AVALIAÇÃO SAZONAL E TEMPORAL DA QUALIDADE DO LEITE CRU GOIANO TENDO COMO PARÂMETROS A CCS E A CBT

Objetivou-se avaliar a qualidade do leite cru goiano nos períodos chuvoso e seco dos anos de 2012 a 2014, no estado de Goiás, Brasil, por meio de indicadores higiênicos-sanitário, CBT e CCS, e do contraste com os limites legais. Foram avaliados 1.600 rebanhos leiteiros do estado de Goiás que compuseram o banco de dados do Laboratório de Qualidade do Leite. Dados mensais relativos à CBT e CCS foram analisados. As variáveis explicativas foram associadas ao tempo (2012 a 2014) e chuvoso e seco). Empregou-se, para análise estatística, o teste de Scott Knott ao nível de 5% de significância (p<0,05). Foi observada diferença estatística (p<0,05) quando se comparou os períodos de chuva e seca ao longo dos anos 2012 e 2013 para CBT e CCS. As médias geométricas de CBT e CCS no período de 2012, 2013 e 2014 atenderam o limite máximo de 300.000 UFC/mL e 500.000 Cels/mL, mas parcelas de 23% e 21% dos rebanhos, respectivamente, estão acima desse limite legal. A qualidade do leite foi influenciada pelas variações sazonais, evidenciando a necessidade de um controle ainda mais efetivo no período de chuva

PERDAS ECONÔMICAS POR ABCESSOS VACINAIS E/OU MEDICAMENTOSOS EM CARCAÇAS DE BOVINOS ABATIDOS NO ESTADO DE GOIÁS

Durante as duas primeiras semanas do mês de julho de 2002, fez-se a verificação da perda econômica causada por abcessos vacinais e/ou medicamentosos em carcaças de bovinos, através da colheita e pesagem da porção cárnea excisada. Os trabalhos foram realizados sob o monitoramento dos auxiliares de inspeção federal e os dados anotados em planilha própria. No período de abrangênciado estudo foram abatidos, em um matadouro-frigorífico, 2.662 animais oriundos de 22 municípios do Estado de Goiás. Os achados de lesões limitaram-se ao quarto dianteiro, especificamente na região do cupim, pescoço, acém/paleta e entrecorte. A média de peso relativa à retirada de tecido muscular da região do abcesso foi de 0,213 kg no total de animais com abcesso. A análise dos resultados revela a necessidade de revisão do manejo vacinal empregado nas propriedades rurais. PALAVRAS-CHAVE: Abcessos vacinais, perdas econômicas, manejo vacinal

QUALIDADE BACTERIOLÓGICA DE MEIAS-CARCAÇAS BOVINAS ORIUNDAS DE MATADOUROS-FRIGORÍFICOS DO ESTADO DE GOIÁS HABILITADOS PARA EXPORTAÇÃO

Com o incremento das exportações, estimulado pela globalização da economia, o Brasil vem conseguindo aumentar expressivamente a comercialização de produtos cárneos para o exterior. Os órgãos de fiscalização e regulamentação têm a necessidade de estabelecer padrões bacteriológicos para esses produtos, visando garantir que eles cheguem à prateleira sem risco à saúde de consumidor ou mesmo com aspecto repugnante. Muitos são os padrões bacteriológicos adotados pelos países importadores com o intuito de verificar a qualidade da carne bovina importada.Dentre esses padrões, em boa parte desses países, estão incluídas análises bacteriológicas, tais como contagens e determinações do número mais provável (NMP) dos microrganismos indicadores, além de contagens e pesquisa de patógenos. O presente estudo buscou avaliar a qualidade bacteriológica das meias-carcaças oriundas de matadouros-frigoríficos do Estado de Goiás, habilitados à exportação, e oferecer informações para que os órgãos federais de regulamentação e fiscalização possam especificar padrões para essas carnes. Foram avaliadas 160 meias-carcaças bovinas, quentes e refrigeradas, no período de junho a setembro de 2004. Realizaram-se as seguintes análises: determinação do NMP de coliformes totais, coliformes fecais e Escherichia coli; contagem padrão de microrganismos aeróbios mesófilos, estritos ou facultativos viáveis, contagem de microrganismos psicrófilos, contagem de Staphylococcus coagulase-positivo e contagem de Clostridia sulfito-redutor. Os resultados obtidos revelaram que a qualidade bacteriológica das meias-carcaças é aceitável, mostraram os microrganismos eleitos importantes para a avaliação do “status bacteriológico” e também que não houve diferença estatística significativa entre os resultados das análises bacteriológicas das meias-carcaças quentes e refrigeradas. Contudo, há necessidade de vigilância constante por parte do controle de qualidade das indústrias, afim de evitar que os valores, considerados aceitáveis, bem como os padrões bacteriológicos vigentes em outros países não sejam ultrapassados. PALAVRAS-CHAVE: Análise bacteriológica, meia-carcaça bovina, qualidade

