Determination of knowledge level of cardiovascular diseases using Carrf-Kl scale of 1st and 3rd grade students in faculy of medicine

AMAÇ: Kardiyovasküler hastalıklar (KVH) halen dünyadaki en büyük mortaliteye sahip hastalıklardan biridir ve KVH’ın bazı risk faktörleri önlenebilir. Birçok öğrenci KVH’ın risk faktörü ile ilgili bilgi sahibi olsa da, tıp öğrencilerinin algılama düzeyi hala yeterli değildir. Bu çalışmada, Tıp Fakültesi öğrencilerinin KVH risk faktörleri bilgi düzeylerini ölçmeyi amaçladık. GEREÇ VE YÖNTEM: Araştırmada kardiovasküler bilgi düzeyi ölçeği (CARRF-KL) kullanılmıştır. 310 öğrenci (n=168 1. sınıf, n=142 3. sınıf) çalışmamıza gönüllü olarak katılmıştır. BULGULAR: Öğrencilerin ortalama puanları, 1. sınıfta, 3. sınıfa göre anlamlı derecede yüksek bulundu (24,40±3,07-22,71±4,36, p<0,001). İlk dört sorunun ortalaması 3.sınıfta, 1.sınıftan anlamlı derecede yüksek bulundu (3,66±0,85’ekarşı 3,68±0,61; F: 4,169; p = 0,006). 5, 6, 9, 10, 11, 12, 14, 18, 19, 20, 23, 24, 25, 27, 28 sorular için ortalama değer 1.sınıflarda, 3. sınıflara nazaran anlamlı derecede yüksekbulundu (13,64±1,89-12,15±2,62, F: 20,379; p<0,0001). 7, 8, 13, 15, 16, 17, 21, 22, 26 sorular içinde aynı şekilde 1.sınıflarda, 3. sınıflara nazaran anlamlı derecede yüksekbulundu (7,11±1,35-6,89±1,72; F: 58,650; p<0,0001). SONUÇ: Çalışmamıza katılan öğrencilerin CARRF-KL skor puanı ortalaması literatürden daha yüksek bulunmasına karşın, sonuçlar çok yeterli değildi. 1. sınıflar soruların çoğunluğuna, 3. sınıfa göre daha iyi yanıt vermiştir. Sigara içimi en iyi bilinen risk faktörüdür. Eğitimlerde; hiperlipidemi, diabetes mellitus gibi kronik metabolik hastalıklarla ilgili bilgiler daha etkin olarak vurgulanmalıdır.OBJECTIVE: Cardiovascular diseases (CVD) are still one of the most mortality disease all over the world and some of the risk factors of CVD are preventable. Although many students have knowledge of the risk factors of CVD, the perception level of medical students is still not enough so we aimed to describe knowledge level of CVD risk factors among faculty of medicine students. MATERIAL AND METHODS: We used the cardiovascular disease risk factors knowledge Level (CARRF-KL) for investigation. Three hundred ten students (168 students were in 1st grade and 142 in 3rd grade) volunteered our study. RESULTS: The average scores of the students was significantly higher in 1st grade than 3rd grade (24,40±3,07-22,71±4,36, p<0,001). The first four questions mean score in 3rd grade was significantly more than 1st grade (3,66±0,85-3,68±0,61; F:4,169; p= 0,006). For the questions 5, 6, 9, 10, 11, 12, 14, 18, 19, 20, 23, 24, 25, 27, 28 mean score was interestingly significantly more in 1st grade than 3rd grade (13,64±1,89-12,15±2,62, F: 20,379; p<0,0001). For the questions 7, 8, 13, 15, 16, 17, 21, 22, 26 mean score was significantly more in 1st grade than 3rd grade again (7,11±1,35-6,89±1,72; F: 58,650; p<0,0001). CONCLUSIONS: We found mean CARRF-KL scale score was higher in our study students than literature but 1st grade answered betterly to most part of questions than 3rd grade but totally results were unsatisfactory. Smoking is the best known risk factor in contrast to diabetes mellitus at least one. In education knowledge regarding to chronic metabolic diseases like hyperlipidemia, diabetes mellitus should be stressed more efficiently

Prevalence of nonvitamin, nonmineral supplement usage among students in a Turkish university

