KONTRIBUSI USAHA TERNAK SAPI TERHADAP PENDAPATAN PETANI DI KECAMATAN KALAWAT KABUPATEN MINAHASA UTARA

ABSTRAKKecamatan Kalawat merupakan salah satu kecamatan yang terletak di wilayah Kabupaten Minahasa Utara dengan luas wilayah sebesar 4.714 ha. Umumnya masyarakat Kecamatan Kalawat berprofesi sebagai petani. Populasi ternak sapi di Kecamatan Kalawat adalah sebesar 489 ekor yang tersebar di 12 desa. Masalah dalam penelitian ini adalah berapa besar usaha ternak sapi dapat memberikan kontribusi terhadap pendapatan petani peternak di Kecamatan Kalawat Kabupaten Minahasa Utara. Tujuan penelitian ini untuk megetahui berapa besar kontribusi usaha ternak sapi terhadap pendapatan petani di Kecamatan Kalawat Kabupaten Minahasa Utara. Penelitian ini dilaksanakan di Kecamatan Kalawat Kabupaten Minahasa Utara dengan jumlah responden sebanyak 30 orang. Waktu penelitian dan pengumpulan data selama 2 bulan. Data penelitian diperoleh dari 2 sumber yaitu data primer dan data sekunder. Metode penentuan sampel dilakukan secara Purposive Sampling dengan penentuan responden dilakukan secara Random Sampling. Hasil penelitian  menunjukkan bahwa ternak sapi memberikan keuntungan terhadap pendapatan petani sebesar Rp.181.078.967. Adapun total pendapatan usaha tani maupun diluar usaha tani adalah sebesar Rp.1.017.128.467. Berdasarkan fakta ini maka kontribusi usaha ternak sapi terhadap pendapatan petani adalah sebesar 17,78%.  Kata Kunci: Kontibusi, Ternak Sapi,  Pendapatan Petani ABSTRACTCONTRIBUTION OF BEEF CATTLE BUSSINES TO FARMERS INCOME IN KALAWAT ON NORTH MINAHASA. Kalawat is one of the districts are located in North Minahasa with a total area of ​​4,714 ha. Kalawat’s people living  as farmers.  Population of Beef cattle in the kalawat amounted to 489 cattle spread across 12 villages. The problem in this study is how much beef cattle business can contribute to farmers income in Kalawat, North Minahasa. The purpose of this research is to determine how much the beef cattle business give a contribution to the income of farmers in the Kalawat, North Minahasa. The research was conducted in the Kalawat of North Minahasa with many respondents as many as 30 people. Duration of the research and data collection is for 2 months. The data in this study were obtained from two sources, primary data and secondary data. Sampling method of purposive sampling is done by determining the respondents were Random Sampling. The results in this study indicate that cattle provide benefits to farmers  income by Rp.181.078.967. Total  income of farm and out of farm amounted Rp.1.017.128.467. Based on this fact, contribution from cattle bussines to farmers income amounted 17,78 %.Keywords: Contribution of cattle bussines, farmers incom

DOPING AND BOND LENGTH CONTRIBUTIONS TO Mn K-EDGE SHIFT IN La1-xSrxMnO3 AND THEIR CORRELATION WITH ELECTRICAL TRANSPORT BEHAVIOUR.

The experimental Mn K-edge x-ray absorption spectra of La{sub 1-x}Sr{sub x}MnO{sub 3}, x = 0 - 0.7 are compared with the band structure calculations using spin polarized density functional theory. It is explicitly shown that there is a correspondence between the inflection point on the absorption edge and the center of gravity of the unoccupied Mn 4p-band. This correspondence has been used to separate the doping and size contributions to edge shift due to variation in number of electrons in valence band and Mn-O bond lengths, respectively when Sr is doped into LaMnO{sub 3}. Such separation is helpful to find the localization behavior of charge carriers and to understand the observed transport properties and type of charge carrier participating in the conduction process in these compounds

Diffusion in two-component quasiparticle systems of liquid and solid mixtures of helium isotopes

An exact expression for the diffusion time which depends on the interaction rates for particles of not only different, but also of the same species, has been derived from the system of kinetic equations. The result is valid for particles with arbitrary statistics and energy-momentum relations. The derived general relations are valid for investigating diffusion in liquid and solid ³He-⁴He mixtures. The contribution of interaction between quasiparticles of the same type to the diffusion coefficient and effective thermal conductivity of superfluid solutions is analyzed. The calculated values are compared with experimental data. The calculated diffusion coefficient of ³He-⁴He solid solutions differs from the previous theoretical results. A comparison of the obtained diffusion coefficient with experimental data makes it possible to determine the numerical value of the energy band width for impurity quasiparticles.Виходячи з системи кiнетичних рiвнянь для компонент сумiшi отримано точний вираз для дифузiйного часу, що залежить вiд взаємодiї частинок не тiльки рiзних, а й одного типу. Отриманий результ справедливий для частинок з довiльною дисперсiєю і статистикою. Одержаний точний вираз використовується для дослiдження дифузiї у рiдких та твердих квантових розчинах ³He-⁴He. Проаналiзовано внесок взаємодiї мiж квазiчастинками однакових типiв у коефiцiєнт дифузiї та теплопровiдностi надплинних розчинiв. Обчисленi результати порiвнюються з iснуючими експериментальними даними. Отриманий коефiцiєнт дифузiї для твердих квантових розчинiв ³He-⁴He iстотно вiдрiзняється від попереднiх результатiв теорiї. Порiвняння цього результату з експериментальними даними дозволило дiстати числове значення для енергетичної зони квазiчастинок домiшки

