The Point of View of Stigmatised Young Girls: Managing Class, “Race” and Place in Polarising Copenhagen

Just over twenty years ago, Pierre Bourdieu (et al. 1999) used life histories to carve out the petit misère of contemporary society, bringing into “public space the private discourses of those deprived of public discourse” (Bourdieu 2008: 226). In this article, we explore and expose the everyday difficulties and social conditions of suffering among racialised girls from a deprived neighbourhood in Copenhagen. We also draw on the notion of territorial stigmatisation coined by Loïc Wacquant in order to analyse the social injuries and practical management of this particular form of consequential categorisation. Using material taken from an ethnographic study among a group of girls living in Tingbjerg, which is a neighbourhood in Copenhagen with a poor reputation, we focus on how these girls aim to deflect and negotiate class, ethnicity, gender and territory in everyday life

Highlights during the development of electrochemical engineering

Over the last century, electrochemical engineering has contributed significantly to societal progress by enabling development of industrial processes for manufacturing chemicals, such as chlorine and the Nylon precursor adiponitrile, as well as a wide range of metals including aluminium and zinc. In 2011, ca. 17 M tonne Cu p.a. was electro-refined to 99.99%+ purity required by electrical and electronic engineering applications, such as for electrodepositing with exquisite resolution multi-layer inter-connections in microprocessors. Surface engineering is widely practised industrially e.g. to protect steels against corrosion e.g. by electroplating nickel or using more recent novel self-healing coatings. Complex shapes of hard alloys that are difficult to machine can be fabricated by selective dissolution in electrochemical machining processes. Electric fields can be used to drive desalination of brackish water for urban supplies and irrigation by electrodialysis with ion-permeable membranes; such fields can also be used in electrokinetic soil remediation processes. Rising concerns about the consequences of CO2 emissions has led to the rapidly increasing development and deployment of renewable energy systems, the intermittency of which can be mitigated by energy storage in e.g. redox flow batteries for stationary storage and novel lithium batteries with increased specific energies for powering electric vehicles, or when economically viable, in electrolyser-fuel cells. The interface between electrochemical technology and biotechnology is also developing rapidly, with applications such as microbial fuel cells. Some of these applications are reviewed, the challenges assessed and current trends elucidated in the very active area of Chemical Engineering bordering with material science and electrochemistry. (C) 2013 The Institution of Chemical Engineers. Published by Elsevier B.V. All rights reserved