Tecnologia de cultivo do cogumelo medicinal Agaricus blazei

O Agaricus blazei foi estudado em projeto temático quanto à tecnologia de cultivo,composição bioquímica e efeitos protetores

Hormone replacement therapy in menopause as a risk factor for developing breast cancer

Objetivo: Analisar a produção científica envolvendo o uso da terapia de reposição hormonal no climatério como um fator de risco para desenvolvimento de câncer de mama. Método: Realizou-se uma revisão integrativa da literatura. Utilizamos as bases de dados BDENF, LILACS e SciELO. Identificamos 71 artigos, dos quais 24 compuseram nossa amostra. Resultados: Observamos que o Brasil foi o país com mais publicações e o idioma mais requisitado foi o português. Em relação à escolha do delineamento do estudo, 50% dos estudos possuíam abordagem metodológica do tipo qualitativa e o método de coleta de dados por meio de documentos foi o mais utilizado. Conclusão: A enfermagem como profissional da saúde deve orientar as mulheres em idade perimenopausa sobre os riscos e benefícios do uso da terapia de reposição hormonal a fim de auxiliá-las na adesão ou não a esse tratamento.

Knowledge and Attitudes of Primary Health Care Dentists Regarding Oral Cancer in Brazil

Cilj: Željeli su se procijeniti znanje i stajališta o oralnome raku brazilskih doktora dentalne medicine u jedinicama primarne zdravstvene zaštite. Materijali i metode: Provedeno je prospektivno, presječno, epidemiološko istraživanje. Sa 71 doktorom dentalne medicine iz primarne zdravstvene zaštite kontaktiralo se na njihovu radnom mjestu i svi su se složili sa sudjelovanjem u istraživanju. Podatci su prikupljeni na temelju upitnika s 31 pitanjem s višestrukim izborom o glavnim kliničkim značajkama i rizičnim čimbenicima za karcinom usne šupljine. Upitnik je bio podijeljen u dva dijela – na pitanja koja se odnose na opće podatke i samopoimanje sudionika o osobnom znanju o oralnom karcinomu te na objektivna pitanja povezana s općim informacijama o oralnom karcinomu (klinička obilježja, karakteristike, svojstva i rizični čimbenici). Podatci su upisani u tablice i analizirani deskriptivnom statistikom. Rezultati: Sudionici su bile uglavnom žene (81,5 %) mlađe od 40 godina (57,7 %) koje su završile školovanje prije 10 do 20 godina (47,9 %). Većina (66,2 %) smatra da je razina njihova znanja o oralnom karcinomu zadovoljavajuća. No samo 26,8 % istaknulo je da može obaviti dijagnostičke postupke u slučaju raka usne šupljine. Većina (95,8 %) je bila zainteresirana za sudjelovanje na tečajevima osposobljavanja za postavljanje oralne dijagnoze, a 56,3 % izjavilo je da nisu bili ni na kakvoj edukaciji ili nisu dobili smjernice o tome kako obaviti pregled za otkrivanje raka usne šupljine tijekom dodiplomskog školovanja. Zaključak: Ovi nalazi u skladu su s dosadašnjim izvješćima i upućuju na to da su potrebne nove javnozdravstvene smjernice kako bi se omogućila rana dijagnoza raka usne šupljine i obavila revizija kurikula o oralnoj medicini u školama dentalne medicine.Objective: The aim of this study was to evaluate the knowledge and attitudes of dentists working in Primary Health Care Units from a Brazilian city, regarding oral cancer. Materials and methods: A prospective, cross-sectional, epidemiologic survey was performed. Seventy-one dentists from Primary Health Care Units were contacted at their workplace, and participated of the study. Data were collected through a self-administered questionnaire of 31 multiple-choice questions addressing the main clinical features and risk factors for oral cancer. The questionnaire was divided into two sections: questions related to general data and self-perception of the participants regarding personal knowledge of oral cancer, and objective questions related to general information on oral cancer (clinical features, characteristics, traits, and risk factors). The data were tabulated and analyzed by descriptive statistics. Results: Participants were mostly females (81.5%), less than 40 years of age (57.7%), who underwent training 10–20 years ago (47.9 %). Most respondents (66.2%) considered their level of knowledge about oral cancer to be satisfactory. However, only 26.8% of tem felt that they were able to carry out diagnostic procedures for oral cancer. Most of them (95.8%) were interested in participating in training courses on Oral Diagnostics; 56.3% of them reported not having received any training or guidance on how to conduct an examination to detect oral cancer during undergraduate training. Conclusions: These findings are consistent with previous reports and point to the need for new public policies to enable early diagnosis of oral cancer and a review of training in Oral Diagnostics in dental schools

Pervasive gaps in Amazonian ecological research

Biodiversity loss is one of the main challenges of our time,1,2 and attempts to address it require a clear un derstanding of how ecological communities respond to environmental change across time and space.3,4 While the increasing availability of global databases on ecological communities has advanced our knowledge of biodiversity sensitivity to environmental changes,5–7 vast areas of the tropics remain understudied.8–11 In the American tropics, Amazonia stands out as the world’s most diverse rainforest and the primary source of Neotropical biodiversity,12 but it remains among the least known forests in America and is often underrepre sented in biodiversity databases.13–15 To worsen this situation, human-induced modifications16,17 may elim inate pieces of the Amazon’s biodiversity puzzle before we can use them to understand how ecological com munities are responding. To increase generalization and applicability of biodiversity knowledge,18,19 it is thus crucial to reduce biases in ecological research, particularly in regions projected to face the most pronounced environmental changes. We integrate ecological community metadata of 7,694 sampling sites for multiple or ganism groups in a machine learning model framework to map the research probability across the Brazilian Amazonia, while identifying the region’s vulnerability to environmental change. 15%–18% of the most ne glected areas in ecological research are expected to experience severe climate or land use changes by 2050. This means that unless we take immediate action, we will not be able to establish their current status, much less monitor how it is changing and what is being lostinfo:eu-repo/semantics/publishedVersio

