Podaci o koncentracijama 30 elemenata u dagnjama mytilus galloprovincialis

Priobalni deo jugoistočnog Jadrana prima velike količine zagađujućih materija koje se u morsku sredinu unose putem različitih anropogenih i prirodnih izvora kao što su luke, industrija, turizam, poljoprivredna aktivnost, erozija zemljišta, atmosfersko taloženje, itd. Bokokotrski zaliv je prirodno podeljen na četiri manja zaliva: hercegnovski, tivatski, risanski i kotorski zaliv. Svaki od unutršnjih zaliva ima specifične hidrografske i reljefne karakteristike i u odnosu na otvoreni deo crnogorskog primorja ove vodene površine pokazuju veliku različitost, a samim tim poseduju i specifičan morski život. Bokokotorski zaliv se smatra jednim od glavnih priliva slatke vode južnog Jadrankog mora. Reljefne karakteristike stimulišu razvoj naselja duž obale zaliva i upravo se pogodne poljoprivredne zone i nalaze u neposrednoj blizini velikih naseljenih gradova Kotora, Herceg Novog i Tivta. Poluzatvoren sistem zaliva, slabo strujanje i cirkulacija vode, utiče na veće vreme potrebno da se određene zagađujuće materije prirodnim putem uklone iz samog zaliva. Dagnja M. galloprovincialis je nativna vrsta ove oblasti i ovog zaliva i danas se komercijlno uzgaja i proizvodi, ali i kao nativna vrsta može se naći duž cele obale Bokokotorskog zaliva. Dagnje su veoma važne za ljudsku ishranu i njihovim konzumiranjem u organizam se unose proteini visoke biološke vrednosti, minerali i vitamini. Sa aspekta hranljivosti, školjka je važan izvor hrane bogate bitnim elementima (Ca, Fe, Se, Zn, I, itd.), kao i određenim vitaminima (A, C, B1, B2, B3, B9, B12). Minerali i mikroelementi predstavljaju značajne komponente u ljudskoj ishrani, a njihov nedostatak kao i višak može izazvati ozbiljne zdravstvene probleme. Poznavanje elementarnog sastava dagnji od suštinskog je značaja za procenu dostupnosti hranjivih materija, jer one predstavljaju jeftinu visoko proteinsku hranu sa niskim sadržajem masti i kalorija, ali i sa apekta procene i smanjenja potencijalno negativnih efekata po zdravlje ljudi, jer je ova vrsta plodova mora poznata po sposobnosti da akumulira velike količine prisutnih zagađujućih materija. Cilj ovog rada je bio da se ispita elementarni sastav mekog tkiva dagnji M. galloprovincialis iz Bokokotorskog zaliva, Crna Gora, jugoistočni Jadran. Energetski disperzivnom rendgenskom fluoroscentnom metodom (ED-XRF) analizirani su sledeći elementi: Cl, Si, S, K, P, Ca, Fe, Br, Zn, Mn, Sr, I, As, Cr, Ti, Ce, Ba, Cu, Cs, Rb, Pb, Ni, Th, Sb, Sn, Cd, V, Co, Zr i Hg , na osnovu izmerenih vrednosti, izvršena je procena zastupljenosti makro, mikro, neesencijalnih i toksičnih elemenata u mekom tkivu dagnji