Pervasive gaps in Amazonian ecological research

Biodiversity loss is one of the main challenges of our time,1,2 and attempts to address it require a clear un derstanding of how ecological communities respond to environmental change across time and space.3,4 While the increasing availability of global databases on ecological communities has advanced our knowledge of biodiversity sensitivity to environmental changes,5–7 vast areas of the tropics remain understudied.8–11 In the American tropics, Amazonia stands out as the world’s most diverse rainforest and the primary source of Neotropical biodiversity,12 but it remains among the least known forests in America and is often underrepre sented in biodiversity databases.13–15 To worsen this situation, human-induced modifications16,17 may elim inate pieces of the Amazon’s biodiversity puzzle before we can use them to understand how ecological com munities are responding. To increase generalization and applicability of biodiversity knowledge,18,19 it is thus crucial to reduce biases in ecological research, particularly in regions projected to face the most pronounced environmental changes. We integrate ecological community metadata of 7,694 sampling sites for multiple or ganism groups in a machine learning model framework to map the research probability across the Brazilian Amazonia, while identifying the region’s vulnerability to environmental change. 15%–18% of the most ne glected areas in ecological research are expected to experience severe climate or land use changes by 2050. This means that unless we take immediate action, we will not be able to establish their current status, much less monitor how it is changing and what is being lostinfo:eu-repo/semantics/publishedVersio

Contributions of mean and shape of blood pressure distribution to worldwide trends and variations in raised blood pressure: A pooled analysis of 1018 population-based measurement studies with 88.6 million participants

© The Author(s) 2018. Background: Change in the prevalence of raised blood pressure could be due to both shifts in the entire distribution of blood pressure (representing the combined effects of public health interventions and secular trends) and changes in its high-blood-pressure tail (representing successful clinical interventions to control blood pressure in the hypertensive population). Our aim was to quantify the contributions of these two phenomena to the worldwide trends in the prevalence of raised blood pressure. Methods: We pooled 1018 population-based studies with blood pressure measurements on 88.6 million participants from 1985 to 2016. We first calculated mean systolic blood pressure (SBP), mean diastolic blood pressure (DBP) and prevalence of raised blood pressure by sex and 10-year age group from 20-29 years to 70-79 years in each study, taking into account complex survey design and survey sample weights, where relevant. We used a linear mixed effect model to quantify the association between (probittransformed) prevalence of raised blood pressure and age-group- and sex-specific mean blood pressure. We calculated the contributions of change in mean SBP and DBP, and of change in the prevalence-mean association, to the change in prevalence of raised blood pressure. Results: In 2005-16, at the same level of population mean SBP and DBP, men and women in South Asia and in Central Asia, the Middle East and North Africa would have the highest prevalence of raised blood pressure, and men and women in the highincome Asia Pacific and high-income Western regions would have the lowest. In most region-sex-age groups where the prevalence of raised blood pressure declined, one half or more of the decline was due to the decline in mean blood pressure. Where prevalence of raised blood pressure has increased, the change was entirely driven by increasing mean blood pressure, offset partly by the change in the prevalence-mean association. Conclusions: Change in mean blood pressure is the main driver of the worldwide change in the prevalence of raised blood pressure, but change in the high-blood-pressure tail of the distribution has also contributed to the change in prevalence, especially in older age groups

