributions from changes in the shape of the distribution. In East and Southeast Asia and sub-Saharan Africa, the underweight tail of the BMI distribution was left behind as the distribution shifted. There is a need for policies that address all forms of malnutrition by making healthy foods accessible and affordable, while restricting unhealthy foods through fiscal and regulatory restrictions

Diminishing benefits of urban living for children and adolescents’ growth and development

Optimal growth and development in childhood and adolescence is crucial for lifelong health and well-being1–6. Here we used data from 2,325 population-based studies, with measurements of height and weight from 71 million participants, to report the height and body-mass index (BMI) of children and adolescents aged 5–19 years on the basis of rural and urban place of residence in 200 countries and territories from 1990 to 2020. In 1990, children and adolescents residing in cities were taller than their rural counterparts in all but a few high-income countries. By 2020, the urban height advantage became smaller in most countries, and in many high-income western countries it reversed into a small urban-based disadvantage. The exception was for boys in most countries in sub-Saharan Africa and in some countries in Oceania, south Asia and the region of central Asia, Middle East and north Africa. In these countries, successive cohorts of boys from rural places either did not gain height or possibly became shorter, and hence fell further behind their urban peers. The difference between the age-standardized mean BMI of children in urban and rural areas was <1.1 kg m–2 in the vast majority of countries. Within this small range, BMI increased slightly more in cities than in rural areas, except in south Asia, sub-Saharan Africa and some countries in central and eastern Europe. Our results show that in much of the world, the growth and developmental advantages of living in cities have diminished in the twenty-first century, whereas in much of sub-Saharan Africa they have amplified

Worldwide trends in underweight and obesity from 1990 to 2022: a pooled analysis of 3663 population-representative studies with 222 million children, adolescents, and adults

Background: Underweight and obesity are associated with adverse health outcomes throughout the life course. We estimated the individual and combined prevalence of underweight or thinness and obesity, and their changes, from 1990 to 2022 for adults and school-aged children and adolescents in 200 countries and territories. Methods: We used data from 3663 population-based studies with 222 million participants that measured height and weight in representative samples of the general population. We used a Bayesian hierarchical model to estimate trends in the prevalence of different BMI categories, separately for adults (age ≥20 years) and school-aged children and adolescents (age 5-19 years), from 1990 to 2022 for 200 countries and territories. For adults, we report the individual and combined prevalence of underweight (BMI &lt;18·5 kg/m2) and obesity (BMI ≥30 kg/m2). For school-aged children and adolescents, we report thinness (BMI &lt;2 SD below the median of the WHO growth reference) and obesity (BMI &gt;2 SD above the median). Findings: From 1990 to 2022, the combined prevalence of underweight and obesity in adults decreased in 11 countries (6%) for women and 17 (9%) for men with a posterior probability of at least 0·80 that the observed changes were true decreases. The combined prevalence increased in 162 countries (81%) for women and 140 countries (70%) for men with a posterior probability of at least 0·80. In 2022, the combined prevalence of underweight and obesity was highest in island nations in the Caribbean and Polynesia and Micronesia, and countries in the Middle East and north Africa. Obesity prevalence was higher than underweight with posterior probability of at least 0·80 in 177 countries (89%) for women and 145 (73%) for men in 2022, whereas the converse was true in 16 countries (8%) for women, and 39 (20%) for men. From 1990 to 2022, the combined prevalence of thinness and obesity decreased among girls in five countries (3%) and among boys in 15 countries (8%) with a posterior probability of at least 0·80, and increased among girls in 140 countries (70%) and boys in 137 countries (69%) with a posterior probability of at least 0·80. The countries with highest combined prevalence of thinness and obesity in school-aged children and adolescents in 2022 were in Polynesia and Micronesia and the Caribbean for both sexes, and Chile and Qatar for boys. Combined prevalence was also high in some countries in south Asia, such as India and Pakistan, where thinness remained prevalent despite having declined. In 2022, obesity in school-aged children and adolescents was more prevalent than thinness with a posterior probability of at least 0·80 among girls in 133 countries (67%) and boys in 125 countries (63%), whereas the converse was true in 35 countries (18%) and 42 countries (21%), respectively. In almost all countries for both adults and school-aged children and adolescents, the increases in double burden were driven by increases in obesity, and decreases in double burden by declining underweight or thinness. Interpretation: The combined burden of underweight and obesity has increased in most countries, driven by an increase in obesity, while underweight and thinness remain prevalent in south Asia and parts of Africa. A healthy nutrition transition that enhances access to nutritious foods is needed to address the remaining burden of underweight while curbing and reversing the increase in obesity. Funding: UK Medical Research Council, UK Research and Innovation (Research England), UK Research and Innovation (Innovate UK), and European Union