Contributions of mean and shape of blood pressure distribution to worldwide trends and variations in raised blood pressure: A pooled analysis of 1018 population-based measurement studies with 88.6 million participants

© The Author(s) 2018. Background: Change in the prevalence of raised blood pressure could be due to both shifts in the entire distribution of blood pressure (representing the combined effects of public health interventions and secular trends) and changes in its high-blood-pressure tail (representing successful clinical interventions to control blood pressure in the hypertensive population). Our aim was to quantify the contributions of these two phenomena to the worldwide trends in the prevalence of raised blood pressure. Methods: We pooled 1018 population-based studies with blood pressure measurements on 88.6 million participants from 1985 to 2016. We first calculated mean systolic blood pressure (SBP), mean diastolic blood pressure (DBP) and prevalence of raised blood pressure by sex and 10-year age group from 20-29 years to 70-79 years in each study, taking into account complex survey design and survey sample weights, where relevant. We used a linear mixed effect model to quantify the association between (probittransformed) prevalence of raised blood pressure and age-group- and sex-specific mean blood pressure. We calculated the contributions of change in mean SBP and DBP, and of change in the prevalence-mean association, to the change in prevalence of raised blood pressure. Results: In 2005-16, at the same level of population mean SBP and DBP, men and women in South Asia and in Central Asia, the Middle East and North Africa would have the highest prevalence of raised blood pressure, and men and women in the highincome Asia Pacific and high-income Western regions would have the lowest. In most region-sex-age groups where the prevalence of raised blood pressure declined, one half or more of the decline was due to the decline in mean blood pressure. Where prevalence of raised blood pressure has increased, the change was entirely driven by increasing mean blood pressure, offset partly by the change in the prevalence-mean association. Conclusions: Change in mean blood pressure is the main driver of the worldwide change in the prevalence of raised blood pressure, but change in the high-blood-pressure tail of the distribution has also contributed to the change in prevalence, especially in older age groups

Height and body-mass index trajectories of school-aged children and adolescents from 1985 to 2019 in 200 countries and territories: a pooled analysis of 2181 population-based studies with 65 million participants

Summary Background Comparable global data on health and nutrition of school-aged children and adolescents are scarce. We aimed to estimate age trajectories and time trends in mean height and mean body-mass index (BMI), which measures weight gain beyond what is expected from height gain, for school-aged children and adolescents. Methods For this pooled analysis, we used a database of cardiometabolic risk factors collated by the Non-Communicable Disease Risk Factor Collaboration. We applied a Bayesian hierarchical model to estimate trends from 1985 to 2019 in mean height and mean BMI in 1-year age groups for ages 5–19 years. The model allowed for non-linear changes over time in mean height and mean BMI and for non-linear changes with age of children and adolescents, including periods of rapid growth during adolescence. Findings We pooled data from 2181 population-based studies, with measurements of height and weight in 65 million participants in 200 countries and territories. In 2019, we estimated a difference of 20 cm or higher in mean height of 19-year-old adolescents between countries with the tallest populations (the Netherlands, Montenegro, Estonia, and Bosnia and Herzegovina for boys; and the Netherlands, Montenegro, Denmark, and Iceland for girls) and those with the shortest populations (Timor-Leste, Laos, Solomon Islands, and Papua New Guinea for boys; and Guatemala, Bangladesh, Nepal, and Timor-Leste for girls). In the same year, the difference between the highest mean BMI (in Pacific island countries, Kuwait, Bahrain, The Bahamas, Chile, the USA, and New Zealand for both boys and girls and in South Africa for girls) and lowest mean BMI (in India, Bangladesh, Timor-Leste, Ethiopia, and Chad for boys and girls; and in Japan and Romania for girls) was approximately 9–10 kg/m2. In some countries, children aged 5 years started with healthier height or BMI than the global median and, in some cases, as healthy as the best performing countries, but they became progressively less healthy compared with their comparators as they grew older by not growing as tall (eg, boys in Austria and Barbados, and girls in Belgium and Puerto Rico) or gaining too much weight for their height (eg, girls and boys in Kuwait, Bahrain, Fiji, Jamaica, and Mexico; and girls in South Africa and New Zealand). In other countries, growing children overtook the height of their comparators (eg, Latvia, Czech Republic, Morocco, and Iran) or curbed their weight gain (eg, Italy, France, and Croatia) in late childhood and adolescence. When changes in both height and BMI were considered, girls in South Korea, Vietnam, Saudi Arabia, Turkey, and some central Asian countries (eg, Armenia and Azerbaijan), and boys in central and western Europe (eg, Portugal, Denmark, Poland, and Montenegro) had the healthiest changes in anthropometric status over the past 3·5 decades because, compared with children and adolescents in other countries, they had a much larger gain in height than they did in BMI. The unhealthiest changes—gaining too little height, too much weight for their height compared with children in other countries, or both—occurred in many countries in sub-Saharan Africa, New Zealand, and the USA for boys and girls; in Malaysia and some Pacific island nations for boys; and in Mexico for girls. Interpretation The height and BMI trajectories over age and time of school-aged children and adolescents are highly variable across countries, which indicates heterogeneous nutritional quality and lifelong health advantages and risks