Height and body-mass index trajectories of school-aged children and adolescents from 1985 to 2019 in 200 countries and territories: a pooled analysis of 2181 population-based studies with 65 million participants

Summary Background Comparable global data on health and nutrition of school-aged children and adolescents are scarce. We aimed to estimate age trajectories and time trends in mean height and mean body-mass index (BMI), which measures weight gain beyond what is expected from height gain, for school-aged children and adolescents. Methods For this pooled analysis, we used a database of cardiometabolic risk factors collated by the Non-Communicable Disease Risk Factor Collaboration. We applied a Bayesian hierarchical model to estimate trends from 1985 to 2019 in mean height and mean BMI in 1-year age groups for ages 5–19 years. The model allowed for non-linear changes over time in mean height and mean BMI and for non-linear changes with age of children and adolescents, including periods of rapid growth during adolescence. Findings We pooled data from 2181 population-based studies, with measurements of height and weight in 65 million participants in 200 countries and territories. In 2019, we estimated a difference of 20 cm or higher in mean height of 19-year-old adolescents between countries with the tallest populations (the Netherlands, Montenegro, Estonia, and Bosnia and Herzegovina for boys; and the Netherlands, Montenegro, Denmark, and Iceland for girls) and those with the shortest populations (Timor-Leste, Laos, Solomon Islands, and Papua New Guinea for boys; and Guatemala, Bangladesh, Nepal, and Timor-Leste for girls). In the same year, the difference between the highest mean BMI (in Pacific island countries, Kuwait, Bahrain, The Bahamas, Chile, the USA, and New Zealand for both boys and girls and in South Africa for girls) and lowest mean BMI (in India, Bangladesh, Timor-Leste, Ethiopia, and Chad for boys and girls; and in Japan and Romania for girls) was approximately 9–10 kg/m2. In some countries, children aged 5 years started with healthier height or BMI than the global median and, in some cases, as healthy as the best performing countries, but they became progressively less healthy compared with their comparators as they grew older by not growing as tall (eg, boys in Austria and Barbados, and girls in Belgium and Puerto Rico) or gaining too much weight for their height (eg, girls and boys in Kuwait, Bahrain, Fiji, Jamaica, and Mexico; and girls in South Africa and New Zealand). In other countries, growing children overtook the height of their comparators (eg, Latvia, Czech Republic, Morocco, and Iran) or curbed their weight gain (eg, Italy, France, and Croatia) in late childhood and adolescence. When changes in both height and BMI were considered, girls in South Korea, Vietnam, Saudi Arabia, Turkey, and some central Asian countries (eg, Armenia and Azerbaijan), and boys in central and western Europe (eg, Portugal, Denmark, Poland, and Montenegro) had the healthiest changes in anthropometric status over the past 3·5 decades because, compared with children and adolescents in other countries, they had a much larger gain in height than they did in BMI. The unhealthiest changes—gaining too little height, too much weight for their height compared with children in other countries, or both—occurred in many countries in sub-Saharan Africa, New Zealand, and the USA for boys and girls; in Malaysia and some Pacific island nations for boys; and in Mexico for girls. Interpretation The height and BMI trajectories over age and time of school-aged children and adolescents are highly variable across countries, which indicates heterogeneous nutritional quality and lifelong health advantages and risks

Rising rural body-mass index is the main driver of the global obesity epidemic in adults

Body-mass index (BMI) has increased steadily in most countries in parallel with a rise in the proportion of the population who live in cities(.)(1,2) This has led to a widely reported view that urbanization is one of the most important drivers of the global rise in obesity(3-6). Here we use 2,009 population-based studies, with measurements of height and weight in more than 112 million adults, to report national, regional and global trends in mean BMI segregated by place of residence (a rural or urban area) from 1985 to 2017. We show that, contrary to the dominant paradigm, more than 55% of the global rise in mean BMI from 1985 to 2017-and more than 80% in some low- and middle-income regions-was due to increases in BMI in rural areas. This large contribution stems from the fact that, with the exception of women in sub-Saharan Africa, BMI is increasing at the same rate or faster in rural areas than in cities in low- and middle-income regions. These trends have in turn resulted in a closing-and in some countries reversal-of the gap in BMI between urban and rural areas in low- and middle-income countries, especially for women. In high-income and industrialized countries, we noted a persistently higher rural BMI, especially for women. There is an urgent need for an integrated approach to rural nutrition that enhances financial and physical access to healthy foods, to avoid replacing the rural undernutrition disadvantage in poor countries with a more general malnutrition disadvantage that entails excessive consumption of low-quality calories.Peer reviewe

