Ryzyko i koszt kapitału w regulacji prywatnych przedsiębiorstw infrastrukturalnych

Prywatyzacja przedsiębiorstw infrastrukturalnych wymaga zastąpienia dotychczasowego modelu ichregulacji opartego na własności modelemregu- lacji ekonomicznej, który w założeniu ma być substytutem rynku konkuren- cyjnego w odniesieniu do tych obszarów działania przedsiębiorstw infrastruk- turalnych, które nadal posiadają cechy naturalnego monopolu. Konstrukcja i sposób działania tego mechanizmu przesądzi o tym, czy prywatyzacjatych przedsiębiorstw będzie miała, zwłaszcza w długim okresie pozytywne skutki dla gospodarki i odbiorców. Artykuł zajmuje się tymaspektemregulacji, któ- rydotąd nie był szerzej rozwijany w naszej ciągle jeszcze ubogiej literaturze zajmującej się problematyką regulacyjną

The Impact of the Price Factor on Farmers' Incomes in Turbulent Conditions

Farmers face various types of risks that affect their behavioural strategies and well-being. In 2022, the main problem was the rapid and uncontrolled acceleration of inflation in the markets of raw materials, energy and food products. Farmers have faced price volatility in food, raw materials and energy. The purpose of the article was to analyse the impact of the price factor on farmers' incomes, including the total impact of prices on manufactured products and energy carriers. The regression-based analysis showed the negative nature of such an impact, which requires increased state support for farm income during the crisis period. As a result of the study, we proposed to reorient government support from simple subsidies to incentives for farmers to produce bioenergy from waste. This measure will increase farmers' energy independence, reduce income dependence on rising energy prices, and increase the efficiency of public spending

Innovation to Improve the Village Economy Through the Development of Local Wisdom-Based Agro-Tourism, in North Kalimantan, Indonesia

Several villages in North Kalimantan Province have been potentially suitable to be developed through local wisdom-based agro-tourism. The development of agro-tourism is considered as research background because of the positive impact of agro-tourism on social, economic and environmental aspects of the villages. The objective of this research is to identify development potentials of villages in North Kalimantan Province and to select village to be developed through local wisdom-based agro-tourism. Research type is descriptive research using methods of scoring and Analytical Hierarchy Process. Data type is primary and secondary. Research sample is tourist villages in North Kalimantan Province. Several results of research were obtained. One result showed that three main criteria for developing villages through local wisdom-based agro-tourism are agricultural and plantation resources, facility and accessibility. Other result revealed that Panca Agung Village in Bulungan Regency of North Kalimantan Province is selected for the project of local wisdom-based agro-tourism. Agro-tourism development is expected to contribute the sustainable development at local, regional, national and international levels

The U.S. Manufacturing Sector’s Response to Higher Electricity Prices: Evidence from State-Level Renewable Portfolio Standards

While several papers examine the effects of renewable portfolio standards (RPS) on electricity prices, they mainly rely on state-level data. Our analysis of RPS policies uses plant-level electricity prices. In addition, there has been little research on how RPS policies affect manufacturing activity via their effect on electricity prices. Using a plant-level dataset for the entire U.S. manufacturing sector and all electric utilities from 1992 – 2015, we jointly estimate the effect of RPS adoption and stringency on plant-level electricity prices and production decisions. To ensure our results are not sensitive to possible pre-existing differences across manufacturing plants in RPS and non-RPS states, we implement coarsened exact covariate matching. Results suggest that electricity prices for plants in RPS states averaged about 2% higher than in non-RPS states. This estimate is notably lower than prior estimates based on state-level data. In response to these higher electricity prices, we estimate that plant electricity usage declined by 1.2% for all plants and 1.8% for energy-intensive plants, on average, which is broadly consistent with published estimates of the elasticity of electricity demand for industrial users. We find smaller declines in output, employment, and hours worked (relative to the quantity of electricity). Finally, we find that several key RPS policy design features that vary substantially from state-to-state produce heterogeneous effects on plant-level electricity prices

Are Agricultural Households Resilient to Food Insecurity in Nigeria?