Pervasive gaps in Amazonian ecological research

Biodiversity loss is one of the main challenges of our time,1,2 and attempts to address it require a clear understanding of how ecological communities respond to environmental change across time and space.3,4 While the increasing availability of global databases on ecological communities has advanced our knowledge of biodiversity sensitivity to environmental changes,5,6,7 vast areas of the tropics remain understudied.8,9,10,11 In the American tropics, Amazonia stands out as the world's most diverse rainforest and the primary source of Neotropical biodiversity,12 but it remains among the least known forests in America and is often underrepresented in biodiversity databases.13,14,15 To worsen this situation, human-induced modifications16,17 may eliminate pieces of the Amazon's biodiversity puzzle before we can use them to understand how ecological communities are responding. To increase generalization and applicability of biodiversity knowledge,18,19 it is thus crucial to reduce biases in ecological research, particularly in regions projected to face the most pronounced environmental changes. We integrate ecological community metadata of 7,694 sampling sites for multiple organism groups in a machine learning model framework to map the research probability across the Brazilian Amazonia, while identifying the region's vulnerability to environmental change. 15%–18% of the most neglected areas in ecological research are expected to experience severe climate or land use changes by 2050. This means that unless we take immediate action, we will not be able to establish their current status, much less monitor how it is changing and what is being lost

Worldwide trends in hypertension prevalence and progress in treatment and control from 1990 to 2019: a pooled analysis of 1201 population-representative studies with 104 million participants

Background Hypertension can be detected at the primary health-care level and low-cost treatments can effectively control hypertension. We aimed to measure the prevalence of hypertension and progress in its detection, treatment, and control from 1990 to 2019 for 200 countries and territories. Methods We used data from 1990 to 2019 on people aged 30–79 years from population-representative studies with measurement of blood pressure and data on blood pressure treatment. We defined hypertension as having systolic blood pressure 140 mm Hg or greater, diastolic blood pressure 90 mm Hg or greater, or taking medication for hypertension. We applied a Bayesian hierarchical model to estimate the prevalence of hypertension and the proportion of people with hypertension who had a previous diagnosis (detection), who were taking medication for hypertension (treatment), and whose hypertension was controlled to below 140/90 mm Hg (control). The model allowed for trends over time to be non-linear and to vary by age. Findings The number of people aged 30–79 years with hypertension doubled from 1990 to 2019, from 331 (95% credible interval 306–359) million women and 317 (292–344) million men in 1990 to 626 (584–668) million women and 652 (604–698) million men in 2019, despite stable global age-standardised prevalence. In 2019, age-standardised hypertension prevalence was lowest in Canada and Peru for both men and women; in Taiwan, South Korea, Japan, and some countries in western Europe including Switzerland, Spain, and the UK for women; and in several low-income and middle-income countries such as Eritrea, Bangladesh, Ethiopia, and Solomon Islands for men. Hypertension prevalence surpassed 50% for women in two countries and men in nine countries, in central and eastern Europe, central Asia, Oceania, and Latin America. Globally, 59% (55–62) of women and 49% (46–52) of men with hypertension reported a previous diagnosis of hypertension in 2019, and 47% (43–51) of women and 38% (35–41) of men were treated. Control rates among people with hypertension in 2019 were 23% (20–27) for women and 18% (16–21) for men. In 2019, treatment and control rates were highest in South Korea, Canada, and Iceland (treatment >70%; control >50%), followed by the USA, Costa Rica, Germany, Portugal, and Taiwan. Treatment rates were less than 25% for women and less than 20% for men in Nepal, Indonesia, and some countries in sub-Saharan Africa and Oceania. Control rates were below 10% for women and men in these countries and for men in some countries in north Africa, central and south Asia, and eastern Europe. Treatment and control rates have improved in most countries since 1990, but we found little change in most countries in sub-Saharan Africa and Oceania. Improvements were largest in high-income countries, central Europe, and some upper-middle-income and recently high-income countries including Costa Rica, Taiwan, Kazakhstan, South Africa, Brazil, Chile, Turkey, and Iran. Interpretation Improvements in the detection, treatment, and control of hypertension have varied substantially across countries, with some middle-income countries now outperforming most high-income nations. The dual approach of reducing hypertension prevalence through primary prevention and enhancing its treatment and control is achievable not only in high-income countries but also in low-income and middle-income settings