Heterogeneous contributions of change in population distribution of body mass index to change in obesity and underweight NCD Risk Factor Collaboration (NCD-RisC)

From 1985 to 2016, the prevalence of underweight decreased, and that of obesity and severe obesity increased, in most regions, with significant variation in the magnitude of these changes across regions. We investigated how much change in mean body mass index (BMI) explains changes in the prevalence of underweight, obesity, and severe obesity in different regions using data from 2896 population-based studies with 187 million participants. Changes in the prevalence of underweight and total obesity, and to a lesser extent severe obesity, are largely driven by shifts in the distribution of BMI, with smaller contributions from changes in the shape of the distribution. In East and Southeast Asia and sub-Saharan Africa, the underweight tail of the BMI distribution was left behind as the distribution shifted. There is a need for policies that address all forms of malnutrition by making healthy foods accessible and affordable, while restricting unhealthy foods through fiscal and regulatory restrictions

STABILISATION DE DOUBLE ET TRIPLE HELICES D'ACIDES NUCLEIQUES SYNTHESE ET EVALUATION DE NOUVEAUX ANALOGUES DE NUCLEOSIDES

PARIS-BIUSJ-Physique recherche (751052113) / SudocCentre Technique Livre Ens. Sup. (774682301) / SudocSudocFranceF

Méthodologies de délimitation des zones humides : de l'image satellitale à l'analyse terrain (Methodology of wetlands delimitation : from sensed data to field works)

Delineate wetlands (marshes, ponds,...) with an aim of census and/or of follow-up induce the question of the methods and the tools the best adapted for a given observation scale. This article shows that it is necessary, within the framework of an encased step, to combine remotely sensed data, aerial photographs and ground data acquisition to apprehend these systems from a regional to a compartmental scale.Délimiter des zones humides (marécages, étangs,...) dans un but de recensement et/ou de suivi pose la question des méthodes et des outils les mieux adaptés pour une échelle d'observation donnée. Cet article montre qu'il est nécessaire, dans le cadre d'une démarche emboîtée, de combiner images satellitales, photographies aériennes et analyse de terrain pour appréhender ces milieux de l'échelle régionale à l'échelle parcellaire.Gramond Delphine, Savy Benoît, Graffouillère Matthieu, Bartout Pascal. Méthodologies de délimitation des zones humides : de l'image satellitale à l'analyse terrain (Methodology of wetlands delimitation : from sensed data to field works). In: Bulletin de l'Association de géographes français, 82e année, 2005-2 ( juin). Territoires ruraux centre-européens / Lacs, étangs et zones humides. pp. 246-255

Méthodologies de délimitation des zones humides : de l’image satellitale à l’analyse terrain.

National audienc

Le Limousin est-il une région d’étangs ?

National audienc

Le PERE (Plan d'Eau de Recherche Expérimental) en géographie limnologique : une approche novatrice appliquée à l'étude des réseaux trophiques aquatiques

