Digestible lysine and zinc chelate levels on the production variables of brown laying hens

Objetivou-se avaliar a produção de ovos em galinhas Isa Brown alimentadas com dietas com diferentes níveis de lisina digestível e zinco quelato. Utilizaram-se 720 poedeiras marrons, em dois períodos de avaliação, de 24 a 36 e de 48 a 60 semanas de idade. As dietas foram avaliadas em delineamento inteiramente casualizado, em esquema fatorial 5 × 3, composto de 5 níveis de lisina digestível (0,482; 0,527; 0,582; 0,644 e 0,732%) e 3 de zinco quelato (20, 40 e 80 ppm), de modo que cada combinação foi testada em 6 repetições de 8 aves por unidade experimental. Na fase de 24 a 36 semanas de idade, houve influência da interação de lisina digestível e zinco no consumo médio diário de ração e na porcentagem de postura. Na fase de 48 a 60 semanas, a interação foi evidenciada somente no consumo médio diário de ração. O aumento da concentração de lisina digestível favoreceu o consumo de ração em todos os níveis de zinco. Em ambas as fases, a menor concentração de zinco atende às necessidades de produção das aves. O valor médio estimado de lisina digestível ideal foi de 0,732% para a fase de 24 a 36 semanas e de 0,578% para a fase de 48 a 60 semanas de idade.This work aimed at evaluating egg production in Isa Brown hens fed diets with different levels of digestible lysine and chelate zinc. It was used 720 brown laying hens, in two evaluation periods, from 24 to 36 and from 48 to 60 weeks of age. The diets were evaluated in a completely randomized design in a 5 × 3 factorial scheme composed of five levels of digestible lysine (0.482; 0.527; 0.582; 0.644 and 0.732%) and three levels of chelate zinc (20, 40 and 80 ppm), so each combination was tested in 6 repetitions of 8 birds per experimental unit. In the phase from 24 to 36 weeks of age, there was an influence of digestible lysine and zinc on average feed intake of the ration and on laying percentage. During the phase from 48 to 60 weeks of age, the interaction was evidenced only on the average feed intake. The increase of digestible lysine concentration favored feed intake at all zinc levels. In both phases, the lowest zinc concentration meets poultry production needs. The estimated average value of ideal digestible lysine was 0.732% for the phase from 24 to 36 weeks of age and 0.578% for phase from 48 to 60 weeks of age.Fundação de Apoio à Pesquisa do Estado de São Paulo (FAPESP

Metabolizable energy values of diets supplemented with xylanase determined with laying hens

The objective of this study was to evaluate the effect of the supplementation of xylanase in diets with reduced energy level on the apparent metabolizable energy corrected for nitrogen, determined with laying hens at 14, 36, 60 and 80 weeks of age. Four digestibility trials were conducted, using 80 Hy-line W36 laying hens aged 14, 36, 60 and 80 weeks of age. Birds were distributed in a completely randomized design in 2 x 2 factorial arrangement (energy level x inclusion of xylanase), totaling four treatments with 10 replicates of two birds each. Treatments were: positive control (balanced diet for their age); positive control + xylanase; negative control (diet with reduction of 100 kcal/kg in the level of metabolizable energy); and negative control + xylanase. Xylanase, produced by microorganism Trichoderma reesei, was added to the diets at 100 g/t (16,000 BXU/kg) for diets fed at 14 weeks and 75 g/t for diets of 36, 60 and 80 weeks (12,000 BXU/kg). The data obtained were subjected to analysis of variance at 5% probability. Supplementation of xylanase promoted higher values for AME (apparent metabolizable energy) and AME(n) (apparent metabolizable energy corrected for nitrogen) determined with 80-week-old laying hens, subjected to diet with energy level according to the nutritional requirements for their age. Supplementation of xylanase increases the matabolizability coefficient of the dietary crude protein and improves the nitrogen retention of laying hens at 14 weeks. In addition, xylanase associated with adequate levels of dietary energy promotes higher values for AME and AME(n) determined with laying hens at 80 weeks of age

Height and body-mass index trajectories of school-aged children and adolescents from 1985 to 2019 in 200 countries and territories: a pooled analysis of 2181 population-based studies with 65 million participants

