Crop productivity and soil quality after fertilization with liquid swine manure

An unresolved question about the use of animal waste in agriculture is its effect on the physical and chemical attributes of soil, especially in commercial grain producing areas that have adopted direct seeding system (DSS). Aiming at contributing to the clarification of this question, we conducted a study in the mid-north region of the Mato Grosso state, Brazil, in a soybean and maize commercial area consolidated in DSS. Different doses of liquid swine manure (LSM) were applied and compared with NPK mineral fertilization. The aim of this study was to evaluate the physical and chemical quality of the soil and the productive potential of the soybean and maize crops under LSM doses and NPK fertilizer. Results indicated an increase in levels of K, P, Zn and Cu exchangeable with LSM fertilization of 80 m3.ha-1. Fertilizers with mineral NPK and LSM at 80 and 60 m3.ha-1, respectively, show soil porosity improvements and decreased soil penetration resistance. Moreover, the use of LSM also provided the highest increases in soybean and maize grain yield.Una pregunta no resuelta sobre el uso de los desechos animales en la agricultura es su efecto sobre los atributos físicos y químicos del suelo, especialmente en las áreas productoras de granos comerciales que han adoptado el sistema de siembra directa (DSS). Con el objetivo de contribuir a la aclaración de esta cuestión, se realizó un estudio en la región centro-norte del estado de Mato Grosso, Brasil, en un área comercial de soya y maíz consolidada en DSS. Se aplicaron diferentes dosis de estiércol líquido porcino (LSM) y se compararon con la fertilización mineral NPK. El objetivo de este estudio fue evaluar la calidad física y química del suelo y el potencial productivo de los cultivos de soya y maíz bajo dosis de LSM y fertilizante NPK. Los resultados indicaron un aumento en los niveles de K, P, Zn y Cu intercambiables con fertilización con LSM de 80 m3.ha-1. Los fertilizantes con NPK mineral y LSM a 80 y 60 m3.ha-1, respectivamente, muestran mejoras en la porosidad del suelo y una menor resistencia a la penetración del suelo. Además, el uso de LSM también proporcionó los mayores incrementos en el rendimiento de grano de soya y maíz.Uma das questões pouco esclarecidas sobre o uso de resíduos animais na agricultura, é seu efeito sobre os atributos físicos e químicos do solo, principalmente em áreas comerciais produtoras de grãos que adotam o sistema de semeadura direta (DSS). Visando contribuir com o esclarecimento desta questão, realizamos um estudo na região médio-norte do estado de Mato Grosso, Brasil, em uma área comercial de soja e milho consolidada em DSS. Aplicou-se diferentes doses de dejetos líquidos de suínos (LSM) e as comparou com adubação mineral NPK. O objetivo foi avaliar a qualidade física e química do solo e o potencial produtivo das culturas soja e milho sob as doses de LSM e NPK como fertilizantes. Os resultados indicaram aumento nos teores de K, P, Zn e Cu trocáveis com adubação de 80 m3 ha-1 de LSM. As adubações com fertilizante mineral NPK e LSM nas doses de 80 e 60 m3 ha-1 proporcionam melhorias na porosidade do solo e diminuíram a resistência do solo à penetração. O uso de LSM também proporcionou os maiores incrementos na produtividade de grãos de soja e de milho

Height and body-mass index trajectories of school-aged children and adolescents from 1985 to 2019 in 200 countries and territories: a pooled analysis of 2181 population-based studies with 65 million participants