Heterogeneous contributions of change in population distribution of body mass index to change in obesity and underweight NCD Risk Factor Collaboration (NCD-RisC)

From 1985 to 2016, the prevalence of underweight decreased, and that of obesity and severe obesity increased, in most regions, with significant variation in the magnitude of these changes across regions. We investigated how much change in mean body mass index (BMI) explains changes in the prevalence of underweight, obesity, and severe obesity in different regions using data from 2896 population-based studies with 187 million participants. Changes in the prevalence of underweight and total obesity, and to a lesser extent severe obesity, are largely driven by shifts in the distribution of BMI, with smaller contributions from changes in the shape of the distribution. In East and Southeast Asia and sub-Saharan Africa, the underweight tail of the BMI distribution was left behind as the distribution shifted. There is a need for policies that address all forms of malnutrition by making healthy foods accessible and affordable, while restricting unhealthy foods through fiscal and regulatory restrictions

Molecular characterization and psychrophilic and psychrotrophic clostridia isolamentode associated with deterioration of chilled vacuum packed

Made available in DSpace on 2014-07-29T15:13:39Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 1 Claudia peixoto bueno.pdf: 2154558 bytes, checksum: e3212e2f2e948a89b381b38c7ab473b7 (MD5) Previous issue date: 2009-02-20The deterioration of vacuum packed refrigerated meat accompanied by large gas production - a phenomenon called blown pack - is considered a major cause of economic losses of the meat industry in several regions of Brazil and the world. Several psychrophilic and psychrotrophic microorganisms may be involved, especially species of Clostridium. The objective of the present study was to perform the molecular characterization, through the use of the PCR technique, and the molecular isolation by conventional bacteriology, of the main microorganisms that cause blown pack in refrigerated meat from Brazil, New Zealand and the United Kingdom. Thus, typing techniques were used to differentiate the species and subspecies involved in this type of deterioration. Tirty-six samples of Brazilian blown pack meat, 6 samples from the UK and 12 experimental blown pack samples of venison from the North Island of New Zealand were analyzed. Three pairs of primers, the RFP / RRP, the 16SEF/16SER and the pair EISRF / EISRR were used for C. estertheticum estertheticum and Clostridium estertheticum like, and one for C. gasigenes (16DBF/16DBR). The samples with the PCR results were sent to a microbiology laboratory for conventional isolation of Clostridium estertheticum. It was concluded that Clostridium estertheticum estertheticum is responsible for the deterioration of meat and hence the blown pack in the UK. Samples of blown pack Brazilian meat have Clostridium estertheticum like as primary causal agent. The typing was carried out in isolates and strains - donated by Mirinz Center / Ruakura Agresearch / Hamilton / New Zealand - together with two isolates from Brazil, involved in this type of deterioration. The selected techniques AFLP and RFLP - PCR were able to distinguish species and subspecies of psychrophilic and psychrotrophic clostridia. However, the AFLP showed the highest discriminatory power, being able to distinguish 100% of the species - C. estertheticum, C. frigoris, C. bowmani, C. lacusfryxellense and C. psychrophylum - and also the subspecies C. estertheticum estertheticum, C. estertheticum laramiense, C. estertheticum like k21 and k24. Through the technique of RFLP, it was possible