Summary Background Comparable global data on health and nutrition of school-aged children and adolescents are scarce. We aimed to estimate age trajectories and time trends in mean height and mean body-mass index (BMI), which measures weight gain beyond what is expected from height gain, for school-aged children and adolescents. Methods For this pooled analysis, we used a database of cardiometabolic risk factors collated by the Non-Communicable Disease Risk Factor Collaboration. We applied a Bayesian hierarchical model to estimate trends from 1985 to 2019 in mean height and mean BMI in 1-year age groups for ages 5–19 years. The model allowed for non-linear changes over time in mean height and mean BMI and for non-linear changes with age of children and adolescents, including periods of rapid growth during adolescence. Findings We pooled data from 2181 population-based studies, with measurements of height and weight in 65 million participants in 200 countries and territories. In 2019, we estimated a difference of 20 cm or higher in mean height of 19-year-old adolescents between countries with the tallest populations (the Netherlands, Montenegro, Estonia, and Bosnia and Herzegovina for boys; and the Netherlands, Montenegro, Denmark, and Iceland for girls) and those with the shortest populations (Timor-Leste, Laos, Solomon Islands, and Papua New Guinea for boys; and Guatemala, Bangladesh, Nepal, and Timor-Leste for girls). In the same year, the difference between the highest mean BMI (in Pacific island countries, Kuwait, Bahrain, The Bahamas, Chile, the USA, and New Zealand for both boys and girls and in South Africa for girls) and lowest mean BMI (in India, Bangladesh, Timor-Leste, Ethiopia, and Chad for boys and girls; and in Japan and Romania for girls) was approximately 9–10 kg/m2. In some countries, children aged 5 years started with healthier height or BMI than the global median and, in some cases, as healthy as the best performing countries, but they became progressively less healthy compared with their comparators as they grew older by not growing as tall (eg, boys in Austria and Barbados, and girls in Belgium and Puerto Rico) or gaining too much weight for their height (eg, girls and boys in Kuwait, Bahrain, Fiji, Jamaica, and Mexico; and girls in South Africa and New Zealand). In other countries, growing children overtook the height of their comparators (eg, Latvia, Czech Republic, Morocco, and Iran) or curbed their weight gain (eg, Italy, France, and Croatia) in late childhood and adolescence. When changes in both height and BMI were considered, girls in South Korea, Vietnam, Saudi Arabia, Turkey, and some central Asian countries (eg, Armenia and Azerbaijan), and boys in central and western Europe (eg, Portugal, Denmark, Poland, and Montenegro) had the healthiest changes in anthropometric status over the past 3·5 decades because, compared with children and adolescents in other countries, they had a much larger gain in height than they did in BMI. The unhealthiest changes—gaining too little height, too much weight for their height compared with children in other countries, or both—occurred in many countries in sub-Saharan Africa, New Zealand, and the USA for boys and girls; in Malaysia and some Pacific island nations for boys; and in Mexico for girls. Interpretation The height and BMI trajectories over age and time of school-aged children and adolescents are highly variable across countries, which indicates heterogeneous nutritional quality and lifelong health advantages and risks

The Genome of Anopheles darlingi, the main neotropical malaria vector

Anopheles darlingi is the principal neotropical malaria vector, responsible for more than a million cases of malaria per year on the American continent. Anopheles darlingi diverged from the African and Asian malaria vectors ∼100 million years ago (mya) and successfully adapted to the New World environment. Here we present an annotated reference A. darlingi genome, sequenced from a wild population of males and females collected in the Brazilian Amazon. A total of 10 481 predicted protein-coding genes were annotated, 72% of which have their closest counterpart in Anopheles gambiae and 21% have highest similarity with other mosquito species. In spite of a long period of divergent evolution, conserved gene synteny was observed between A. darlingi and A. gambiae. More than 10 million single nucleotide polymorphisms and short indels with potential use as genetic markers were identified. Transposable elements correspond to 2.3% of the A. darlingi genome. Genes associated with hematophagy, immunity and insecticide resistance, directly involved in vectorhuman and vectorparasite interactions, were identified and discussed. This study represents the first effort to sequence the genome of a neotropical malaria vector, and opens a new window through which we can contemplate the evolutionary history of anopheline mosquitoes. It also provides valuable information that may lead to novel strategies to reduce malaria transmission on the South American continent. The A. darlingi genome is accessible at www.labinfo.lncc.br/index.php/anopheles- darlingi. © 2013 The Author(s)

