Experimental study of histological changes in vascular loops according to the duration of the postoperative period: Application in reconstructive microsurgery

OBJECTIVES: To analyze the histological changes observed in venous grafts subjected to arterial blood flow as a function of the duration of the postoperative period to optimize their use in free flap reconstructions. METHOD: Twenty-five rats (7 females and 18 males) underwent surgery. Surgeries were performed on one animal per week. Five weeks after the first surgery, the same five animals were subjected to an additional surgery to assess the presence or absence of blood flow through the vascular loop, and samples were collected for histological analysis. This cycle was performed five times. RESULTS: Of the rats euthanized four to five weeks after the first surgery, no blood flow was observed through the graft in 80% of the cases. In the group euthanized three weeks after the first surgery, no blood flow was observed in 20% of the cases. In the groups euthanized one to two weeks after the first surgery, blood flow through the vascular loop was observed in all animals. Moreover, intimal proliferation tended to increase with the duration of the postoperative period. Two weeks after surgery, intimal proliferation increased slightly, whereas strong intimal proliferation was observed in all rats evaluated five weeks after surgery. CONCLUSION: Intimal proliferation was the most significant change noted in venous grafts as a function of the duration of the postoperative period and was directly correlated with graft occlusion. In cases in which vascular loops are required during free flap reconstruction, both procedures should preferably be performed during the same surgery

FENOLES DEL POLEN DE STENOCACTUS, ECHINOCEREUSY MAMMILLARIA(CACTACEAE)

A variable number of phenolics have beendetected in pollen of the following speciesof Cactaceae: Stenocactus multicostatussubsp. zacatecasensis, Echinocereusenneacanthus, Echinocereus pectinatus,Echinocereus triglochidiatus var.coccineus and Mammillaria heyderi sensulato. The phenolics were characterized by means of chromatographic (HPLC) andspectrometric (UV) properties. The mostabundant flavonols were 3-O-glycosidederivatives of kaempferol and 3-Oglycoside derivatives of quercetin. 3-Oglycoside derivatives of herbacetin werefound in lower abundance. Each species hada particular pollen phenolic profile.Intrapopulation variability in phenolicprofiles was detected in all cases. Thephenolic composition of these species isreported for the first time.Un número variable de compuestosfenólicos ha sido detectado en el polen deStenocactus multicostatus subsp.zacatecasensis (Britton et Rose) U. Guzmánet Vázquez-Benítez, comb. et stat. nov.,Echinocereus enneacanthus Engelm.,Echinocereus pectinatus (Scheidw.)Engelm., Echinocereus triglochidiatus var.coccineus (Engelm.) U. Guzmán, comb. etstat. nov. y Mammillaria heyderi sensulato, todas de la familia Cactaceae. Loscompuestos fenólicos fueron caracterizados por sus propiedades cromatográficas (HPLC) y espectrométricas (UV).Los fenoles encontrados fueron derivadosde ácidos fenólicos y flavonoides. Estosúltimos estuvieron representados porflavonoles, de éstos los más abundantesfueron los 3-O-glicósidos derivados decanferol y quercetina. En menor abundancia se encontraron derivados 3-O-glicósidos deherbacetina. Variabilidad intrapoblacionalen la composición fenólica del polen fueregistrada en todos los casos. Cada unode los taxa presentó un perfil fenólicoparticular. La composición de fenoles delpolen de estas especies es presentada porprimera vez

Rising rural body-mass index is the main driver of the global obesity epidemic in adults

