Some new results on the travelling salesman problem

The travelling salesman problem (or The sales representative problem) has been insufficiently explored so far. One of the first results on this issue was provided by Euler in 1759 (The problem of moving a knight on the chess board), Knight\u27s Tour Problem. Papers on this subject were written by A.T. Vandermonde (1771), T. P. Kirkman (1856) and many others. The sales representative problem is a major challenge due to the application in solving theoretical and practical problems such as the quality of algorithms and of optimization methods. This well-known optimization problem has been extensively studied from several aspects since 1930. In general form the study was started by Karl Menger, seeking the shortest route through all points of a finite set with known distances between every two points. Since then, there have been many formulations of the problem. In this paper we shall provide an analysis of the nature of the commercial representative problem, and highlight its complexity and some ways of its solution. We shall use graph theory, and pay particular attention to the search of Hamiltonian cycle of minimum weight in the weighted graph. During the paper development we were led by the following question: "How to minimize the total distance travelled by a sales representative in order to visit n given locations exactly once and return to the starting point?" Nowadays, there are many formulations of the commercial representative problem and we shall mention two equivalent formulations: a) A set of places that a sales representative has to visit exactly once and return to the starting point is determined, the distance between places being known. The question is in which order a sales representative should visit the places so that the total length of his tour is minimal b) A Hamiltonian cycle of minimum weight should be determined in the weighted graph. Note that the formulation of the problem is very simple, but finding solutions inflicts great difficulties. For a graph of n vertices there are n! maximum number of Hamiltonian cycles, thus the problem of factorial complexity occurs

Physical Preconception of Primary Education Pupils

During their preschool age children discover natural phenomena in their environment. In their consciousness, they form the basic physical concepts based on experience. Their ideas can be right, but they can also be wrong because they take into consideration only what they see and thus, they come up with wrong ideas or misconceptions. At the very beginning of their primary education, teachers of class teaching directly witness their ideas related to basic physical concepts through various subjects: mathematics, natural sciences, art and physical education. Frequently, neither teachers nor their pupils consider these notions, thus their wrong ideas remain firmly rooted and present a barrier to the adoption of the correct physical ideas. Research of basic concepts related to motion, space and time was carried out as part of the workshop Class Teaching Course Open Days at the Faculty of Natural Sciences, Mathematics and Education of the University of Mostar. The sample consisted of pupils of primary education of Herzegovina-Neretva and West-Herzegovinian Cantons. It has shown that pupils have the correct ideas about many physical phenomena, but it has also shown the presence of intuitive ideas which are not in accordance with physical ideas and need to be corrected in tim

Measurement of non-electric physical parameters

Opisana je primjena metoda za mjerenje svih zastupljenijih neelektričnih veličina i njihova upotreba u suvremenoj tehnologiji. Obavljena je interpretacija i analiza rezultata mjerenja. Prikazane su osnove mjerenja neelektričnih veličina pretvorbom u električne veličine, analogno-digitalna pretvorba i mjerni sustav. U koracima su opisane najvažnije mjerne metode sa svojim primjerima uređaja i postupaka mjerenja. Objašnjeno je koji su postupci prikladni za svoja postrojenja kao i slučajevi u kojima se najlakše dolazi do bržeg i točnijeg rezultata. Opisani su problemi pri mjerenjima te najbolji načini za izbjegavanje istih kao i pretvorba u električne veličine radi učinkovitijeg rješavanja zadataka.The method of all representative measuring non-electric quantities is described and also their use in modern technology. Interpretation and analysis of measurement results was performed. The basics of measurement of non-electric quantities are shown by electrical conversion as well as analogue-digital conversion and measuring system. In steps the most important measurement methods with its device examples and measurement methods are described. It is explained which methods are appropriate for their plants as well as the cases where the easiest is to get faster and more accurate results. The measurement problems and the best ways to avoid it as well as converting to electrical size for more efficient task solving are described