to differentiate the species of clostridia psychrotrophic, psichrophilic and also the subspecies C. estertheticum estertheticum and Clostridium estertheticum like, along with the use of four restriction endonucleases - AluI, CfoI, TaqI and HaeIII. The HaeIII provided greater variety of fragments and the ability to differentiate the species of clostridia psychrophilic and psychrotrophic, whereas TaqI was the only enzyme capable of differentiating the subspecies of C. estertheticum estertheticum and C. estertheticum laramiense of C. estertheticum like. The Brazilian samples isolated fit into the group of Clostridium estertheticum like, although there is no confirmation of the absence of Clostridium estertheticum estertheticum in the country.A deterioração de carnes refrigeradas embaladas a vácuo acompanhada de grande produção de gás - fenômeno denominado tufamento de embalagens - é considerada uma das principais causas de perdas econômicas da indústria cárnea, em várias regiões do Brasil e do mundo. Diversos microrganismos psicrofílicos e psicrotróficos podem estar envolvidos, destacando-se espécies do gênero Clostridium. Objetivou-se com o presente estudo a caracterização molecular, por meio do emprego da técnica de PCR e o isolamento pela bacteriologia convencional, dos principais microrganismos causadores do tufamento de embalagens de carnes refrigeradas procedentes do Brasil, Nova Zelândia e Reino Unido. Para tanto, foram empregadas técnicas de tipagem visando a diferenciação das espécies e subespécies envolvidas neste tipo de deterioração. Foram analisadas 36 amostras tufadas de carnes brasileiras, 6 amostras tufadas oriundas do Reino Unido e 12 amostras experimentais tufadas de carne de cervo provenientes da Ilha Norte da Nova Zelândia. Foram utilizados três pares de primers, o RFP/RRP, o 16SEF/16SER e o par EISRF/EISRR para C. estertheticum estertheticum e Clostridium estertheticum like e um para C. gasigenes (16DBF/16DBR). As amostras com os resultados positivos ao PCR foram enviadas para a microbiologia convencional para isolamento do Clostridium estertheticum. Concluiu-se que o Clostridium estertheticum estertheticum é responsável pela deterioração das carnes e, consequentemente, pelo tufamento das embalagens no Reino Unido. As amostras tufadas de embalagens de carnes brasileiras têm como principal agente causador o Clostridium estertheticum like. A tipagem foi relizada em cepas e isolados doados pelo Mirinz Centre/ Ruakura AgResearch/ Hamilton/NZ - juntamente a dois isolados brasileiros, envolvidos nesse tipo de deterioração . As técnicas eleitas AFLP e RFLP PCR foram capazes de distinguir as espécies e subespécies de clostrídios psicrofílicos e psicrotróficos, porém, o AFLP apresentou maior poder discriminatório, sendo capaz de diferenciar 100% das espécies C. estertheticum, C. frigoris, C. bowmani, C. lacusfryxellense e C psychrophylum - e também as subespécies - Clostridium estertheticum estertheticum, Clostridium estertheticum laramiense, o Clostridium estertheticum like K21 e Clostridium estertheticum like K24. Por meio da técnica de RFLP foi possível diferenciar as espécies do clostrídio psicrofílicos e psicrotróficos e também as subespécies C. estertheticum estertheticum e Clostridium estertheticum like, utilizando em conjunto as quatro endonucleases de restrição AluI, CfoI, TaqI e HaeIII. A HaeIII proporciona maior variedade de fragmentos e capacidade de diferenciar as espécies de clostrídios psicrofílicos e psicrotróficos. Já a TaqI foi a única enzima capaz de diferenciar as subespécies C. estertheticum estertheticum e C. estertheticum laramiense do C. estertheticum like. As amostras brasileiras isoladas se enquadraram no grupo do Clostridium estertheticum like