Anomalous lattice expansion of RuSr2Eu1.5Ce0.5Cu2O10(Ru-1222) magneto superconductor: A low temperature X-ray diffraction study

This is the first report of the observation of the onset of excess volume and also of the strain along the a-axis near the magnetic ordering temperature in Ru-1222 superconductor, and indicates a coupling between the lattice and the magnetism in this system. Magnetization, magneto transport and thermoelectric power measurements being carried out on the same sample are also reported.Comment: 15 Pages Text Plus Figs. Physica C (2006) accepte

The structure and dynamics of young star clusters: King 16, NGC 1931, NGC 637 and NGC 189

In this paper, using 2MASS photometry, we study the structural and dynamical properties of four young star clusters viz. King 16, NGC 1931, NGC 637 and NGC 189. For the clusters King 16, NGC 1931, NGC 637 and NGC 189, we obtain the limiting radii of 7', 12', 6' and 5' which correspond to linear radii of 3.6 pc, 8.85 pc, 3.96 pc and 2.8 pc respectively. The reddening values $E(B-V)$ obtained for the clusters are 0.85, 0.65--0.85, 0.6 and 0.53 and their true distances are 1786 pc, 3062 pc, 2270 pc and 912 pc respectively. Ages of the clusters are 6 Myr, 4 Myr, 4 Myr and 10 Myr respectively. We compare their structures, luminosity functions and mass functions ($\phi(M) = dN/dM \propto M^{-(1+\chi)}$) to the parameter $\tau = t_{age}/t_{relax}$ to study the star formation process and the dynamical evolution of these clusters. We find that, for our sample, mass seggregation is observed in clusters or their cores only when the ages of the clusters are comparable to their relaxation times ($\tau \geq 1$). These results suggest mass seggregation due to dynamical effects. The values of $\chi$, which characterise the overall mass functions for the clusters are 0.96 $\pm$ 0.11, 1.16 $\pm$ 0.18, 0.55 $\pm$ 0.14 and 0.66 $\pm$ 0.31 respectively. The change in $\chi$ as a function of radius is a good indicator of the dynamical state of clusters.Comment: Accepted for publication in Astrophysics & Space Scienc

Measurement of the Bottom-Strange Meson Mixing Phase in the Full CDF Data Set

We report a measurement of the bottom-strange meson mixing phase \beta_s using the time evolution of B0_s -> J/\psi (->\mu+\mu-) \phi (-> K+ K-) decays in which the quark-flavor content of the bottom-strange meson is identified at production. This measurement uses the full data set of proton-antiproton collisions at sqrt(s)= 1.96 TeV collected by the Collider Detector experiment at the Fermilab Tevatron, corresponding to 9.6 fb-1 of integrated luminosity. We report confidence regions in the two-dimensional space of \beta_s and the B0_s decay-width difference \Delta\Gamma_s, and measure \beta_s in [-\pi/2, -1.51] U [-0.06, 0.30] U [1.26, \pi/2] at the 68% confidence level, in agreement with the standard model expectation. Assuming the standard model value of \beta_s, we also determine \Delta\Gamma_s = 0.068 +- 0.026 (stat) +- 0.009 (syst) ps-1 and the mean B0_s lifetime, \tau_s = 1.528 +- 0.019 (stat) +- 0.009 (syst) ps, which are consistent and competitive with determinations by other experiments.Comment: 8 pages, 2 figures, Phys. Rev. Lett 109, 171802 (2012

Dietary Intake and Rural-Urban Migration in India: A Cross-Sectional Study

BACKGROUND: Migration from rural areas of India contributes to urbanisation and lifestyle change, and dietary changes may increase the risk of obesity and chronic diseases. We tested the hypothesis that rural-to-urban migrants have different macronutrient and food group intake to rural non-migrants, and that migrants have a diet more similar to urban non-migrants. METHODS AND FINDINGS: The diets of migrants of rural origin, their rural dwelling sibs, and those of urban origin together with their urban dwelling sibs were assessed by an interviewer-administered semi-quantitative food frequency questionnaire. A total of 6,509 participants were included. Median energy intake in the rural, migrant and urban groups was 2731, 3078, and 3224 kcal respectively for men, and 2153, 2504, and 2644 kcal for women (p<0.001). A similar trend was seen for overall intake of fat, protein and carbohydrates (p<0.001), though differences in the proportion of energy from these nutrients were <2%. Migrant and urban participants reported up to 80% higher fruit and vegetable intake than rural participants (p<0.001), and up to 35% higher sugar intake (p<0.001). Meat and dairy intake were higher in migrant and urban participants than rural participants (p<0.001), but varied by region. Sibling-pair analyses confirmed these results. There was no evidence of associations with time in urban area. CONCLUSIONS: Rural to urban migration appears to be associated with both positive (higher fruit and vegetables intake) and negative (higher energy and fat intake) dietary changes. These changes may be of relevance to cardiovascular health and warrant public health interventions