Pouvoir et Action Publique: Cristallisation des Politiques Publiques et Prélude à la Solution des Problèmes Publics

Les politiques publiques ne sont pas des outils ambigus, mais plutôt la mise en œuvre de certaines orientations et styles de gouvernement; ceci est d'une importance transcendantale car, dans leur dimension fondamentalement empirique, les politiques publiques ont le pouvoir d’inverser, de renforcer ou d'inhiber la capacité d'autres mécanismes qui conduisent au bien-être individuel et collectif. En ce sens, l’objectif de cet article est d´analyser les aléas des variables de pouvoir et d'action publiques afin de  chercher les solutions aux problèmes publics à travers l’idéation, la formulation et la mise en œuvre des politiques publiques. Dans le cadre de cet article, nous n’entrerons pas dans des études de cas particuliers pour exemplifier notre argumentation. Utilisant une méthode d'analyse qualitative, l'article soutient que le pouvoir et l'action publique cristallisent la nature des solutions aux problèmes publics. Cela indique que les politiques publiques constituent de plus en plus, le cordon ombilical entre la société et l’État à travers l’exercice du pouvoir par le gouvernement. Nous concluons que les politiques publiques nécessitent d’une vision holistique, plus alignée sur les compétences multidimensionnelles, individuelles et collectives, tant du gouvernement que des citoyens.   Public policies are not ambiguous tools, but rather the implementation of certain directions and styles of government; this is of transcendental importance because, in their fundamentally empirical dimension, public policies have the power to reverse, enhance or inhibit the capacity of other mechanisms that lead to individual and collective well-being. In this sense, the objective of this article is to analyze the vagaries of the variables of power and public action in order to seek solutions to public problems through the ideation, formulation and implementation of public policies. In the context of this article, we will not go into specific case studies to exemplify our argument. Using a qualitative method of analysis, the article argues that power and public action crystallize the nature of the solutions to public problems. This indicates that public policy increasingly constitutes the umbilical cord between society and the state through the exercise of power by government. We conclude that public policies require a holistic vision, more aligned with the multidimensional, individual and collective skills of both government and citizens

Pouvoir et Action Publique : Cristallisation des Politiques Publiques et Prélude à la Solution des Problèmes Publics

L'objectif de cet article est d´analyser les aléas des variables de pouvoir et d'action publique dans la recherche de solutions aux problèmes publics à travers l'idéation, la formulation et la mise en œuvre des politiques publiques. Utilisant une méthode d'analyse qualitative, l'article soutient que le pouvoir et l'action publique cristallisent la nature des solutions aux problèmes publics. Cela indique que les politiques publiques constituent aujourd'hui le cordon ombilical entre la société et l’État à travers l'exercice du pouvoir par le gouvernement. En d'autres termes, les politiques publiques ne sont pas des outils ambigus, mais plutôt la mise en œuvre de certaines orientations et styles de gouvernement, ce qui est d'une importance transcendantale car, dans leur dimension fondamentalement empirique, les politiques publiques ont le pouvoir d’inverser, de renforcer ou d'inhiber la capacité d'autres mécanismes qui conduisent au bien-être individuel et collectif. Avec une méthode d'analyse qualitative, nous concluons que les politiques publiques nécessitent d’une vision holistique, plus alignée sur les compétences multidimensionnelles, individuelles et collectives, tant du gouvernement que des citoyens.   The objective of this article is to analyze the ups and downs of the variables of power and public action in the search for solutions to public problems through the ideation, formulation and implementation of public policies. Using a qualitative method of analysis, the article argues that power and public action crystallize the nature of solutions to public problems. This indicates that public policies today constitute the umbilical cord between society and the State through the exercise of power by the government. In other words, public policies are not ambiguous tools, but rather put into action certain orientations and styles of government, which is of transcendental importance because in its fundamentally empirical dimension, public policies have the power to reverse, enhance or inhibit the capacity of other mechanisms that lead to individual and collective well-being. With a qualitative analysis method, we conclude that public policies require a holistic vision, more aligned towards the multidimensional, individual and collective competencies, both of the government as well as of the citizenry

Pouvoir et Action Publique : Cristallisation des Politiques Publiques et Prélude à la Solution des Problèmes Publics