Synthesis and chemical modification of 2-(3-nitrobenzylidene) amino-1H-benzimidazole derivatives and their antibacterial activity : diploma thesis

2-Amino-1H-benzimidazol zahvaljući svom širokom spektru biološke aktivnosti prema različitim oboljenjima, dio je strukture velikog broja lijekova (Bezitramid, Dibazol, Mebendazol…). Iako je nekoliko metoda sinteze 2-amino-1H- benzimidazola već poznato, pronalazak novih metoda sinteze bio bi od velike važnosti za otkriće novih lijekova. Obzirom da je navedeni spoj potencijalno dobar kemoterapeutik, zanimljiv je i za organsku i medicinsku kemiju. Kondezacijom Schiffove baze s odabranim sekundarnim i primarnim aminima, nitrilima i diketonima, koji u svojoj strukturi sadrže aktivne metilenske skupine, dobiveni su različiti derivati spoja 2-(3-nitrobenziliden)amino-1H-benzimidazola. U svrhu praćenja sinteze korištena je tankoslojna kromatografija (TLC). Sintetizirani spojevi potvrđeni su 1 H NMR i IR spektroskopijom kao i elementnom analizom. Svi dobiveni spojevi podvrgnuti su daljnjim ispitivanjima antibakterijske aktivnosti na Gram-pozitivni bakterijski soj (Staphylococcus aureus) i Gram-negativne bakterijske sojeve (Escherichia coli i Pseudomonas aeruginosa). Dobiveni rezultati bioloških testova omogućit će određivanje odnosa između strukture i biološke aktivnosti (SAR).2-Amino-1H-benzimidazole thanks to its wide range of biological activity against various illnesses is part of the structure of a large number of drugs (Bezitramid, Dibazol, Mebendazol ...). Although several methods of synthesis of 2-amino- 1H-benzimidazole are already known, finding of new synthetic methods would be of great importance for the discovery of new drugs. Considering that mentioned compound has potentially good chemotherapeutic characteristics, it is interesting to organic and medical chemistry. By condensing the Schiff base with the selected secondary and primary amines, nitriles and diketones, which contain active methylene groups in its structure, various derivatives of 2- (3-nitrobenzylidene) amino-1H-benzimidazole are obtained. Thin layer chromatography (TLC) was used to monitor the synthesis. The synthesized compounds were confirmed by 1 H NMR and IR spectroscopy as well as elemental analysis. All the obtained compounds are tested for the antibacterial activity on Gram positive bacterial strain (Staphylococcus aureus) and Gram negative bacterial strains (Escherichia coli i Pseudomonas aeruginosa). The obtained biological test results will allow the determination of the relationship between structure and biological activity (SAR)

Prospective analysis of the association between sport-participation with substance use and misuse in adolescents