Summary Background Comparable global data on health and nutrition of school-aged children and adolescents are scarce. We aimed to estimate age trajectories and time trends in mean height and mean body-mass index (BMI), which measures weight gain beyond what is expected from height gain, for school-aged children and adolescents. Methods For this pooled analysis, we used a database of cardiometabolic risk factors collated by the Non-Communicable Disease Risk Factor Collaboration. We applied a Bayesian hierarchical model to estimate trends from 1985 to 2019 in mean height and mean BMI in 1-year age groups for ages 5–19 years. The model allowed for non-linear changes over time in mean height and mean BMI and for non-linear changes with age of children and adolescents, including periods of rapid growth during adolescence. Findings We pooled data from 2181 population-based studies, with measurements of height and weight in 65 million participants in 200 countries and territories. In 2019, we estimated a difference of 20 cm or higher in mean height of 19-year-old adolescents between countries with the tallest populations (the Netherlands, Montenegro, Estonia, and Bosnia and Herzegovina for boys; and the Netherlands, Montenegro, Denmark, and Iceland for girls) and those with the shortest populations (Timor-Leste, Laos, Solomon Islands, and Papua New Guinea for boys; and Guatemala, Bangladesh, Nepal, and Timor-Leste for girls). In the same year, the difference between the highest mean BMI (in Pacific island countries, Kuwait, Bahrain, The Bahamas, Chile, the USA, and New Zealand for both boys and girls and in South Africa for girls) and lowest mean BMI (in India, Bangladesh, Timor-Leste, Ethiopia, and Chad for boys and girls; and in Japan and Romania for girls) was approximately 9–10 kg/m2. In some countries, children aged 5 years started with healthier height or BMI than the global median and, in some cases, as healthy as the best performing countries, but they became progressively less healthy compared with their comparators as they grew older by not growing as tall (eg, boys in Austria and Barbados, and girls in Belgium and Puerto Rico) or gaining too much weight for their height (eg, girls and boys in Kuwait, Bahrain, Fiji, Jamaica, and Mexico; and girls in South Africa and New Zealand). In other countries, growing children overtook the height of their comparators (eg, Latvia, Czech Republic, Morocco, and Iran) or curbed their weight gain (eg, Italy, France, and Croatia) in late childhood and adolescence. When changes in both height and BMI were considered, girls in South Korea, Vietnam, Saudi Arabia, Turkey, and some central Asian countries (eg, Armenia and Azerbaijan), and boys in central and western Europe (eg, Portugal, Denmark, Poland, and Montenegro) had the healthiest changes in anthropometric status over the past 3·5 decades because, compared with children and adolescents in other countries, they had a much larger gain in height than they did in BMI. The unhealthiest changes—gaining too little height, too much weight for their height compared with children in other countries, or both—occurred in many countries in sub-Saharan Africa, New Zealand, and the USA for boys and girls; in Malaysia and some Pacific island nations for boys; and in Mexico for girls. Interpretation The height and BMI trajectories over age and time of school-aged children and adolescents are highly variable across countries, which indicates heterogeneous nutritional quality and lifelong health advantages and risks

Rising rural body-mass index is the main driver of the global obesity epidemic in adults

Body-mass index (BMI) has increased steadily in most countries in parallel with a rise in the proportion of the population who live in cities(.)(1,2) This has led to a widely reported view that urbanization is one of the most important drivers of the global rise in obesity(3-6). Here we use 2,009 population-based studies, with measurements of height and weight in more than 112 million adults, to report national, regional and global trends in mean BMI segregated by place of residence (a rural or urban area) from 1985 to 2017. We show that, contrary to the dominant paradigm, more than 55% of the global rise in mean BMI from 1985 to 2017-and more than 80% in some low- and middle-income regions-was due to increases in BMI in rural areas. This large contribution stems from the fact that, with the exception of women in sub-Saharan Africa, BMI is increasing at the same rate or faster in rural areas than in cities in low- and middle-income regions. These trends have in turn resulted in a closing-and in some countries reversal-of the gap in BMI between urban and rural areas in low- and middle-income countries, especially for women. In high-income and industrialized countries, we noted a persistently higher rural BMI, especially for women. There is an urgent need for an integrated approach to rural nutrition that enhances financial and physical access to healthy foods, to avoid replacing the rural undernutrition disadvantage in poor countries with a more general malnutrition disadvantage that entails excessive consumption of low-quality calories.Peer reviewe

Heterogeneous contributions of change in population distribution of body mass index to change in obesity and underweight NCD Risk Factor Collaboration (NCD-RisC)

From 1985 to 2016, the prevalence of underweight decreased, and that of obesity and severe obesity increased, in most regions, with significant variation in the magnitude of these changes across regions. We investigated how much change in mean body mass index (BMI) explains changes in the prevalence of underweight, obesity, and severe obesity in different regions using data from 2896 population-based studies with 187 million participants. Changes in the prevalence of underweight and total obesity, and to a lesser extent severe obesity, are largely driven by shifts in the distribution of BMI, with smaller contributions from changes in the shape of the distribution. In East and Southeast Asia and sub-Saharan Africa, the underweight tail of the BMI distribution was left behind as the distribution shifted. There is a need for policies that address all forms of malnutrition by making healthy foods accessible and affordable, while restricting unhealthy foods through fiscal and regulatory restrictions