L'objectif de cet article est d´analyser les aléas des variables de pouvoir et d'action publique dans la recherche de solutions aux problèmes publics à travers l'idéation, la formulation et la mise en œuvre des politiques publiques. Utilisant une méthode d'analyse qualitative, l'article soutient que le pouvoir et l'action publique cristallisent la nature des solutions aux problèmes publics. Cela indique que les politiques publiques constituent aujourd'hui le cordon ombilical entre la société et l’État à travers l'exercice du pouvoir par le gouvernement. En d'autres termes, les politiques publiques ne sont pas des outils ambigus, mais plutôt la mise en œuvre de certaines orientations et styles de gouvernement, ce qui est d'une importance transcendantale car, dans leur dimension fondamentalement empirique, les politiques publiques ont le pouvoir d’inverser, de renforcer ou d'inhiber la capacité d'autres mécanismes qui conduisent au bien-être individuel et collectif. Avec une méthode d'analyse qualitative, nous concluons que les politiques publiques nécessitent d’une vision holistique, plus alignée sur les compétences multidimensionnelles, individuelles et collectives, tant du gouvernement que des citoyens.   The objective of this article is to analyze the ups and downs of the variables of power and public action in the search for solutions to public problems through the ideation, formulation and implementation of public policies. Using a qualitative method of analysis, the article argues that power and public action crystallize the nature of solutions to public problems. This indicates that public policies today constitute the umbilical cord between society and the State through the exercise of power by the government. In other words, public policies are not ambiguous tools, but rather put into action certain orientations and styles of government, which is of transcendental importance because in its fundamentally empirical dimension, public policies have the power to reverse, enhance or inhibit the capacity of other mechanisms that lead to individual and collective well-being. With a qualitative analysis method, we conclude that public policies require a holistic vision, more aligned towards the multidimensional, individual and collective competencies, both of the government as well as of the citizenry

Treatment with tocilizumab or corticosteroids for COVID-19 patients with hyperinflammatory state: a multicentre cohort study (SAM-COVID-19)

Objectives: The objective of this study was to estimate the association between tocilizumab or corticosteroids and the risk of intubation or death in patients with coronavirus disease 19 (COVID-19) with a hyperinflammatory state according to clinical and laboratory parameters. Methods: A cohort study was performed in 60 Spanish hospitals including 778 patients with COVID-19 and clinical and laboratory data indicative of a hyperinflammatory state. Treatment was mainly with tocilizumab, an intermediate-high dose of corticosteroids (IHDC), a pulse dose of corticosteroids (PDC), combination therapy, or no treatment. Primary outcome was intubation or death; follow-up was 21 days. Propensity score-adjusted estimations using Cox regression (logistic regression if needed) were calculated. Propensity scores were used as confounders, matching variables and for the inverse probability of treatment weights (IPTWs). Results: In all, 88, 117, 78 and 151 patients treated with tocilizumab, IHDC, PDC, and combination therapy, respectively, were compared with 344 untreated patients. The primary endpoint occurred in 10 (11.4%), 27 (23.1%), 12 (15.4%), 40 (25.6%) and 69 (21.1%), respectively. The IPTW-based hazard ratios (odds ratio for combination therapy) for the primary endpoint were 0.32 (95%CI 0.22-0.47; p < 0.001) for tocilizumab, 0.82 (0.71-1.30; p 0.82) for IHDC, 0.61 (0.43-0.86; p 0.006) for PDC, and 1.17 (0.86-1.58; p 0.30) for combination therapy. Other applications of the propensity score provided similar results, but were not significant for PDC. Tocilizumab was also associated with lower hazard of death alone in IPTW analysis (0.07; 0.02-0.17; p < 0.001). Conclusions: Tocilizumab might be useful in COVID-19 patients with a hyperinflammatory state and should be prioritized for randomized trials in this situatio

Robust estimation of bacterial cell count from optical density

Optical density (OD) is widely used to estimate the density of cells in liquid culture, but cannot be compared between instruments without a standardized calibration protocol and is challenging to relate to actual cell count. We address this with an interlaboratory study comparing three simple, low-cost, and highly accessible OD calibration protocols across 244 laboratories, applied to eight strains of constitutive GFP-expressing E. coli. Based on our results, we recommend calibrating OD to estimated cell count using serial dilution of silica microspheres, which produces highly precise calibration (95.5% of residuals &lt;1.2-fold), is easily assessed for quality control, also assesses instrument effective linear range, and can be combined with fluorescence calibration to obtain units of Molecules of Equivalent Fluorescein (MEFL) per cell, allowing direct comparison and data fusion with flow cytometry measurements: in our study, fluorescence per cell measurements showed only a 1.07-fold mean difference between plate reader and flow cytometry data

Height and body-mass index trajectories of school-aged children and adolescents from 1985 to 2019 in 200 countries and territories: a pooled analysis of 2181 population-based studies with 65 million participants

