EFEITO DA INFECÇÃO DE METARHIZIUM ANISOPLIAE SOBRE A ATIVIDADE PROTEOLÍTICA PRESENTE EM INTESTINO DE RHIPICEPHALUS MICROPLUS

Este trabalho pretende contribuir para o estudo de formas alternativas de controle de Rhipicephalus microplus através do fungo Metarhizium anisopliae. Com o objetivo de avaliar o efeito deste fungo sobre a atividade de proteases do carrapato bovino, 80 fêmeas ingurgitadas de R. microplus foram divididas em grupo controle e grupo de tratamento (48h de tratamento). As fêmeas tratadas foram imersas nas suspensões conidiais e os controles em água destilada estéril acrescida de Tween 80 0,1%. Foi feita a dissecção das fêmeas e os intestinos foram lavados, secos em papel de filtro para a retirada do excesso de líquidos e pesados. Foram  então homogeneizados e a concentração protéica foi determinada. A presença da atividade proteolítica em extrato intestinal foi dosada pela hidrólise do substrato protéico hemoglobina e pela quantificação da tirosina. Nos valores de pH 4,0 e 5,0 foi encontrado um aumento da atividade frente o uso do fungo. Nestes valores de pH há presença principalmente de cisteíno e aspártico protease. Ao fazer uso de um inibidor de cisteíno protease (ditiotreitol) houve inibição de 74% e 54% da atividade proteolítica nos grupos tratado e controle, respectivamente. Enquanto isso, o outro inibidor de cisteíno proteases, phenylmethanesulfonyl fluoride, inibiu 86% e 80% da atividade proteolítica em grupos tratado e controle, respectivamente. Foi possível concluir com este estudo que há uma atividade majoritária de cisteíno proteases atuando em intestino de R. microplus e que esta atividade pode ser aumentada na presença do fungo entomopatogênico. Este aumento, por sua vez, pode ser decorrente de proteases do fungo ou do mecanismo de defesa do carrapato, o que sugere que M. anisopliae pode vir a ser uma forma de controle eficaz para este carrapato.

Prospecção química e atividade antagônica in vitro do endófito Phomopsis sp. contra fungos fitopatogênicos

Há muito tempo, os micro-organismos vêm sendo uma promissora fonte de recursos biotecnológicos com aplicações na agropecuária, como para o controle de fitopatógenos. Desta forma, vários estudos têm sido conduzidos com o intuito de se descobrir micro-organismos, como fungos, com potenciais aplicações na agricultura. Diante disto, objetivou-se por meio deste estudo a prospecção química e atividade antagônica in vitro do fungo endófito Phomopsis sp. contra fungos fitopatogênicos. Foram conduzidos dois experimentos. No primeiro experimento, foram conduzidos ensaios de prospecção química do micélio do fungo supracitado, onde foi avaliada a biomassa micelial, seu crescimento em cinco meios de cultura: Batata Dextrose Agar (BDA), Batata Sacarose Agar (BSA), Cenoura Agar (CA), Czapek (CZA) e Triptona Soja Agar (TSA), e incidência de luz e Ressonância Magnética Nuclear (RMN) dos cristais de carbono obtidos nos extratos miceliais. O segundo experimento compreendeu ao teste de pareamento e formação de halo de inibição contra três fungos fitopatógenos (Rhizoctonia sp., Pestalotiopsis sp. e Colletotrichum sp.), onde foram inoculados em placas contendo meio BDA e avaliados após cinco dias de incubação, onde se verificou a presença de halo de inibição. Por meio da prospecção química foi verificado que o fungo endófito Phomopsis sp. possui melhor crescimento em meio BDA sob luz contínua e presença de ergosterol em suas membranas. O isolado também foi capaz de produzir halo de inibição contra os fitopatógenos testados

PROCESSO DE TRABALHO DOS AGENTES COMUNITÁRIOS DE SAÚDE: POSSIBILIDADES E LIMITES

No presente estudo, objetiva-se conhecer e analisar o processo de trabalho dos Agentes Comunitários de Saúde (ACS) deum município da região Noroeste do Rio Grande do Sul, em uma abordagem qualitativa. A coleta de dados foi realizadamediante entrevista semiestruturada, aplicada a 23 ACS, e, para a análise dos dados, utilizou-se Análise de ConteúdoTemática. Os resultados evidenciaram, dentre as possibilidades: comunicação com as famílias atendidas, formaçãode vínculo e valorização/satisfação do profissional pela comunidade. Dentre os limites: dificuldade de trabalhar emequipe; dificuldade em realizar trabalhos coletivos na comunidade; remuneração baixa/sobrecarga de trabalho e faltade qualificação. Evidenciou-se a necessidade de reorganização do processo de trabalho desses profissionais, com maiorinvestimento na formação e instrumentalização, por meio da adoção da política de educação permanente