It is suggested to create the concept of Experimental Water Body (EWB) based on three mainstays: (i) the study of the body of water as a set of spatialized systemic links, (ii) a dense on-site measurement instrumentation inspired by the concept of Experimental Watershed (EW), (iii) the applicability of the scientific results as a management service. In short version, the EWB is defined as an instrumented and managed geolimnosystem. (i) The geolimnosystem is defined as a set of interrelationships between the limnosystem and its “geographic exchange space”. In determining the geographic exchange space, equal attention should be paid “upspace” and “downspace”. The upspace, larger than upstream, is regarded as the parameterized space which influences the body of water. Its most important part is the watershed, but it can also include other transfers of groundwater, inputs of air pollutants directly on the water body, etc. Downspace, larger than downstream, is understood as the parameterized space influenced by the body of water. It contains the emissary, the space affected by the microclimate, etc. These concepts have been applied since 1998 in the Great Pond of Cieux (French department of Haute-Vienne). (ii) The choice of a pond, therefore of a water body smaller than a lake, allows a high density of automatic measurement instruments and fine manual measurement campaigns, within the water body (equipped buoy chains, etc.) and also upstream and downstream (stufy of the emissary for several kilometers). The main instruments and parameters are as follows: weather data (Weather Monitor II station), evaporation pan, bathymetry, sedimentology, currentology (Dopler Anderaa MkII), water temperature (Tinytag logger), transparency, dissolved oxygen, pH, conductivity, nitrates, phosphates, chlorophyll-A, phytoplankton, zooplankton. The geomatic processing of the data allows the development of a “limnomodel”, defined as the geographical representation of the spatiotemporal functioning of the water body, from which we extract the measured and calculated parameters necessary to meet any scientific and social demand. (iii) The choice of an artificial body of water, equipped with a drainage system, makes the link with management more concrete and useful.Il est proposé de créer le concept de Plan d’Eau de Recherche Expérimental (PERE) en s’appuyant sur trois piliers : (i) l’étude du plan d’eau comme un ensemble de liens systémiques spatialisés, (ii) une dense instrumentation de terrain prenant modèle sur le concept de Bassin Versant Représentatif Expérimental (BVRE), (iii) une applicabilité des résultats comme aide à la gestion. En version courte, le PERE est défini comme un géolimnosystème instrumenté et géré. (i) Le géolimnosystème est lui-même défini comme un ensemble d’interrelations entre le limnosystème et son espace géographique d’échanges. Pour déterminer l’espace géographique d’échanges, il convient de prêter une égale attention à l’amont et à l’aval. L’amont est entendu comme l’espace paramétré qui influence le plan d’eau. Sa partie la plus importante est le bassin versant, mais il peut aussi compter d’autres transferts d’eaux souterraines, des apports de polluants atmosphériques tombant directement sur le plan d’eau, etc. L’aval est entendu comme l’espace paramétré influencé par le plan d’eau. Il est formé par l’émissaire fluvial, l’espace concerné par le microclimat, etc. Ces concepts sont appliqués depuis 1998 au Grand Etang de Cieux (bassin de la Glane, Haute-Vienne). (ii) Le choix d’un étang, donc d’un plan d’eau plus petit qu’un lac, permet une grande densité d’instruments de mesures automatiques et de fines campagnes de mesures manuelles, tant à l’intérieur du plan d’eau (chaînes de bouée équipées, etc.) qu’en amont et en aval (suivi de l’émissaire sur plusieurs kilomètres). Les principaux moyens et paramètres sont les suivants : données météo (station Weather Monitor II), bac évaporatoire, bathymétrie, sédimentologie, courantologie (Dopler Anderaa MkII), température de l’eau (Tinytag), transparence, oxygène dissous, pH, conductivité, nitrates, phosphates, chlorophylle-A, phytoplancton, zooplancton. Le traitement géomatique des données permet la construction d’un limnomodèle, défini comme la représentation géographique du fonctionnement spatiotemporel du plan d’eau, dont on extrait les paramètres mesurés et calculés nécessaires pour répondre à toute demande scientifique et sociale. (iii) Le choix d’un plan d’eau artificiel, muni d’une bonde et vidangeable, rend obligatoire le lien avec la gestion

Bicyclic anti-VZV nucleosides: Thieno analogues retain full antiviral activity

Thieno analogues of the potent and selective furo-pyrimidine anti-VZV nucleoside family are herein reported. The compounds retain full antiviral potency in comparison to the furo parent. Thieno analogues of the potent and selective furo-pyrimidine anti-VZV nucleoside family are herein reported. The compounds retain full antiviral potency in comparison to the furo parent