Body-mass index (BMI) has increased steadily in most countries in parallel with a rise in the proportion of the population who live in cities(.)(1,2) This has led to a widely reported view that urbanization is one of the most important drivers of the global rise in obesity(3-6). Here we use 2,009 population-based studies, with measurements of height and weight in more than 112 million adults, to report national, regional and global trends in mean BMI segregated by place of residence (a rural or urban area) from 1985 to 2017. We show that, contrary to the dominant paradigm, more than 55% of the global rise in mean BMI from 1985 to 2017-and more than 80% in some low- and middle-income regions-was due to increases in BMI in rural areas. This large contribution stems from the fact that, with the exception of women in sub-Saharan Africa, BMI is increasing at the same rate or faster in rural areas than in cities in low- and middle-income regions. These trends have in turn resulted in a closing-and in some countries reversal-of the gap in BMI between urban and rural areas in low- and middle-income countries, especially for women. In high-income and industrialized countries, we noted a persistently higher rural BMI, especially for women. There is an urgent need for an integrated approach to rural nutrition that enhances financial and physical access to healthy foods, to avoid replacing the rural undernutrition disadvantage in poor countries with a more general malnutrition disadvantage that entails excessive consumption of low-quality calories.Peer reviewe

Height and body-mass index trajectories of school-aged children and adolescents from 1985 to 2019 in 200 countries and territories: a pooled analysis of 2181 population-based studies with 65 million participants

Summary Background Comparable global data on health and nutrition of school-aged children and adolescents are scarce. We aimed to estimate age trajectories and time trends in mean height and mean body-mass index (BMI), which measures weight gain beyond what is expected from height gain, for school-aged children and adolescents. Methods For this pooled analysis, we used a database of cardiometabolic risk factors collated by the Non-Communicable Disease Risk Factor Collaboration. We applied a Bayesian hierarchical model to estimate trends from 1985 to 2019 in mean height and mean BMI in 1-year age groups for ages 5–19 years. The model allowed for non-linear changes over time in mean height and mean BMI and for non-linear changes with age of children and adolescents, including periods of rapid growth during adolescence. Findings We pooled data from 2181 population-based studies, with measurements of height and weight in 65 million participants in 200 countries and territories. In 2019, we estimated a difference of 20 cm or higher in mean height of 19-year-old adolescents between countries with the tallest populations (the Netherlands, Montenegro, Estonia, and Bosnia and Herzegovina for boys; and the Netherlands, Montenegro, Denmark, and Iceland for girls) and those with the shortest populations (Timor-Leste, Laos, Solomon Islands, and Papua New Guinea for boys; and Guatemala, Bangladesh, Nepal, and Timor-Leste for girls). In the same year, the difference between the highest mean BMI (in Pacific island countries, Kuwait, Bahrain, The Bahamas, Chile, the USA, and New Zealand for both boys and girls and in South Africa for girls) and lowest mean BMI (in India, Bangladesh, Timor-Leste, Ethiopia, and Chad for boys and girls; and in Japan and Romania for girls) was approximately 9–10 kg/m2. In some countries, children aged 5 years started with healthier height or BMI than the global median and, in some cases, as healthy as the best performing countries, but they became progressively less healthy compared with their comparators as they grew older by not growing as tall (eg, boys in Austria and Barbados, and girls in Belgium and Puerto Rico) or gaining too much weight for their height (eg, girls and boys in Kuwait, Bahrain, Fiji, Jamaica, and Mexico; and girls in South Africa and New Zealand). In other countries, growing children overtook the height of their comparators (eg, Latvia, Czech Republic, Morocco, and Iran) or curbed their weight gain (eg, Italy, France, and Croatia) in late childhood and adolescence. When changes in both height and BMI were considered, girls in South Korea, Vietnam, Saudi Arabia, Turkey, and some central Asian countries (eg, Armenia and Azerbaijan), and boys in central and western Europe (eg, Portugal, Denmark, Poland, and Montenegro) had the healthiest changes in anthropometric status over the past 3·5 decades because, compared with children and adolescents in other countries, they had a much larger gain in height than they did in BMI. The unhealthiest changes—gaining too little height, too much weight for their height compared with children in other countries, or both—occurred in many countries in sub-Saharan Africa, New Zealand, and the USA for boys and girls; in Malaysia and some Pacific island nations for boys; and in Mexico for girls. Interpretation The height and BMI trajectories over age and time of school-aged children and adolescents are highly variable across countries, which indicates heterogeneous nutritional quality and lifelong health advantages and risks