BACKGROUND: There have been multiple studies carried out in many countries with regard to the use of nonvitamin, nonmineral (NVNM) supplements. These studies have shown that the use of NVNM supplements is on the increase throughout the world, particularly in western countries. The aim of this study was to assess the extent of NVNM supplement use among Turkish university students. METHODS: The survey was conducted between September and December 2004 at Osmangazi University, a public university located in the west of Turkey. Responses were analysed, using the chi-square (x(2)) test, t test and percent (%) ratios, according to gender and consumers. Differences were considered significant for p ≤ 0.05. RESULTS: Of 2253 students attending the university, 1871 participated in the survey (909 men and 962 women). Overall, the prevalence of NVNM supplement use was 16.5% (16.6% in men and 16.3% in women, p < 0.05). The three most commonly given reasons for use were 'improvement of energy and vitality (78.6%)', 'promotion of weight loss (71.1%)', followed by 'enhancement of athletic performance (64.3%)'. Twenty-six of the 308 reported NVNM users (26/308, 8.4%) reported having experienced an adverse reaction. Television (76.3%), magazines/newspapers (41.5%) and internet websites (37.3%) were the most frequently used sources for obtaining information about NVNM supplements. The three most frequently used NVNM supplements were echinacea, ginseng, and gingko biloba (38.6%, 36.4%, and 32.8%, respectively). Nutritional scores were higher in NVNM supplement users than in non-users (66.510.8 vs. 62.712.7) (p < 0.001). Users and nonusers of NVNM supplements differed significantly according to sex, age, Body Mass Index (BMI) values, types of school, mother and fathers' education levels, family income, most permanent place of residence up to the time of survey, smoking status, and participating in sports. CONCLUSION: The results indicate that the prevalence of NVNM supplement use is relatively modest among Turkish university students and more information is needed on why people use particular NVNM supplements

Rising rural body-mass index is the main driver of the global obesity epidemic in adults

Body-mass index (BMI) has increased steadily in most countries in parallel with a rise in the proportion of the population who live in cities(.)(1,2) This has led to a widely reported view that urbanization is one of the most important drivers of the global rise in obesity(3-6). Here we use 2,009 population-based studies, with measurements of height and weight in more than 112 million adults, to report national, regional and global trends in mean BMI segregated by place of residence (a rural or urban area) from 1985 to 2017. We show that, contrary to the dominant paradigm, more than 55% of the global rise in mean BMI from 1985 to 2017-and more than 80% in some low- and middle-income regions-was due to increases in BMI in rural areas. This large contribution stems from the fact that, with the exception of women in sub-Saharan Africa, BMI is increasing at the same rate or faster in rural areas than in cities in low- and middle-income regions. These trends have in turn resulted in a closing-and in some countries reversal-of the gap in BMI between urban and rural areas in low- and middle-income countries, especially for women. In high-income and industrialized countries, we noted a persistently higher rural BMI, especially for women. There is an urgent need for an integrated approach to rural nutrition that enhances financial and physical access to healthy foods, to avoid replacing the rural undernutrition disadvantage in poor countries with a more general malnutrition disadvantage that entails excessive consumption of low-quality calories.Peer reviewe

Height and body-mass index trajectories of school-aged children and adolescents from 1985 to 2019 in 200 countries and territories: a pooled analysis of 2181 population-based studies with 65 million participants

Summary Background Comparable global data on health and nutrition of school-aged children and adolescents are scarce. We aimed to estimate age trajectories and time trends in mean height and mean body-mass index (BMI), which measures weight gain beyond what is expected from height gain, for school-aged children and adolescents. Methods For this pooled analysis, we used a database of cardiometabolic risk factors collated by the Non-Communicable Disease Risk Factor Collaboration. We applied a Bayesian hierarchical model to estimate trends from 1985 to 2019 in mean height and mean BMI in 1-year age groups for ages 5–19 years. The model allowed for non-linear changes over time in mean height and mean BMI and for non-linear changes with age of children and adolescents, including periods of rapid growth during adolescence. Findings We pooled data from 2181 population-based studies, with measurements of height and weight in 65 million participants in 200 countries and territories. In 2019, we estimated a difference of 20 cm or higher in mean height of 19-year-old adolescents between countries with the tallest populations (the Netherlands, Montenegro, Estonia, and Bosnia and Herzegovina for boys; and the Netherlands, Montenegro, Denmark, and Iceland for girls) and those with the shortest populations (Timor-Leste, Laos, Solomon Islands, and Papua New Guinea for boys; and Guatemala, Bangladesh, Nepal, and Timor-Leste for girls). In the same year, the difference between the highest mean BMI (in Pacific island countries, Kuwait, Bahrain, The Bahamas, Chile, the USA, and New Zealand for both boys and girls and in South Africa for girls) and lowest mean BMI (in India, Bangladesh, Timor-Leste, Ethiopia, and Chad for boys and girls; and in Japan and Romania for girls) was approximately 9–10 kg/m2. In some countries, children aged 5 years started with healthier height or BMI than the global median and, in some cases, as healthy as the best performing countries, but they became progressively less healthy compared with their comparators as they grew older by not growing as tall (eg, boys in Austria and Barbados, and girls in Belgium and Puerto Rico) or gaining too much weight for their height (eg, girls and boys in Kuwait, Bahrain, Fiji, Jamaica, and Mexico; and girls in South Africa and New Zealand). In other countries, growing children overtook the height of their comparators (eg, Latvia, Czech Republic, Morocco, and Iran) or curbed their weight gain (eg, Italy, France, and Croatia) in late childhood and adolescence. When changes in both height and BMI were considered, girls in South Korea, Vietnam, Saudi Arabia, Turkey, and some central Asian countries (eg, Armenia and Azerbaijan), and boys in central and western Europe (eg, Portugal, Denmark, Poland, and Montenegro) had the healthiest changes in anthropometric status over the past 3·5 decades because, compared with children and adolescents in other countries, they had a much larger gain in height than they did in BMI. The unhealthiest changes—gaining too little height, too much weight for their height compared with children in other countries, or both—occurred in many countries in sub-Saharan Africa, New Zealand, and the USA for boys and girls; in Malaysia and some Pacific island nations for boys; and in Mexico for girls. Interpretation The height and BMI trajectories over age and time of school-aged children and adolescents are highly variable across countries, which indicates heterogeneous nutritional quality and lifelong health advantages and risks