Summary Background Comparable global data on health and nutrition of school-aged children and adolescents are scarce. We aimed to estimate age trajectories and time trends in mean height and mean body-mass index (BMI), which measures weight gain beyond what is expected from height gain, for school-aged children and adolescents. Methods For this pooled analysis, we used a database of cardiometabolic risk factors collated by the Non-Communicable Disease Risk Factor Collaboration. We applied a Bayesian hierarchical model to estimate trends from 1985 to 2019 in mean height and mean BMI in 1-year age groups for ages 5–19 years. The model allowed for non-linear changes over time in mean height and mean BMI and for non-linear changes with age of children and adolescents, including periods of rapid growth during adolescence. Findings We pooled data from 2181 population-based studies, with measurements of height and weight in 65 million participants in 200 countries and territories. In 2019, we estimated a difference of 20 cm or higher in mean height of 19-year-old adolescents between countries with the tallest populations (the Netherlands, Montenegro, Estonia, and Bosnia and Herzegovina for boys; and the Netherlands, Montenegro, Denmark, and Iceland for girls) and those with the shortest populations (Timor-Leste, Laos, Solomon Islands, and Papua New Guinea for boys; and Guatemala, Bangladesh, Nepal, and Timor-Leste for girls). In the same year, the difference between the highest mean BMI (in Pacific island countries, Kuwait, Bahrain, The Bahamas, Chile, the USA, and New Zealand for both boys and girls and in South Africa for girls) and lowest mean BMI (in India, Bangladesh, Timor-Leste, Ethiopia, and Chad for boys and girls; and in Japan and Romania for girls) was approximately 9–10 kg/m2. In some countries, children aged 5 years started with healthier height or BMI than the global median and, in some cases, as healthy as the best performing countries, but they became progressively less healthy compared with their comparators as they grew older by not growing as tall (eg, boys in Austria and Barbados, and girls in Belgium and Puerto Rico) or gaining too much weight for their height (eg, girls and boys in Kuwait, Bahrain, Fiji, Jamaica, and Mexico; and girls in South Africa and New Zealand). In other countries, growing children overtook the height of their comparators (eg, Latvia, Czech Republic, Morocco, and Iran) or curbed their weight gain (eg, Italy, France, and Croatia) in late childhood and adolescence. When changes in both height and BMI were considered, girls in South Korea, Vietnam, Saudi Arabia, Turkey, and some central Asian countries (eg, Armenia and Azerbaijan), and boys in central and western Europe (eg, Portugal, Denmark, Poland, and Montenegro) had the healthiest changes in anthropometric status over the past 3·5 decades because, compared with children and adolescents in other countries, they had a much larger gain in height than they did in BMI. The unhealthiest changes—gaining too little height, too much weight for their height compared with children in other countries, or both—occurred in many countries in sub-Saharan Africa, New Zealand, and the USA for boys and girls; in Malaysia and some Pacific island nations for boys; and in Mexico for girls. Interpretation The height and BMI trajectories over age and time of school-aged children and adolescents are highly variable across countries, which indicates heterogeneous nutritional quality and lifelong health advantages and risks

Heterogeneous contributions of change in population distribution of body mass index to change in obesity and underweight NCD Risk Factor Collaboration (NCD-RisC)

From 1985 to 2016, the prevalence of underweight decreased, and that of obesity and severe obesity increased, in most regions, with significant variation in the magnitude of these changes across regions. We investigated how much change in mean body mass index (BMI) explains changes in the prevalence of underweight, obesity, and severe obesity in different regions using data from 2896 population-based studies with 187 million participants. Changes in the prevalence of underweight and total obesity, and to a lesser extent severe obesity, are largely driven by shifts in the distribution of BMI, with smaller contributions from changes in the shape of the distribution. In East and Southeast Asia and sub-Saharan Africa, the underweight tail of the BMI distribution was left behind as the distribution shifted. There is a need for policies that address all forms of malnutrition by making healthy foods accessible and affordable, while restricting unhealthy foods through fiscal and regulatory restrictions

ANÁLISIS DE SENSIBILIDAD DE LA PRODUCCIÓN DE CAÑA DE AZÚCAR CON DOS TECNOLOGÍAS DE RIEGO (GOTEO Y GRAVEDAD) EN ZAPOTILTIC, JALISCO (PARTE 2)

The objective is to make the investment sensibility analysis in drop irrigation by gravity in sugar cane production, there are three variables involved into the sensibility analysis for both of the irrigation systems: Cane production by hectare (it was sensibilized to low prices), sell price for sugar cane ton (it was sensibilized to low prices), and variations in the production's direct costs (sensibilized to high prices). The Novelo's methodology for sensibility analysis (1944) was used. The three variables involved into the sensibility analysis showed differences to support the outcome results got with the irrigation drop system over the irrigation gravity system by drop

Evaluacion Financiera de dos sistemas de riego, goteo y gravedad en el cultivo de caña de azucar en Zapotiltic, Jalisco, Mexico

Faced with the imminent opening up of the trade in México in 2008, cultivation sugar cane (Sacchrum spp.) It has a strong competitive pressure from other producing countries that are operating with cost and low prices. Hence the need to seek production alternatives that could improve the profitability and competitiveness of this crop. For this propose was raised in this paper which compares the production systems of drip irrigation (high-tech) and irrigation by gravity (traditional technology). To performe the evaluation was used prior to the technical evaluation methodology for determinig the financial Internal Rate of Return (IRR) and Net Present. To make risk analysis, Trusts Institutions regarding Agriculture, it was used two packages that use computer simulation of the Monte Carlo Masters Risk and Risk. In this study we have used the program Risk, which was developed by the staff of FIRA, obtainig an internal rate of return IRR of 15.4% and 14.5% respectively, and a net present value (NPV) of $11,475.00 per hectare in irrigated by gravity. Keywords: Cost of production, financial analysis, sugarcane