Cilj ovoga rada bio je utvrditi utjecaj sportskih faktora na konzumaciju supstancija kod adolescenata u dobi od četrnaest (14) do šesnaest (16) godina. Uzorak je sačinjavalo šest stotina i pedeset (650) učenika srednjih škola (SŠ) u Zapadnohercegovačkoj i Hercegovačkoneretvanskoj županiji, Bosna i Hercegovina, od toga tri stotine trideset i sedam (337) djevojčica. Učenici su na početku studije imali četrnaest i pol godina i krenuli su u prvi razred srednje škole. Studija je završena krajem drugoga razreda SŠ (dvadeset mjeseci kasnije te su na kraju studije i ispitanici bili toliko stariji – prosječno šesnaest godina). Ispitanici su u četiri vremenske točke (početak i kraj prvoga te početak i kraj drugoga razreda SŠ) anketirani primjenom zatvorenoga strukturiranoga anonimnoga upitnika. U radu su upotrijebljene varijable prema kojima su ispitanici odgovarali na pitanja o sportskim faktorima, angažiranosti u programima sportske rekreacije, razini tjelesne aktivnosti i konzumaciji cigareta, alkohola i droga. Obradba rezultata uključivala je deskriptivne statističke analize, analize razlika među skupinama i analize povezanosti među varijablama (logistička regresijska analiza uz utvrđivanje omjera izgleda – OR i 95% razine pouzdanosti – 95%CI). Incidencija konzumacije droga bila je vrlo mala (do 2%), što je onemogućilo izračunavanje logističkih analiza za ovaj kriterij. U prvom mjerenju utvrđena je znatna povezanost razine tjelesnoga aktiviteta s konzumacijom cigareta s većom razinom aktiviteta kod nepušača (OR: 0,69, 95%CI: 0,52 – 0,9). Također, veća frekvencija treninga kod sportaša protektivna je u pogledu konzumacije cigareta (OR: 0,73, 95%CI: 0,53 – 0,99). Prestanak bavljenja individualnim sportom prepoznat je kao faktor rizika za pojavu štetne konzumacije alkohola (OR: 2,43, 95%CI: 1,09 – 5.44). U drugom mjerenju potvrđena je važnost razine tjelesnoga aktiviteta kao protektivnoga faktora (OR: 0,62, 95%CI: 0,52 – 0,88), dok se prestanak bavljenja individualnim sportom prepoznaje kao faktor rizika za konzumaciju cigareta (OR: 1,57, 95%CI: 1,03 – 2,38), a aktivno bavljenje timskim sportovima protektivan je faktor u pogledu pušenja (OR: 0,52, 95%CI: 0,29 – 0.91). U trećem mjerenju utvrđena je važnost rekreacijskoga bavljenja sportom u pogledu protektivnoga djelovanja kod konzumacije cigareta (OR: 1,48, 95%CI: 1,14 – 1,90), ali se opet potvrđuje važnost razine tjelesne aktivnosti u tom pogledu (OR: 0,62, 95%CI: 0,47 – 0.82). U dobi od petnaest i pol godina nema znatne povezanosti između sportskih faktora i konzumacije alkohola. U četvrtom mjerenju konačno se potvrđuje važnost razine tjelesnoga aktiviteta kao faktora koji djeluje protektivno u smislu konzumacije cigareta (OR: 0,71, 95%CI: 0,55 – 0,92). Varijable sportskih faktora, tjelesnoga aktiviteta i rekreacijskoga bavljenja sportom nisu znatan faktor utjecaja na početak konzumacije alkohola u razdoblju od četrnaeste do šesnaeste godine. Veća razina bavljenja sportskom rekreacijom potvrdila se kao protektivan faktor u pogledu početka pušenja u analiziranom razdoblju (OR: 1,62, 95%CI: 1,02 – 2,58). U ovoj studiji nisu uočene znatne povezanosti između sportskih faktora i inicijacije u konzumaciji alkohola na razini štetne konzumacije te niti jedan od istraživanih prediktora nije bio znatno povezan s kriterijskom varijablom. Razina tjelesnoga aktiviteta je jedini konzistentan protektivni faktor u pogledu pušenja, a u nekim točkama mjerenja prepoznaje se i važnost sportsko-rekreacijskoga angažman. Odustajanje od sportske aktivnosti (individualni sport) prepoznato je kao potencijalan faktor rizika za pušenje u dobi od četrnaeste do šesnaeste godine. Rezultati pokazuju kako u početku istraživanoga razdoblja postoje određene povezanosti između sportskih faktora i konzumacije alkohola, ali se one gube s odmakom studije. Istraživanje je ukazalo na relativno slab utjecaj sportskih faktora na konzumaciju supstancija, ali i na značenje tjelesnoga aktiviteta, kao i sportsko-rekreacijskih aktivnosti u pogledu prevencije konzumacije cigareta u dobi od četrnaeste do šesnaeste godine.The aim of this paper was to determine the influence