Food insecurity remains a threat to Nigerians especially agricultural households who are the most vulnerable. This study focuses on the structure of the resilience of agricultural households to food insecurity in Nigeria using the World Bank‘s Living Standard Measurement Studies Integrated Survey on Agriculture (LSMS-ISA), covering four rounds (2010/2011, 2012/2013, 2015/2016 and 2018/2019) using a total of 4975, 4394, 4226 and 4797 households respectively. Data were analysed using Descriptive Statistics, Multiple Indicators Multiple Causes Model and the Random Effects Probit model. The pillars of resilience to food insecurity among agricultural households include access to basic services, asset, agricultural practice and technology, social safety net, adaptive capacity and stability. Results showed that only about 34% of households were resilient to food insecurity during the periods under review. The most essential determinants affecting food insecurity resilience are access to basic services, assets, stability, adaptive capacity and social safety net. Age of household head, livelihood strategy employed, geo-political zones and location of residence significantly influence food insecurity resilience of households. Farmers’ income and food access must be improved as well as their adaptive capacity to food insecurity in order to help them become more resilient to food insecurity and inevitably help in achieving the Sustainable Development goal two of ending hunger in all its forms and improving food security which is one of the main policy thrust of the Nigeria’s economic and sustainability plan and the National Development Plan

A Connected farm Metamodeling Using Advanced Information Technologies for an Agriculture 4.0

The agriculture 4.0 revolution is an opportunity for farmers to meet the challenges in food production. It has become necessary to adopt a set of agricultural practices based on advanced technologies following the agriculture 4.0 revolution. This latter enables the creation of added value by combining innovative technologies: precision agriculture, information and communication technology, robotics, and Big Data. As an enterprise, a connected farm is also highly sensitive to strategic changes like organizational changes, changes in objectives, modified variety, new business objects, processes, etc. To strategically control its information system, we propose a metamodeling approach based on the ISO/IS 19440 enterprise meta-model, where we added some new constructs relating to new advanced digital technologies for Smart and Connected agriculture

Analysis of Maize Production among Beneficiaries and Non-Beneficiaries of Microfinance Bank Loan in Akure-South Local Government Area, Ondo State, Nigeria

The study analyzed maize production among beneficiaries and non-beneficiaries of Microfinance Bank loan in Akure-South, Ondo State, Nigeria. It described the socio-economic characteristics of the respondents, compared the differences in outputs, estimated their costs and returns, identified other forms of loan-scheme, identified constraints faced by loan beneficiaries and identified reasons why non-beneficiaries were not obtaining loan. A multi-stage sampling technique was adopted using a well-structured questionnaire to elicit information from hundred (100) maize farmers. Descriptive statistics, t-test, Gross margin and 3-point Likert scale were used for data analysis. Most (76.0%) of the respondents were married, 49.0% were within 40-59 years and 90.0% were formally educated. There was no significant difference between the outputs of beneficiaries and non-beneficiaries. Beneficiaries earned an average total revenue of ₦645,843.60 per hectare per cropping season and incurred a total cost of ₦379,598.34 per hectare per cropping season while non-beneficiaries earned average total revenue of ₦404,976.00 per hectare per cropping season and incurred a total cost of ₦248,815.45 per hectare cropping season respectively. Undue delay (Mean score=2.0), low volume of loan (Mean score = 2.18) were the constraints of beneficiaries. High interest rate (90%) and collateral (86%) constituted the reasons why non-beneficiaries were not obtaining micro-finance loan. Therefore, beneficiaries need timely loan disbursement with low interest for higher output and profitability

Incidences budgetaires de nouvelles orientations de l'agriculture

The economic evaluation of new agricultural policies must be considered from a social economic point of view and in particular include budgetary aspects. This paper presents a methodology which quantifies budgetary impacts without carrying out a sophisticated modelisation, although a comprehensive representation of the economic phenomena could be obtained. The method is applied to crop farms and compares a production of bioe- thanol from wheat or sugar beet and a set-aside program to the production of wheat exported on the world market