Um resgate histórico do LABIOMEC na história do CEFD 50 anos: parte 1

The purpose of this work is to report a little of the history and evolution that the Laboratory of Biomechanics (LABIOMEC) experienced over the 50 years of the Center for Physical Education and Sports (CEFD) of the Federal University of Santa Maria. For that purpose, searches were carried out on physical documents and digital files from 1970 to the present day in relation to LABIOMEC in articles, works in events, graduation monographs, specialization, dissertations and theses. The article was subdivided in two parts and in this first one, the historical recovery of the initial years is carried out. The importance of this report is to allow part of the history of LABIOMEC and the people who carried out their activities in the laboratory as teachers or students to be permanently registered.El propósito de este trabajo es informar un poco de la historia y evolución que experimentó el Laboratorio de Biomecánica (LABIOMEC) durante los 50 años del Centro de Educación Física y Deportes (CEFD) de la Universidad Federal de Santa María. Para ello, se realizaron búsquedas en documentos físicos y archivos digitales desde 1970 hasta la actualidad en relación con LABIOMEC en artículos, trabajos en eventos, monografías de graduación, especialización, disertaciones y tesis. El artículo fue subdividido en dos partes y em esta primera se realiza la recuperación histórica de los años iniciales y la evolución técnico-científica que se produjo. La importancia de esto informe es para permitir que parte de la historia de LABIOMEC y las personas que llevaron a cabo sus actividades en el laboratorio como maestros o estudiantes se registren permanentemente.Este trabalho tem como objetivo relatar um pouco da história e da evolução do Laboratório de Biomecânica (LABIOMEC) ao longo dos 50 anos do Centro de Educação Física e Desportos (CEFD) da Universidade Federal da Santa Maria. Para tanto foram realizadas buscas em documentos físicos e arquivos digitais no período de 1970 até os dias atuais em relação ao LABIOMEC em artigos, trabalhos em eventos, monografias de graduação, especialização, dissertações e teses. O artigo foi subdividido em duas partes e nesta primeira é realizado o resgate histórico dos anos iniciais e a evolução técnico-científica ocorrida. A importância desse relato é permitir que parte da história do LABIOMEC e das pessoas que realizaram suas atividades no laboratório como docentes ou discentes fique registrada de forma permanente

Um resgate histórico do LABIOMEC na história do CEFD 50 anos: parte 2

The purpose of this work is to report a little of the history and evolution that the Laboratory of Biomechanics (LABIOMEC) experienced over the 50 years of the Center for Physical Education and Sports (CEFD) of the Federal University of Santa Maria. For that purpose, searches were carried out on physical documents and digital files from 1970 to the present day in relation to LABIOMEC in articles, works in events, graduation monographs, specialization, dissertations and theses. The article was subdivided into two parts and in this second one, the historical recovery of the technical-scientific evolution occurred in research areas of kinematics and kinetics, postural control and electromyography, ending with the activities of scientific dissemination during the National Biomechanics Day. The importance of this report is to allow part of the history of LABIOMEC and the people who carried out their activities in the laboratory as teachers or students to be permanently registered.El propósito de este trabajo es informar un poco de la historia y evolución que experimentó el Laboratorio de Biomecánica (LABIOMEC) durante los 50 años del Centro de Educación Física y Deportes (CEFD) de la Universidad Federal de Santa María. Para ello, se realizaron búsquedas en documentos físicos y archivos digitales desde 1970 hasta la actualidad en relación con LABIOMEC en artículos, trabajos en eventos, monografías de graduación, especialización, disertaciones y tesis. El artículo fue subdividido en dos partes y em esta segunda se realiza la recuperación histórica de la evolución técnico-científica ocurrida em las areas de investigación en cinemática y cinética, control postural y electromiografía, culminando com las actividades de divulgación científica realizadas en el Día Nacional de la Biomecánica. La importancia de esto El informe es para permitir que parte de la historia de LABIOMEC y las personas que llevaron a cabo sus actividades en el laboratorio como maestros o estudiantes se registren permanentemente.Este trabalho tem como objetivo relatar um pouco da história e da evolução do Laboratório de Biomecânica (LABIOMEC) ao longo dos 50 anos do Centro de Educação Física e Desportos (CEFD) da Universidade Federal da Santa Maria. Para tanto foram realizadas buscas em documentos físicos e arquivos digitais no período de 1970 até os dias atuais em relação ao LABIOMEC em artigos, trabalhos em eventos, monografias de graduação, especialização, dissertações e teses. O artigo foi subdividido em duas partes e nesta segunda é realizado o resgate histórico da evolução técnico-científica ocorrida nas linhas de pesquisa da cinemática e cinética, controle postural e eletromiografia, encerrando com as atividades de divulgação científica realizadas no National Biomechanics Day. A importância desse relato é permitir que parte da história do LABIOMEC e das pessoas que realizaram suas atividades no laboratório como docentes ou discentes fique registrada de forma permanente