of sports factors on the consumption of substances in adolescents aged fourteen (14) to sixteen (16) years. The sample consisted of six hundred and fifty (650) secondary school students (SSs) in West Herzegovina and Herzegovina- Neretva County, Bosnia and Herzegovina, of which three hundred and thirty-seven (337) girls. At the beginning of the studies, the students had been fourteen and a half years old and went to the first grade of high school. The study was completed at the end of the second grade of SS (twenty months later, and at the end of the study and respondents were so older - an average of sixteen years). Respondents were interviewed in four time points (beginning and end of the first and the beginning and end of the second grade SES) using a closed structured anonymous questionnaire. Various variables were used in this paper, in which respondents responded to questions about sports factors, engagement in sports recreational activities, body activity and consumption of cigarettes, alcohol and drugs. The processing of results included descriptive statistical analysis, analysis of group differences and correlation analysis among variables (logistic regression analysis with determination of 95% confidence interval 95% CI). Incidence of drug consumption was very low (up to 2%), which made it impossible to calculate logistic analysis for this criterion. In the first measurement, a significant correlation was found in the level of activity of nonsmokers (OR: 0.69, 95% CI: 0.52 - 0.9). Also, the higher frequency of training in athletes is protective in terms of cigarette consumption (OR: 0.73, 95% CI: 0.53-0.99). Detention of individual sport has been identified as a risk factor for the occurrence of harmful alcohol consumption (OR: 2.43, 95% CI: 1.09 - 5.44). In the second measurement, the importance of the body activity level as a protective factor (OR: 0.62, 95% CI: 0.52-0.88) was confirmed, while termination of individual sport activity was recognized as a risk factor for cigarette consumption (OR: 1, 57, 95% CI: 1.03-2.38), and active participation in team sports is a protective factor for smoking (OR: 0.52, 95% CI: 0.29 - 0.91). In the third measurement, the importance of recreational sporting activity in terms of protective action in cigarette consumption (OR: 1.48, 95% CI: 1.14-1.90) was established, but again the importance of the level of physical activity in this regard (OR: 0.62, 95% CI: 0.47-0.82). At the age of fifteen and a half years there is no significant association between sports factors and alcohol consumption. In the fourth measurement, the importance of the body's activity level as a protective factor in cigarette consumption (OR: 0.71, 95% CI: 0.55-0.92) is finally confirmed. Variants of sports factors, physical activity and recreational sports are not a significant factor influencing the beginning of alcohol consumption in the period between the fourteenth and sixteenth centuries. A higher level of sports recreation has been confirmed as a protective factor in smoking startup in the analyzed period (OR 1.62, 95% CI: 1.02-2.58). No significant correlation was found between sports factors and alcohol consumption at the level of harmful consumption, and none of the predicted predictors was significantly associated with the criterion variable. The level of physical activity is the only consistent protective factor in smoking, and in some points of measurement, the importance of sports and recreational engagement is also recognized. Discontinuing from sports activity (individual sport) was recognized as a potential risk factor for smoking between the ages of fourteen and sixteen. The results show that at the beginning of the investigated period there is a certain correlation between sports factors and alcohol consumption, but they are lost with the study break. The research has pointed to the relatively weak influence of sports factors on the consumption of substances, but also on the meaning of physical activity as well as sports and recreational activities in terms of preventing cigarette consumption from the age of fourteen to sixteen

