Integrated Fiber-FSO WDM Access System with Fiber Fault Protection

In this study, we propose a new wavelength-division-multiplexing passive optical network (WDM-PON) system to support the blended fiber-free space optics (FSO) signal access. To provide the fiber and FSO traffics simultaneously, the C- and L-band channels are applied in the presented PON, respectively. Moreover, to avoid the fiber breakpoint in the fiber access traffic, the proposed WDM access architecture also can provide the self-restored mechanism by applying simple fiber routing path. In addition, the corresponding signal performances of fiber and FSO channels are also executed experimentally for demonstration

L-Band Wavelength-Selectable Erbium Laser with Stable Single-Frequency Oscillation

In this presentation, we demonstrate an erbium-doped fiber (EDF) laser by a compound-ring structure to reach the output performances of narrow linewidth, stable single-longitudinal-mode (SLM) and high optical signal to noise ratio (OSNR) in the L-band bandwidth of 1563.0 to 1613.0 nm. Based on the Vernier effect through the compound-ring design, the substantial multi-longitudinal-mode (MLM) noises can be mitigated fully. Furthermore, the relative optical output features of the fiber laser are also performed experimentally

Hybrid Self-Protected Fiber-FSO WDM-PON System with Fiber Breakage Prevention

In this research, we present and design a blended wavelength-division-multiplexing passive optical network (WDM-PON) architecture to deliver both baseband and free-space optical (FSO) signals by using two wavelength bands over an available bandwidth to avoid the signal interference. Only using few additional components in the optical line termination (OLT) and optical network unit (ONU)/optical wireless unit (OWU) can achieve self-protected operation in the presented hybrid fiber-FSO access network against fiber breakage. In the measurement, eight WDM wavelengths with 24.3 Gbit/s on-off keying (OOK) modulation format are applied to verify and discuss the bit error rate (BER) performances of baseband and FSO signals, respectively, through 25 km fiber and 2 m wireless FSO connections. Therefore, the presented PON not only can deliver both baseband and FSO traffics, but can also provide a self-restored mechanism against fiber fault

Assessment of ketamine uropathy

AbstractA group of experts on lower urinary tract dysfunction and cystitis met together to make a consensus report on the assessment of ketamine uropathy (KU) which encompasses ketamine cystitis.Essential tests, which should be performed in all KU patients, are (1) detailed history taking with structured questionnaire, (2) physical examination, (3) urine tests including test strip biochemistry and sediments analysis, urine culture, and cytology, (4) blood tests including complete blood cell counts with differential counts, liver and renal function tests, IgE, HIV, VDRL, (5) urological tests including uroflowmetry and post void residual urine volume and renosonography.Optional tests, which will be performed in selective cases, are (1) bladder diary for 48-72 hours, (2) bladder wall thickness by ultrasound, (3) upper tract evaluation with excretory urography, computed tomography of abdomen, diuretic renal scan, (4) lower urinary tract evaluation with cystoscopy, voiding cystography, urodynamics or videourodynamics, (5) bladder and/or ureteral biopsy, (6) abdominal echo and/or gastroendoscope. Optional tests are usually indicated when essential tests disclose abnormal findings.Using the standardized tools to assess patients with ketamine abuse, patients characteristics can be clarified and different therapeutic strategies for ketamine uropathy can be compared in the future