Izloženost ljudi delovanju 17 elemenata putem konzumiranja dagnji

Elementi dospevaju u životnu sredinu iz prirodnih izvora i posredstvom ljudske aktivnosti. Toksični elementi, odnosno njihova sve veća zastupljenost u vazduhu, vodi, sedimentu i zemljištu, postali su globalni problem. Pojedini elementi potencijalno su opasni po biljke, životinje i ljude, posebno zbog svoje toksičnosti, sposobnosti da se bioakumuliraju kao i zbog njihove bionerazgradive prirode. Kao glavni uticaji mogu se navesti kontaminacija ekosistema i zdravstveni problemi koje mogu izazvati kod ljudske populacije. Ovi problemi su uzrok povećane zabrinutosti javnosti širom sveta. S obzirom na rastuću populaciju ljudi na planeti i sve veći broj stanovnika koji žive na obalama mora, morski organizmi, kao jeftin i veoma lako dostupan oblik hrane, počinje sve više da se koriste u ishrani ljudi. Jedan od komercijalno veoma važnih proizvoda u svetu danas je morska dagnja Mytilus galloprovincialis. Ručno sakupljanje i uzgajanje ove vrste školjki mnogih zemalja datira iz ranog perioda. Vremenom se sa divljih žetvi prešlo na različite tehnike uzgajanja, što je doprinelo, pre svega, većoj produktivnosti morske dagnje. Najveći svetski proizvođač školjki M. galloprovincialis je Kina, dok je u Evropi najveći proizvođač Španija. Crna Gora je Mediteranska zemlja koja se nalazi u jugoistočnoj Evropi, na obalama Jadranskog mora. Dagnja M. galloprovincialis je nativna vrsta u ovoj oblasti i postoje naznake da je gajena na ovom području još pre sto godina. Komercijalni uzgaoj i proizvodnja ove dagnje datira od pre 30-tak godina, a danas se ona uspešno uzgaja na više manjih farmi, prvenstveno stacioniranih unutar Bokokotorskog zaliva. Zbog povoljnih uslova u Bokokotorskom zalivu za akvakulturu M. galloprovincialis smatra se da njihova proizvodnja ima veliki potencijal za budući razvoj ovog područja. Dagnje Mytilus galloprovincialis predstavljaju jeftinu visoko proteinsku hranu sa niskim sadržajem masti i kalorija, što ih čini potencijalno zdravijom hranom od drugih komercijalno dostupnih proizvoda. Dagnje su, takođe, odličan izvor omega-3 masnih kiselina, vitamina B12, B1 (tiamin), B2 (riboflavin), B3 (niacin) i B9 (folna kiselina), vitamina A i C, selena, gvožđa, cinka, joda, kalcijuma, natrijuma, bakra, magnezijuma, mangana, kalijuma, itd. i izuzetno su korisne za ljudsko zdravlje. Samo 100 grama dagnji obezbeđuje kod odraslih osoba oko 18,5%, 39-67%, 68% i 1260% dnevnih potreba za folnom kiselinom, gvožđem, selenom i vitaminom B12, respektivno. Međutim, dagnje mogu biti kontaminirane različitim zagađujućim materijama koje mogu kod čoveka izazvati trovanje i različite bolesti. Istraživanja mineralnog sastava pojedinih morskih organizama izuzetno je važno i neophodno, jer su pojedine vrste, uključujući i dagnje, postale svetski delikates kod ljubitelja plodova mora. Stoga je poznavanje elementarnog sastava dagnji od suštinskog značaja za procenu dostupnosti hranjivih materija, ali i sa apekta procene i smanjenja potencijalno negativnih efekata po zdravlje ljudi koje može izazvati prekomerna konzumacija kontaminiranih dagnji. Cilj ovog rada bio je da se utvrdi uticaj 17 ispitanih elemenata (Fe, Zn, Mn, Sr, I, As, Cr, Ba, Cu, Ni, Sb, Sn, Cd, V, Co, Zr i MeHg) na zdravlje potrošača dagnji M. galloprovincialis iz Bokokotorskog zaliva, Crna Gora. Procenjeni rizik od ispitanih elemenata sugeriše da nedeljna potrošanja od 100 grama dagnji tokom ljudskog života neće izazvati negativne posledice po ljudsko zdravlje

Height and body-mass index trajectories of school-aged children and adolescents from 1985 to 2019 in 200 countries and territories: a pooled analysis of 2181 population-based studies with 65 million participants

Summary Background Comparable global data on health and nutrition of school-aged children and adolescents are scarce. We aimed to estimate age trajectories and time trends in mean height and mean body-mass index (BMI), which measures weight gain beyond what is expected from height gain, for school-aged children and adolescents. Methods For this pooled analysis, we used a database of cardiometabolic risk factors collated by the Non-Communicable Disease Risk Factor Collaboration. We applied a Bayesian hierarchical model to estimate trends from 1985 to 2019 in mean height and mean BMI in 1-year age groups for ages 5–19 years. The model allowed for non-linear changes over time in mean height and mean BMI and for non-linear changes with age of children and adolescents, including periods of rapid growth during adolescence. Findings We pooled data from 2181 population-based studies, with measurements of height and weight in 65 million participants in 200 countries and territories. In 2019, we estimated a difference of 20 cm or higher in mean height of 19-year-old adolescents between countries with the tallest populations (the Netherlands, Montenegro, Estonia, and Bosnia and Herzegovina for boys; and the Netherlands, Montenegro, Denmark, and Iceland for girls) and those with the shortest populations (Timor-Leste, Laos, Solomon Islands, and Papua New Guinea for boys; and Guatemala, Bangladesh, Nepal, and Timor-Leste for girls). In the same year, the difference between the highest mean BMI (in Pacific island countries, Kuwait, Bahrain, The Bahamas, Chile, the USA, and New Zealand for both boys and girls and in South Africa for girls) and lowest mean BMI (in India, Bangladesh, Timor-Leste, Ethiopia, and Chad for boys and girls; and in Japan and Romania for girls) was approximately 9–10 kg/m2. In some countries, children aged 5 years started with healthier height or BMI than the global median and, in some cases, as healthy as the best performing countries, but they became progressively less healthy compared with their comparators as they grew older by not growing as tall (eg, boys in Austria and Barbados, and girls in Belgium and Puerto Rico) or gaining too much weight for their height (eg, girls and boys in Kuwait, Bahrain, Fiji, Jamaica, and Mexico; and girls in South Africa and New Zealand). In other countries, growing children overtook the height of their comparators (eg, Latvia, Czech Republic, Morocco, and Iran) or curbed their weight gain (eg, Italy, France, and Croatia) in late childhood and adolescence. When changes in both height and BMI were considered, girls in South Korea, Vietnam, Saudi Arabia, Turkey, and some central Asian countries (eg, Armenia and Azerbaijan), and boys in central and western Europe (eg, Portugal, Denmark, Poland, and Montenegro) had the healthiest changes in anthropometric status over the past 3·5 decades because, compared with children and adolescents in other countries, they had a much larger gain in height than they did in BMI. The unhealthiest changes—gaining too little height, too much weight for their height compared with children in other countries, or both—occurred in many countries in sub-Saharan Africa, New Zealand, and the USA for boys and girls; in Malaysia and some Pacific island nations for boys; and in Mexico for girls. Interpretation The height and BMI trajectories over age and time of school-aged children and adolescents are highly variable across countries, which indicates heterogeneous nutritional quality and lifelong health advantages and risks