Tradução de textos dramáticos: uma seleção da coleção "Além as Estrelas são a nossa Casa" de Abel Neves

O objetivo do trabalho é tentar aplicar alguns aspetos da teoria da tradução na tradução de textos dramáticos e explicar abordagens a este tipo da tradução literária. A parte prática do trabalho é tradução de texto dramático do Abel Neves, que vamos usar para exemplificar algumas ideias.Tradução de textos dramáticos é o tipo da tradução literária especifica, e o tipo da tradução sobre que existe menos estudos teoréticos do que sobre qualquer outro tipo. A especificidade e a ausência dos estudos teoréticos derivam do texto próprio. Um texto dramático tem a perspetiva de ser encenado, não só ser lido, que automaticamente dá o texto uma dimensão nova e determina a abordagem do tradutor na tradução. Esta variedade de abordagens é o que agrava estudos teoréticos

Prospective analysis of the association between sport-participation with substance use and misuse in adolescents

Cilj ovoga rada bio je utvrditi utjecaj sportskih faktora na konzumaciju supstancija kod adolescenata u dobi od četrnaest (14) do šesnaest (16) godina. Uzorak je sačinjavalo šest stotina i pedeset (650) učenika srednjih škola (SŠ) u Zapadnohercegovačkoj i Hercegovačkoneretvanskoj županiji, Bosna i Hercegovina, od toga tri stotine trideset i sedam (337) djevojčica. Učenici su na početku studije imali četrnaest i pol godina i krenuli su u prvi razred srednje škole. Studija je završena krajem drugoga razreda SŠ (dvadeset mjeseci kasnije te su na kraju studije i ispitanici bili toliko stariji – prosječno šesnaest godina). Ispitanici su u četiri vremenske točke (početak i kraj prvoga te početak i kraj drugoga razreda SŠ) anketirani primjenom zatvorenoga strukturiranoga anonimnoga upitnika. U radu su upotrijebljene varijable prema kojima su ispitanici odgovarali na pitanja o sportskim faktorima, angažiranosti u programima sportske rekreacije, razini tjelesne aktivnosti i konzumaciji cigareta, alkohola i droga. Obradba rezultata uključivala je deskriptivne statističke analize, analize razlika među skupinama i analize povezanosti među varijablama (logistička regresijska analiza uz utvrđivanje omjera izgleda – OR i 95% razine pouzdanosti – 95%CI). Incidencija konzumacije droga bila je vrlo mala (do 2%), što je onemogućilo izračunavanje logističkih analiza za ovaj kriterij. U prvom mjerenju utvrđena je znatna povezanost razine tjelesnoga aktiviteta s konzumacijom cigareta s većom razinom aktiviteta kod nepušača (OR: 0,69, 95%CI: 0,52 – 0,9). Također, veća frekvencija treninga kod sportaša protektivna je u pogledu konzumacije cigareta (OR: 0,73, 95%CI: 0,53 – 0,99). Prestanak bavljenja individualnim sportom prepoznat je kao faktor rizika za pojavu štetne konzumacije alkohola (OR: 2,43, 95%CI: 1,09 – 5.44). U drugom mjerenju potvrđena je važnost razine tjelesnoga aktiviteta kao protektivnoga faktora (OR: 0,62, 95%CI: 0,52 – 0,88), dok se prestanak bavljenja individualnim sportom prepoznaje kao faktor rizika za konzumaciju cigareta (OR: 1,57, 95%CI: 1,03 – 2,38), a aktivno bavljenje timskim sportovima protektivan je faktor u pogledu pušenja (OR: 0,52, 95%CI: 0,29 – 0.91). U trećem mjerenju utvrđena je važnost rekreacijskoga bavljenja sportom u pogledu protektivnoga djelovanja kod konzumacije cigareta (OR: 1,48, 95%CI: 1,14 – 1,90), ali se opet potvrđuje važnost razine tjelesne aktivnosti u tom pogledu (OR: 0,62, 95%CI: 0,47 – 0.82). U dobi od petnaest i pol godina nema znatne povezanosti između sportskih faktora i konzumacije alkohola. U četvrtom mjerenju konačno se potvrđuje važnost razine tjelesnoga aktiviteta kao faktora koji djeluje protektivno u smislu konzumacije cigareta (OR: 0,71, 95%CI: 0,55 – 0,92). Varijable sportskih faktora, tjelesnoga aktiviteta i rekreacijskoga bavljenja sportom nisu znatan faktor utjecaja na početak konzumacije alkohola u razdoblju od četrnaeste do šesnaeste godine. Veća razina bavljenja sportskom rekreacijom potvrdila se kao protektivan faktor u pogledu početka pušenja u analiziranom razdoblju (OR: 1,62, 95%CI: 1,02 – 2,58). U ovoj studiji nisu uočene znatne povezanosti između sportskih faktora i inicijacije u konzumaciji alkohola na razini štetne konzumacije te niti jedan od istraživanih prediktora nije bio znatno povezan s kriterijskom varijablom. Razina tjelesnoga aktiviteta je jedini konzistentan protektivni faktor u pogledu pušenja, a u nekim točkama mjerenja prepoznaje se i važnost sportsko-rekreacijskoga angažman. Odustajanje od sportske aktivnosti (individualni sport) prepoznato je kao potencijalan faktor rizika za pušenje u dobi od četrnaeste do šesnaeste