Heterogeneous contributions of change in population distribution of body mass index to change in obesity and underweight NCD Risk Factor Collaboration (NCD-RisC)

From 1985 to 2016, the prevalence of underweight decreased, and that of obesity and severe obesity increased, in most regions, with significant variation in the magnitude of these changes across regions. We investigated how much change in mean body mass index (BMI) explains changes in the prevalence of underweight, obesity, and severe obesity in different regions using data from 2896 population-based studies with 187 million participants. Changes in the prevalence of underweight and total obesity, and to a lesser extent severe obesity, are largely driven by shifts in the distribution of BMI, with smaller contributions from changes in the shape of the distribution. In East and Southeast Asia and sub-Saharan Africa, the underweight tail of the BMI distribution was left behind as the distribution shifted. There is a need for policies that address all forms of malnutrition by making healthy foods accessible and affordable, while restricting unhealthy foods through fiscal and regulatory restrictions

Isosakuranetin-5-O-rutinoside: A New Flavanone with Antidepressant Activity Isolated from Salvia elegans Vahl.

Ursolic acid (1) and a new flavanone, 5-O-(6-rhamnosylglucoside)-7-hydroxy-4\u27-methoxyflavanone (2), were isolated from the leaves of Salvia elegans Vahl. These natural products displayed antidepressant activity in mice as determined by means of a forced swimming test (FST) evaluation. Structural elucidation was carried out by chemical derivatization (acetylation) and spectroscopic analyses, such as 1H- and 13C-NMR and two-dimensional (2-D) COSY, heteronuclear multiple quantum coherence (HMQC), and heteronuclear multiple-bond correlation (HMBC) spectroscopy experiments

Isosakuranetin-5-O-rutinoside: A New Flavanone with Antidepressant Activity Isolated from Salvia elegans Vahl.

Ursolic acid (1) and a new flavanone, 5-O-(6-rhamnosylglucoside)-7-hydroxy-4'-methoxyflavanone (2), were isolated from the leaves of Salvia elegans Vahl. These natural products displayed antidepressant activity in mice as determined by means of a forced swimming test (FST) evaluation. Structural elucidation was carried out by chemical derivatization (acetylation) and spectroscopic analyses, such as 1H- and 13C-NMR and two-dimensional (2-D) COSY, heteronuclear multiple quantum coherence (HMQC), and heteronuclear multiple-bond correlation (HMBC) spectroscopy experiments

Fenoles del polen de Stenocactus, Echinocereus y Mammillaria (Cactaceae)

ABSTRACT A variable number of phenolics have been detected in pollen of the following species of Cactaceae: Stenocactus multicostatus subsp. zacatecasensis, Echinocereus enneacanthus, Echinocereus pectinatus, Echinocereus triglochidiatus var. coccineus and Mammillaria heyderi sensu lato. The phenolics were characterized by means of chromatographic (HPLC) and spectrometric (UV) properties. The most abundant flavonols were 3-O-glycoside derivatives of kaempferol and 3-Oglycoside derivatives of quercetin. 3-Oglycoside derivatives of herbacetin were found in lower abundance. Each species had a particular pollen phenolic profile. Intrapopulation variability in phenolic profiles was detected in all cases. The phenolic composition of these species is reported for the first time.Un número variable de compuestos fenólicos ha sido detectado en el polen de Stenocactus multicostatus subsp. zacatecasensis (Britton et Rose) U. Guzmán et Vázquez-Benítez, comb. et stat. nov., Echinocereus enneacanthus Engelm., Echinocereus pectinatus (Scheidw.) Engelm., Echinocereus triglochidiatus var. coccineus (Engelm.) U. Guzmán, comb. Et stat. nov. y Mammillaria heyderi sensu lato, todas de la familia Cactaceae. Los compuestos fenólicos fueron caracterizados por sus propiedades cromatográficas (HPLC) y espectrométricas (UV). Los fenoles encontrados fueron derivados de ácidos fenólicos y flavonoides. Estos últimos estuvieron representados por flavonoles, de éstos los más abundantes fueron los 3-O-glicósidos derivados de canferol y quercetina. En menor abundancia se encontraron derivados 3-O-glicósidos de herbacetina. Variabilidad intrapoblacional en la composición fenólica del polen fue registrada en todos los casos. Cada uno de los taxa presentó un perfil fenólico particular. La composición de fenoles del polen de estas especies es presentada por primera vez