Heterogeneous contributions of change in population distribution of body mass index to change in obesity and underweight NCD Risk Factor Collaboration (NCD-RisC)

From 1985 to 2016, the prevalence of underweight decreased, and that of obesity and severe obesity increased, in most regions, with significant variation in the magnitude of these changes across regions. We investigated how much change in mean body mass index (BMI) explains changes in the prevalence of underweight, obesity, and severe obesity in different regions using data from 2896 population-based studies with 187 million participants. Changes in the prevalence of underweight and total obesity, and to a lesser extent severe obesity, are largely driven by shifts in the distribution of BMI, with smaller contributions from changes in the shape of the distribution. In East and Southeast Asia and sub-Saharan Africa, the underweight tail of the BMI distribution was left behind as the distribution shifted. There is a need for policies that address all forms of malnutrition by making healthy foods accessible and affordable, while restricting unhealthy foods through fiscal and regulatory restrictions

Digestible Lysine and Zinc Chelate: Production and Quality of Laying Hen Eggs

A otimização do metabolismo e a maximização do desempenho das aves dependem de adequada nutrição. Dentre os nutrientes essenciais a essa nutrição estão o aminoácido lisina e zinco, objetos desta avaliação, sobre a produção, qualidade, composição dos ovos e morfologia intestinal. Setecentos e vinte poedeiras foram submetidas em dois períodos de avaliação. Cada período correspondeu a 12 semanas, sendo a Fase-I de 24 a 36 e a Fase-II de 48 a 60 semanas de idade. Os tratamentos foram distribuídos em delineamento inteiramente casualizado, dispostos em esquema fatorial (5 x 3) aplicados em seis repetições e a unidade experimental foi composta de oito aves/parcela. Os níveis de lisina digestível foram: 0,482; 0,527; 0,582; 0,644 e 0,732% e de zinco: 137, 309 e 655 ppm na forma de quelato. Na Fase-I, houve interação de lisina digestível e zinco nas variáveis: consumo de ração médio diário, conversão alimentar, porcentagem de postura e na massa de ovo. Na Fase-II a interação foi evidenciada no consumo de ração médio diário, peso da casca, composição química e taxas de deposição protéica, lipídica e mineral do ovo. Na maior concentração dietética de zinco o acréscimo de lisina digestível coincidiu com aumento linear no peso da casca. Por outro lado, o acréscimo de zinco independentemente do nível de lisina na dieta, culminou com a redução do peso do ovo e da porcentagem da matéria mineral na gema limitando a eficiência de deposição mineral nessa fração do ovo. Resultado inverso ocorreu no albúmen, quando houve aumento na porcentagem de matéria mineral. Em ambas as fases, a menor concentração de zinco (173ppm) atendeu as necessidades de produção e qualidade das aves. O valor médio estimado de lisina digestível foi de 0,662% ± 0,03 para a Fase-I e de 0,609 ± 0,004 para a Fase-II.The optimization of the metabolism and poultry performance maximization depend of adequate nutrition. Among the essential nutrients there are lysine and zinc, subjects this evaluation, on egg production, quality, composition and intestinal morphology. Seven hundred and twenty laying were submitted into two study periods. Each period corresponded to 12 weeks, being 24 to 36 Phase I and 48 to 60 weeks of age Phase II. The treatments were allotted to a completely randomly, disposed randomized design under factorial scheme (5 x 3) with six replications and eight bird per experimental unit. The lysine levels were: 0.482; 0.527; 0.582; 0.644 e 0.732% and zinc: 173, 309 and 655 ppm in chelate form. At Phase I, there was interaction of digestible lysine and zinc in variables: average feed intake, feed: gain, laying percentage and egg mass. At Phase II the interaction was evidenced at the average feed intake, shell weight, chemical composition, proteic, lipidic and mineral depositionn rates egg. In the higher dietetic zinc concentration the digestible lysine accretion coincide with linear increase in shell weight. On the other hand, the zinc increase, of independently from diet lysine level, coincide with egg weight and yolk mineral percentage decrease, however limiting the mineral accretion efficiency in this egg fraction. In both Phases, the smallest zinc concentration (173ppm) attended the poultry production and quality needs. The estimate value of digestible lysine was 0.662% ± 0.03 for Phase I and 0.609% ± 0.004 for Phase II