Clonal chromosomal mosaicism and loss of chromosome Y in elderly men increase vulnerability for SARS-CoV-2

The pandemic caused by severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2, COVID-19) had an estimated overall case fatality ratio of 1.38% (pre-vaccination), being 53% higher in males and increasing exponentially with age. Among 9578 individuals diagnosed with COVID-19 in the SCOURGE study, we found 133 cases (1.42%) with detectable clonal mosaicism for chromosome alterations (mCA) and 226 males (5.08%) with acquired loss of chromosome Y (LOY). Individuals with clonal mosaic events (mCA and/or LOY) showed a 54% increase in the risk of COVID-19 lethality. LOY is associated with transcriptomic biomarkers of immune dysfunction, pro-coagulation activity and cardiovascular risk. Interferon-induced genes involved in the initial immune response to SARS-CoV-2 are also down-regulated in LOY. Thus, mCA and LOY underlie at least part of the sex-biased severity and mortality of COVID-19 in aging patients. Given its potential therapeutic and prognostic relevance, evaluation of clonal mosaicism should be implemented as biomarker of COVID-19 severity in elderly people. Among 9578 individuals diagnosed with COVID-19 in the SCOURGE study, individuals with clonal mosaic events (clonal mosaicism for chromosome alterations and/or loss of chromosome Y) showed an increased risk of COVID-19 lethality

Height and body-mass index trajectories of school-aged children and adolescents from 1985 to 2019 in 200 countries and territories: a pooled analysis of 2181 population-based studies with 65 million participants

Summary Background Comparable global data on health and nutrition of school-aged children and adolescents are scarce. We aimed to estimate age trajectories and time trends in mean height and mean body-mass index (BMI), which measures weight gain beyond what is expected from height gain, for school-aged children and adolescents. Methods For this pooled analysis, we used a database of cardiometabolic risk factors collated by the Non-Communicable Disease Risk Factor Collaboration. We applied a Bayesian hierarchical model to estimate trends from 1985 to 2019 in mean height and mean BMI in 1-year age groups for ages 5–19 years. The model allowed for non-linear changes over time in mean height and mean BMI and for non-linear changes with age of children and adolescents, including periods of rapid growth during adolescence. Findings We pooled data from 2181 population-based studies, with measurements of height and weight in 65 million participants in 200 countries and territories. In 2019, we estimated a difference of 20 cm or higher in mean height of 19-year-old adolescents between countries with the tallest populations (the Netherlands, Montenegro, Estonia, and Bosnia and Herzegovina for boys; and the Netherlands, Montenegro, Denmark, and Iceland for girls) and those with the shortest populations (Timor-Leste, Laos, Solomon Islands, and Papua New Guinea for boys; and Guatemala, Bangladesh, Nepal, and Timor-Leste for girls). In the same year, the difference between the highest mean BMI (in Pacific island countries, Kuwait, Bahrain, The Bahamas, Chile, the USA, and New Zealand for both boys and girls and in South Africa for girls) and lowest mean BMI (in India, Bangladesh, Timor-Leste, Ethiopia, and Chad for boys and girls; and in Japan and Romania for girls) was approximately 9–10 kg/m2. In some countries, children aged 5 years started with healthier height or BMI than the global median and, in some cases, as healthy as the best performing countries, but they became progressively less healthy compared with their comparators as they grew older by not growing as tall (eg, boys in Austria and Barbados, and girls in Belgium and Puerto Rico) or gaining too much weight for their height (eg, girls and boys in Kuwait, Bahrain, Fiji, Jamaica, and Mexico; and girls in South Africa and New Zealand). In other countries, growing children overtook the height of their comparators (eg, Latvia, Czech Republic, Morocco, and Iran) or curbed their weight gain (eg, Italy, France, and Croatia) in late childhood and adolescence. When changes in both height and BMI were considered, girls in South Korea, Vietnam, Saudi Arabia, Turkey, and some central Asian countries (eg, Armenia and Azerbaijan), and boys in central and western Europe (eg, Portugal, Denmark, Poland, and Montenegro) had the healthiest changes in anthropometric status over the past 3·5 decades because, compared with children and adolescents in other countries, they had a much larger gain in height than they did in BMI. The unhealthiest changes—gaining too little height, too much weight for their height compared with children in other countries, or both—occurred in many countries in sub-Saharan Africa, New Zealand, and the USA for boys and girls; in Malaysia and some Pacific island nations for boys; and in Mexico for girls. Interpretation The height and BMI trajectories over age and time of school-aged children and adolescents are highly variable across countries, which indicates heterogeneous nutritional quality and lifelong health advantages and risks