godine. Rezultati pokazuju kako u početku istraživanoga razdoblja postoje određene povezanosti između sportskih faktora i konzumacije alkohola, ali se one gube s odmakom studije. Istraživanje je ukazalo na relativno slab utjecaj sportskih faktora na konzumaciju supstancija, ali i na značenje tjelesnoga aktiviteta, kao i sportsko-rekreacijskih aktivnosti u pogledu prevencije konzumacije cigareta u dobi od četrnaeste do šesnaeste godine.The aim of this paper was to determine the influence of sports factors on the consumption of substances in adolescents aged fourteen (14) to sixteen (16) years. The sample consisted of six hundred and fifty (650) secondary school students (SSs) in West Herzegovina and Herzegovina- Neretva County, Bosnia and Herzegovina, of which three hundred and thirty-seven (337) girls. At the beginning of the studies, the students had been fourteen and a half years old and went to the first grade of high school. The study was completed at the end of the second grade of SS (twenty months later, and at the end of the study and respondents were so older - an average of sixteen years). Respondents were interviewed in four time points (beginning and end of the first and the beginning and end of the second grade SES) using a closed structured anonymous questionnaire. Various variables were used in this paper, in which respondents responded to questions about sports factors, engagement in sports recreational activities, body activity and consumption of cigarettes, alcohol and drugs. The processing of results included descriptive statistical analysis, analysis of group differences and correlation analysis among variables (logistic regression analysis with determination of 95% confidence interval 95% CI). Incidence of drug consumption was very low (up to 2%), which made it impossible to calculate logistic analysis for this criterion. In the first measurement, a significant correlation was found in the level of activity of nonsmokers (OR: 0.69, 95% CI: 0.52 - 0.9). Also, the higher frequency of training in athletes is protective in terms of cigarette consumption (OR: 0.73, 95% CI: 0.53-0.99). Detention of individual sport has been identified as a risk factor for the occurrence of harmful alcohol consumption (OR: 2.43, 95% CI: 1.09 - 5.44). In the second measurement, the importance of the body activity level as a protective factor (OR: 0.62, 95% CI: 0.52-0.88) was confirmed, while termination of individual sport activity was recognized as a risk factor for cigarette consumption (OR: 1, 57, 95% CI: 1.03-2.38), and active participation in team sports is a protective factor for smoking (OR: 0.52, 95% CI: 0.29 - 0.91). In the third measurement, the importance of recreational sporting activity in terms of protective action in cigarette consumption (OR: 1.48, 95% CI: 1.14-1.90) was established, but again the importance of the level of physical activity in this regard (OR: 0.62, 95% CI: 0.47-0.82). At the age of fifteen and a half years there is no significant association between sports factors and alcohol consumption. In the fourth measurement, the importance of the body's activity level as a protective factor in cigarette consumption (OR: 0.71, 95% CI: 0.55-0.92) is finally confirmed. Variants of sports factors, physical activity and recreational sports are not a significant factor influencing the beginning of alcohol consumption in the period between the fourteenth and sixteenth centuries. A higher level of sports recreation has been confirmed as a protective factor in smoking startup in the analyzed period (OR 1.62, 95% CI: 1.02-2.58). No significant correlation was found between sports factors and alcohol consumption at the level of harmful consumption, and none of the predicted predictors was significantly associated with the criterion variable. The level of physical activity is the only consistent protective factor in smoking, and in some points of measurement, the importance of sports and recreational engagement is also recognized. Discontinuing from sports activity (individual sport) was recognized as a potential risk factor for smoking between the ages of fourteen and sixteen. The results show that at the beginning of the investigated period there is a certain correlation between sports factors and alcohol consumption, but they are lost with the study break. The research has pointed to the relatively weak influence of sports factors on the consumption of substances, but also on the meaning of physical activity as well as sports and recreational activities in terms of preventing cigarette consumption from the age of fourteen to sixteen