Extracción y evaluación de taninos condensados a partir de la corteza de once especies maderables de Costa Rica Extraction and evaluation of condensed tannins from bark of eleven species of trees from Costa Rica

<p><span>L</span>a naturaleza química de los taninos condensados los convierte en una fuente natural de compuestos orgáni- cos, con una aplicación potencialmente amplia para usos medicinales e industriales.</p> <p>La extracción y análisis de este tipo de metabolitos a partir de la flora de diversas regiones del planeta ha sido el objetivo del estudio de diversos grupos de trabajo, y en este caso se ha querido hacer un aporte al estado del conocimiento actual, realizando un estudio sobre la natu- raleza y la cantidad del tanino condensado que se puede extraer de la corteza de 11 especies arbóreas presentes en Costa Rica: <span>guanacaste (<em>Enterolobium cyclocarpum</em>), alcornoque (<em>Licania arborea</em>), jobo (<em>Spondias mom- bin</em>), pochote (<em>Pachira quinata</em>), níspero (<em>Manilkara chicle</em>), almendro (<em>Andira inermis</em>), roble (<em>Tabebuia rosea</em>), cedro (<em>Cedrela odorata</em>), cenízaro (<em>Samanea saman</em>), pino (<em>Pinus caribaea</em>) y ciprés (<em>Cupressus lusitanica</em>).</span></p> <p>Las muestras de corteza fueron preparadas, secadas y extraídas con etanol. Se analizaron los extractos etanóli- cos para determinar el contenido de taninos condensa- dos a través del número de Stiasny, y se caracterizaron mediante espectroscopía infrarroja (FT-IR).</p> <p>Las especies con mayor proporción de material extraído fueron guanacaste (9.5841% m/m), pochote (15.0066% m/m), pino (19.3400% m/m) y ciprés (10.5300% m/m), mientras que los extractos con una mayor proporción de taninos condensados correspondieron a alcornoque (61.9% m/m), jobo (66.1% m/m), pochote (72.8% m/m), níspero (50.5% m/m), cedro (72.7% m/m) y pino (70.7% m/m).</p><br><p>The chemical nature of condensed tannins offers a natural source of such organic compounds, with potential application to medicinal and industrial uses. The extraction and analysis of this type of metabo- lites from plants of many regions of the world have been the objective of researching groups.</p> <p>In this case, it is desired to contribute to present knowledge, establishing the nature and amounts of condensed tannins extracted from bark of 11 tree species grown in Costa Rica: guanacas- te (<em>Enterolobium cyclocarpum</em>), alcornoque (<em>Licania arborea</em>), jobo (<em>Spondias mombin</em>), pochote (<em>Pachira quinata</em>), níspero (<em>Manilkara chicle</em>), almendro (<em>Andira inermis</em>), roble (<em>Tabebuia rosea</em>), cedro (<em>Cedrela odo- rata</em>), cenízaro (<em>Samanea saman</em>), pino (<em>Pinus cari- baea</em>) and ciprés (<em>Cupressus lusitanica</em>).</p> <p>Bark samples of all mentioned species were pre- pared, dried and extracted with ethanol. Ethanolic extracts were analyzed to determine the condensed tannins content by Stiasny number and characteri- zed by infrared spectroscopy (FT-IR).</p> <p>The species with higher proportion of extracted material were guanacaste (9.5841% w/w), pochote (15.0066% w/w), pino (19.3400% w/w) and ciprés (10.5300% w/w), meanwhile extracts with higher proportions of condensed tannins were the obtai- ned from alcornoque (61.9%), jobo (66.1%), pocho- te (72.8%), níspero (50.5%), cedro (72.7%) and pino (70.7%).</p