Worldwide trends in underweight and obesity from 1990 to 2022: a pooled analysis of 3663 population-representative studies with 222 million children, adolescents, and adults

Background Underweight and obesity are associated with adverse health outcomes throughout the life course. We estimated the individual and combined prevalence of underweight or thinness and obesity, and their changes, from 1990 to 2022 for adults and school-aged children and adolescents in 200 countries and territories. Methods We used data from 3663 population-based studies with 222 million participants that measured height and weight in representative samples of the general population. We used a Bayesian hierarchical model to estimate trends in the prevalence of different BMI categories, separately for adults (age ≥20 years) and school-aged children and adolescents (age 5–19 years), from 1990 to 2022 for 200 countries and territories. For adults, we report the individual and combined prevalence of underweight (BMI &lt;18·5 kg/m2) and obesity (BMI ≥30 kg/m2). For school&#x2;aged children and adolescents, we report thinness (BMI &lt;2 SD below the median of the WHO growth reference) and obesity (BMI &gt;2 SD above the median). Findings From 1990 to 2022, the combined prevalence of underweight and obesity in adults decreased in 11 countries (6%) for women and 17 (9%) for men with a posterior probability of at least 0·80 that the observed changes were true decreases. The combined prevalence increased in 162 countries (81%) for women and 140 countries (70%) for men with a posterior probability of at least 0·80. In 2022, the combined prevalence of underweight and obesity was highest in island nations in the Caribbean and Polynesia and Micronesia, and countries in the Middle East and north Africa. Obesity prevalence was higher than underweight with posterior probability of at least 0·80 in 177 countries (89%) for women and 145 (73%) for men in 2022, whereas the converse was true in 16 countries (8%) for women, and 39 (20%) for men. From 1990 to 2022, the combined prevalence of thinness and obesity decreased among girls in five countries (3%) and among boys in 15 countries (8%) with a posterior probability of at least 0·80, and increased among girls in 140 countries (70%) and boys in 137 countries (69%) with a posterior probability of at least 0·80. The countries with highest combined prevalence of thinness and obesity in school-aged children and adolescents in 2022 were in Polynesia and Micronesia and the Caribbean for both sexes, and Chile and Qatar for boys. Combined prevalence was also high in some countries in south Asia, such as India and Pakistan, where thinness remained prevalent despite having declined. In 2022, obesity in school-aged children and adolescents was more prevalent than thinness with a posterior probability of at least 0·80 among girls in 133 countries (67%) and boys in 125 countries (63%), whereas the converse was true in 35 countries (18%) and 42 countries (21%), respectively. In almost all countries for both adults and school-aged children and adolescents, the increases in double burden were driven by increases in obesity, and decreases in double burden by declining underweight or thinness. Interpretation The combined burden of underweight and obesity has increased in most countries, driven by an increase in obesity, while underweight and thinness remain prevalent in south Asia and parts of Africa. A healthy nutrition transition that enhances access to nutritious foods is needed to address the remaining burden of underweight while curbing and reversing the increase in obesit

Heterogeneous contributions of change in population distribution of body mass index to change in obesity and underweight NCD Risk Factor Collaboration (NCD-RisC)