Soil modelling for the purposes of calculating ground resistance

Zadatak ovog završnog rada je odrediti utjecaj tla na specifični otpor tla te odrediti odgovarajući modela tla za izračun cjelokupnog sustava uzemljenja. U prvom poglavlju dan je uvod završnog rada gdje je predstavljen zadatak rada. U drugom poglavlju opisane su teorijske osnove uzemljenja, primjeni i svrha uzemljenja. U trećem poglavlju prikazane su metode mjerenja specifičnog otpora. U četvrtom poglavlju predstavljeni su mogući modeli tla za analizu otpornosti tla. U petom poglavlju dan je primjer mjerenja tla Wennerovom metodom te su analizirani mjereni rezultati u modulu RESAP programskog paketa CDEGS. Dana je usporedba dobivenih rezultata.The task of this bachelor thesis is to determine the impact of the soil characteristics on the specific soil resistance and to determine the appropriate soil model for calculating the entire grounding system. The first chapter presents the introduction of the thesis where the main task is presented. In the second chapter, theoretical basics of grounding, application and purpose are described. In the third chapter, the methods of measuring specific resistance are shown. In the fourth chapter, the possible soil models for soil resistance analysis are presented. In the fifth chapter, an example of soil measurement using Wenner's method is given and the measured results are analyzed in the RESEG module of the CDEGS program package. Comparison of the results is given

Morphological Characterization of Ixodid Ticks from Genera Dermacentor, Hyalomma and Rhipicephalus Important Causative Agents Vectors in Croatia

Krpelji šikare su obligatni, hematofagni ektoparaziti koji prenose uzročnike bolesti na ljude i životinje (viruse, bakterije, protozoe i obliće) te mogu sadržajem svoje sline direktno uzrokovati ozbiljne toksikoze, paralize, iritacije i alergijske reakcije. S obzirom da su samo određene vrste krpelja vektori određenih uzročnika bolesti na području Republike Hrvatske i na složenost morfološke determinacije, cilj ovog istraživanja je bio prikazati morfološke karakteristike samo nekih vrsta krpelja. Prikazane su vrste Dermacentor reticulatus, D. marginatus, Hyalomma marginatum i Rhipicephalus sanguineus. Krpelji su determinirani pomoću produciranih vlastitih crteža i vlastitih fotografija. Usporedbom ova dva pristupa, determinacija vrsta krpelja je najjednostavnije provedena koristeći kombinaciju crteža i fotografija s time da jednom proizvedena adekvatna fotografija može olakšati determinaciju krpelja čak i laicima.Hard ticks are obligate haematophagous ectoparasites which transmit causative agents to humans and animals (viruses, bacteria, protozoa and helminthes) and can directly with its saliva contents cause severe toxicosis, irritation and allergy. According to the fact that only some hard tick species are vectors of some causative agents in Croatia, and the complexity of morphological determination, aim of this study was to describe morphological characteristics of only some tick species. Dermacentor reticulatus, D. marginatus, Hyalomma marginatum and Rhipicephalus sanguineus were presented. Ticks were determined with the help of custom made drawings and photographs. By comparing these two approaches, determination of tick species was simplest conducted using combination of drawings and photographs. In fact, when once produced, good photography can ease the tick species determination even for the inexperienced person