Levels of dietary zinc and manganese on performance, availability and bone mineralization of broilers

Foram realizados dois experimentos com o objetivo de determinar a concentração de zinco e manganês na dieta de frangos de corte sobreas características de desempenho, disponibilidade e mineralização óssea, além da comparação de métodos para quantificar o grau de mineralização óssea. Em cada um dos experimentos foram distribuídos 320 pintinhos machos em delineamento experimental inteiramente casualizado, com oito tratamentos e cinco repetições de oito aves cada. O diferencial existente entre o experimento um e dois está relacionado com o micromineral avaliado, sendo o zinco e o manganês, respectivamente. No experimento um, uma dieta foi sem inclusão de zincoe os níveis de inclusão de sulfato de zinco foram de 60 e 100mg/kg e de zinco metionina de 20, 40, 60, 80 e 100 mg/kg. No experimento dois, uma dieta foi sem inclusão de manganês e os níveis de inclusão de sulfato de manganês foram de 65 e 105 mg/kg e de manganês metionina de 25, 45, 65, 85 e 105 mg/kg. Em ambos experimentos, para determinar a disponibilidade, comparou-se uma dieta sem adição do micromineral com outras dietas com adição do micromineral, na fonte orgânica e inorgânica. Para determinar a exigência, somente os níveis dos microminerais na fonte orgânica foram comparados entre si. Os microminerais estudados (zinco e manganês) não interferiram no desempenho das aves independente do nível e fonte em que foram utilizados. Aos 38 dias, o zinco (60 e 100 mg/kg) e o manganês (105 mg/kg) orgânico foram excretados em menor quantidade em comparação com os mesmos minerais na fonte inorgânica. Sugerindo assim, uma melhor absorção do micromineral orgânico. Independente da fonte e nível utilizado, os microminerais estudados não interferiram nas características ósseas avaliadas (peso, comprimento e largura da tíbia, peso do tarso- metatarso e peso das falanges). Em ambos estudos, o grau de mineralização óssea aumentou conforme elevou-se a concentração de zinco ou de manganês na dieta, independente da fonte em que estes microminerais foram estudados. O método mais adequado para determinação do teor de zinco e de manganês é através da utilização de tíbias.Two experiments were conducted with the objective of determining the concentration of zinc and manganese in the diet of poultry, the experiments were done on the performance, availability and bone mineralization, besides the comparison of methods to quantify the degree of bone mineralization. In each experiment 320 male chicks were distributed in a totally randomized and experimental design, with eight treatments and five replicates of eight birds each. The existing differential between experiment one and experiment two is related to the evaluated micro mineral (trace elements), beingzinc and manganese respectively. In experiment one, one diet did not include zinc and the other diets included levels of zinc sulfate of 60 and 100 mg/kg, and of zinc methionineof 20, 40, 60, 80 and 100 mg/kg. In experiment two, one diet did not include manganese and the other diets included levels of manganese sulfate of 65 and 105 mg/kg, and of manganese methionine of 25, 45, 64, 85 and 105 mg/kg. In both experiments, to determine the availability, a diet without the addition of micro mineral was compared to other diets with the addition of the micro mineral in the organic and inorganic sources. To determine the requirement, only the levels of micro mineral in the organic source were compared among themselves. The studied micro mineral did not interfere on the poultry performance regardless thelevel and source in which they were used. At 38 days, the quantities of zinc (60 and 100 mg/kg) and manganese (105 mg/kg) excreted from an organic source were lower in comparison to the same minerals in an inorganic source. Thus suggesting a better absorption of the organic micro mineral. Regardless the used source and level, the studied micro minerals (zinc and manganese) did not interfere in the evaluated bone characteristics (weight, length and width of the tibia, the weight of the tarsus - metatarsus and the weight of the phalanges). In both studies the degree of bone mineralization increased in accordance with the increased concentration of zinc and manganese in the diet, regardless the source in which those micro mineralswere studied. The most appropriate method for determining the zinc and the manganese content is through the use of tibia