From 1985 to 2016, the prevalence of underweight decreased, and that of obesity and severe obesity increased, in most regions, with significant variation in the magnitude of these changes across regions. We investigated how much change in mean body mass index (BMI) explains changes in the prevalence of underweight, obesity, and severe obesity in different regions using data from 2896 population-based studies with 187 million participants. Changes in the prevalence of underweight and total obesity, and to a lesser extent severe obesity, are largely driven by shifts in the distribution of BMI, with smaller contributions from changes in the shape of the distribution. In East and Southeast Asia and sub-Saharan Africa, the underweight tail of the BMI distribution was left behind as the distribution shifted. There is a need for policies that address all forms of malnutrition by making healthy foods accessible and affordable, while restricting unhealthy foods through fiscal and regulatory restrictions

Association of nutrition literacy level with sociodemographic data: Case of Afyonkarahisar

This study was planned to evaluate the nutrition literacy (NL) levels of randomly selected individuals aged 18-65 years living in Afyonkarahisar, Turkey, and to associate the NL with some of their sociodemographic characteristics. The data of this cross-sectional study were collected through a face-to-face survey technique. In the survey form created for the study, questions about descriptive characteristics and the Evaluation Instrument of Nutrition Literacy on Adults (EINLA) were included. The study was carried out between 15 September and 1 November 2021 with a total of 1,601 participants. The study was conducted with a total of 1,601 participants. The participants&apos; mean age was 29.40±10.04 years, and as per the Body Mass Index (BMI) classification, 14.7% were underweight, 50% were normal weight, 25.7% were overweight and 9.6% were obese. In this study, the total NL score of the participants was found as adequate in 61.4% of them and borderline in 38.6%. In the BMI classification of the participants, the group with the highest total NL score was found to be individuals with normal BMI (65.6%- p=0.003). As the BMI values of the participants increased, their NL portion knowledge levels decreased (p [Med-Science 2023; 12(1.000): 264-70

Investigation on Carbohydrate Counting Method in Type 1 Diabetic Patients

Objective. The results from Diabetes Control and Complications Trial (DCCT) have propounded the importance of the approach of treatment by medical nutrition when treating diabetes mellitus (DM). During this study, we tried to inquire carbohydrate (Kh) count method’s positive effects on the type 1 DM treatment’s success as well as on the life quality of the patients. Methods. 22 of 37 type 1 DM patients who applied to Eskişehir Osmangazi University, Faculty of Medicine Hospital, Department of Endocrinology and Metabolism, had been treated by Kh count method and 15 of them are treated by multiple dosage intensive insulin treatment with applying standard diabetic diet as a control group and both of groups were under close follow-up for 6 months. Required approval was taken from the Ethical Committee of Eskişehir Osmangazi University, Medical Faculty, as well as informed consent from the patients. The body weight of patients who are treated by carbohydrate count method and multiple dosage intensive insulin treatment during the study beginning and after 6-month term, body mass index, and body compositions are analyzed. A short life quality and medical research survey applied. At statistical analysis, t-test, chi-squared test, and Mann-Whitney U test were used. Results. There had been no significant change determined at glycemic control indicators between the Kh counting group and the standard diabetic diet and multiple dosage insulin treatment group in our study. Conclusion. As a result, Kh counting method which offers a flexible nutrition plan to diabetic individuals is a functional method

Clinical Study Investigation on Carbohydrate Counting Method in Type 1 Diabetic Patients

Objective. The results from Diabetes Control and Complications Trial (DCCT) have propounded the importance of the approach of treatment by medical nutrition when treating diabetes mellitus (DM). During this study, we tried to inquire carbohydrate (Kh) count method&apos;s positive effects on the type 1 DM treatment&apos;s success as well as on the life quality of the patients. Methods. 22 of 37 type 1 DM patients who applied to Eskişehir Osmangazi University, Faculty of Medicine Hospital, Department of Endocrinology and Metabolism, had been treated by Kh count method and 15 of them are treated by multiple dosage intensive insulin treatment with applying standard diabetic diet as a control group and both of groups were under close follow-up for 6 months. Required approval was taken from the Ethical Committee of Eskişehir Osmangazi University, Medical Faculty, as well as informed consent from the patients. The body weight of patients who are treated by carbohydrate count method and multiple dosage intensive insulin treatment during the study beginning and after 6-month term, body mass index, and body compositions are analyzed. A short life quality and medical research survey applied. At statistical analysis, t-test, chi-squared test, and Mann-Whitney U test were used. Results. There had been no significant change determined at glycemic control indicators between the Kh counting group and the standard diabetic diet and multiple dosage insulin treatment group in our study. Conclusion. As a result, Kh counting method which offers a flexible nutrition plan to diabetic individuals is a functional method