Worldwide trends in underweight and obesity from 1990 to 2022: a pooled analysis of 3663 population-representative studies with 222 million children, adolescents, and adults

Background Underweight and obesity are associated with adverse health outcomes throughout the life course. We estimated the individual and combined prevalence of underweight or thinness and obesity, and their changes, from 1990 to 2022 for adults and school-aged children and adolescents in 200 countries and territories. Methods We used data from 3663 population-based studies with 222 million participants that measured height and weight in representative samples of the general population. We used a Bayesian hierarchical model to estimate trends in the prevalence of different BMI categories, separately for adults (age ≥20 years) and school-aged children and adolescents (age 5–19 years), from 1990 to 2022 for 200 countries and territories. For adults, we report the individual and combined prevalence of underweight (BMI <18·5 kg/m2) and obesity (BMI ≥30 kg/m2). For schoolaged children and adolescents, we report thinness (BMI <2 SD below the median of the WHO growth reference) and obesity (BMI >2 SD above the median). Findings From 1990 to 2022, the combined prevalence of underweight and obesity in adults decreased in 11 countries (6%) for women and 17 (9%) for men with a posterior probability of at least 0·80 that the observed changes were true decreases. The combined prevalence increased in 162 countries (81%) for women and 140 countries (70%) for men with a posterior probability of at least 0·80. In 2022, the combined prevalence of underweight and obesity was highest in island nations in the Caribbean and Polynesia and Micronesia, and countries in the Middle East and north Africa. Obesity prevalence was higher than underweight with posterior probability of at least 0·80 in 177 countries (89%) for women and 145 (73%) for men in 2022, whereas the converse was true in 16 countries (8%) for women, and 39 (20%) for men. From 1990 to 2022, the combined prevalence of thinness and obesity decreased among girls in five countries (3%) and among boys in 15 countries (8%) with a posterior probability of at least 0·80, and increased among girls in 140 countries (70%) and boys in 137 countries (69%) with a posterior probability of at least 0·80. The countries with highest combined prevalence of thinness and obesity in school-aged children and adolescents in 2022 were in Polynesia and Micronesia and the Caribbean for both sexes, and Chile and Qatar for boys. Combined prevalence was also high in some countries in south Asia, such as India and Pakistan, where thinness remained prevalent despite having declined. In 2022, obesity in school-aged children and adolescents was more prevalent than thinness with a posterior probability of at least 0·80 among girls in 133 countries (67%) and boys in 125 countries (63%), whereas the converse was true in 35 countries (18%) and 42 countries (21%), respectively. In almost all countries for both adults and school-aged children and adolescents, the increases in double burden were driven by increases in obesity, and decreases in double burden by declining underweight or thinness. Interpretation The combined burden of underweight and obesity has increased in most countries, driven by an increase in obesity, while underweight and thinness remain prevalent in south Asia and parts of Africa. A healthy nutrition transition that enhances access to nutritious foods is needed to address the remaining burden of underweight while curbing and reversing the increase in obesit

Heterogeneous contributions of change in population distribution of body mass index to change in obesity and underweight NCD Risk Factor Collaboration (NCD-RisC)

From 1985 to 2016, the prevalence of underweight decreased, and that of obesity and severe obesity increased, in most regions, with significant variation in the magnitude of these changes across regions. We investigated how much change in mean body mass index (BMI) explains changes in the prevalence of underweight, obesity, and severe obesity in different regions using data from 2896 population-based studies with 187 million participants. Changes in the prevalence of underweight and total obesity, and to a lesser extent severe obesity, are largely driven by shifts in the distribution of BMI, with smaller contributions from changes in the shape of the distribution. In East and Southeast Asia and sub-Saharan Africa, the underweight tail of the BMI distribution was left behind as the distribution shifted. There is a need for policies that address all forms of malnutrition by making healthy foods accessible and affordable, while restricting unhealthy foods through fiscal and regulatory restrictions