Rising rural body-mass index is the main driver of the global obesity epidemic in adults

Body-mass index (BMI) has increased steadily in most countries in parallel with a rise in the proportion of the population who live in cities(.)(1,2) This has led to a widely reported view that urbanization is one of the most important drivers of the global rise in obesity(3-6). Here we use 2,009 population-based studies, with measurements of height and weight in more than 112 million adults, to report national, regional and global trends in mean BMI segregated by place of residence (a rural or urban area) from 1985 to 2017. We show that, contrary to the dominant paradigm, more than 55% of the global rise in mean BMI from 1985 to 2017-and more than 80% in some low- and middle-income regions-was due to increases in BMI in rural areas. This large contribution stems from the fact that, with the exception of women in sub-Saharan Africa, BMI is increasing at the same rate or faster in rural areas than in cities in low- and middle-income regions. These trends have in turn resulted in a closing-and in some countries reversal-of the gap in BMI between urban and rural areas in low- and middle-income countries, especially for women. In high-income and industrialized countries, we noted a persistently higher rural BMI, especially for women. There is an urgent need for an integrated approach to rural nutrition that enhances financial and physical access to healthy foods, to avoid replacing the rural undernutrition disadvantage in poor countries with a more general malnutrition disadvantage that entails excessive consumption of low-quality calories.Peer reviewe

Heterogeneous contributions of change in population distribution of body mass index to change in obesity and underweight NCD Risk Factor Collaboration (NCD-RisC)

From 1985 to 2016, the prevalence of underweight decreased, and that of obesity and severe obesity increased, in most regions, with significant variation in the magnitude of these changes across regions. We investigated how much change in mean body mass index (BMI) explains changes in the prevalence of underweight, obesity, and severe obesity in different regions using data from 2896 population-based studies with 187 million participants. Changes in the prevalence of underweight and total obesity, and to a lesser extent severe obesity, are largely driven by shifts in the distribution of BMI, with smaller contributions from changes in the shape of the distribution. In East and Southeast Asia and sub-Saharan Africa, the underweight tail of the BMI distribution was left behind as the distribution shifted. There is a need for policies that address all forms of malnutrition by making healthy foods accessible and affordable, while restricting unhealthy foods through fiscal and regulatory restrictions

Large Cities and World Economy

Global companies are strongly pressed by the need to simultaneously and equally efficiently manage globally, since the whole world for them is a single market, and locally, due to the fact that the world market makes a number of different and poorly connected markets. The global market today is extremely open and competitive and applicable to the entire world, in the presence of a large number of market operators. The goals and directions of globalization ( and its “conductors” embodied in the powerful multinationals and high-profit industries, such as military, cosmetic, pharmaceutical, etc. ), are increasingly turning to the demolition of the existing state borders and national, customs and trade barriers. And it is, and being an axiom of modern global business

Metal pollution determined by pollution indices for sea grass P. oceanica and surface sediments

Concentrations of Fe, Mn, Cu, Zn, Pb, Ni, Co, As, Co, and Hg in the sea grass Posidonia oceanica and surface sediment samples were determined. Together with P. oceanica, surface sediment samples were collected at eight locations in the major demographic, tourist and port areas along the Montenegrin coast to assess metal pollution. The metal pollution index (MPI) and metal enrichment factor (EF) were calculated and used to evaluate the impact of heavy metals in the surface sediment on P. oceanica. The sediment MPI and EF values were lower than these values in P. oceanica at the same locations. Since the surface sediment contained lower mean concentrations of Zn, Ni, Pb, Cd and Hg, than the sea grass P. oceanic, we concluded that the sea grass absorbed some metals from the seawater column