Utilização de lodo de efluente doméstico: efeitos na produtividade agrícola e em alguns aspectos ambientais

O objetivo deste trabalho foi avaliar os efeitos da aplicação do lodo de esgoto proveniente de uma pequena estação de tratamento, localizada na Fazenda Experimental Lageado, Faculdade de Ciências Agronômicas–UNESP, Botucatu, SP, Brasil, na produtividade agrícola e características de plantas de milho, bem como seus impactos nas características do solo e na qualidade da água drenada para o freático. O delineamento experimental foi constituído por blocos ao acaso, com parcelas subdivididas no tempo (Ensaios), num total de 6 tratamentos, 4 blocos e 4 ensaios, sendo T1 (testemunha, sem fertilização); T2 (10t ha-1 de lodo seco); T3 (20t ha-1 de lodo seco); T4 (30t ha-1 de lodo seco); T5 (40t ha-1 de lodo seco) e T6 (adubação mineral). Os ensaios foram assim definidos: E1 (cultivo de verão instalado em 11/2000); E2 (cultivo de inverno instalado em 06/2001); E3 (segundo cultivo de verão instalado em 11/2001) e E4 (segundo cultivo de inverno instalado em 05/2002). Foi utilizado o milho como cultura teste. Os parâmetros avaliados no campo foram altura das plantas, diâmetro do colmo e número de folhas em três épocas diferentes, além da análise foliar. Após a colheita das espigas foram avaliados os componentes de produção: massa sem palha, comprimento, diâmetro e número de fileiras das espigas; massa da palha; diâmetro...The objective of this study was to evaluate the effects of the use of sewage sludge, coming from a small treatment station, located in Lageado Experimental Farm, Agronomic Sciences College - UNESP, Botucatu, SP, Brazil, on productivity and characteristics of corn plants, as well as its impact on soil characteristics and quality of drained water. The experimental design constituted of randomized blocks, with split plots in time (Assays), with 6 treatments, 4 blocks and 4 assays. The treatments were T1 (control, without fertilization); T2 (10t ha-1 of dry sludge); T3 (20t ha-1 of dry sludge); T4 (30t ha-1 of dry sludge); T5 (40t ha-1 of dry sludge) and T6 (mineral fertilizer). The assays were defined as: E1 (first summer plantation, installed in 11/2000); E2 (first winter plantation, installed in 06/2001); E3 (second summer plantation, installed in 11/2001), and E4 (second winter plantation, installed in 05/2002). The parameters evaluated were height of plants, stem diameter and number of leaves, besides leaves chemical analysis. After harvesting of corn spikes, the production components were evaluated: spikes without straw; spike length, diameter and line number; straw weight; corncob diameter; number of spikes; weight of 1000 grains and grains for spike). Moreover, the corn productivity at 13% of... (Complete abstract click electronic access below)Fundação de Amparo à Pesquisa do Estado de São Paulo (FAPESP

Crop productivity and soil quality after fertilization with liquid swine manure

An unresolved question about the use of animal waste in agriculture is its effect on the physical and chemical attributes of soil, especially in commercial grain producing areas that have adopted direct seeding system (DSS). Aiming at contributing to the clarification of this question, we conducted a study in the mid-north region of the Mato Grosso state, Brazil, in a soybean and maize commercial area consolidated in DSS. Different doses of liquid swine manure (LSM) were applied and compared with NPK mineral fertilization. The aim of this study was to evaluate the physical and chemical quality of the soil and the productive potential of the soybean and maize crops under LSM doses and NPK fertilizer. Results indicated an increase in levels of K, P, Zn and Cu exchangeable with LSM fertilization of 80 m3.ha-1. Fertilizers with mineral NPK and LSM at 80 and 60 m3.ha-1, respectively, show soil porosity improvements and decreased soil penetration resistance. Moreover, the use of LSM also provided the highest increases in soybean and maize grain yield

Bivariate linear regression models with VO₂max (ml/kg/min) as a dependent variable.

<p>Bivariate linear regression models with VO₂max (ml/kg/min) as a dependent variable.</p

Characteristics of muscle biopsies in vastus lateralis from PAH patients.

<p>*reference 25.</p><p>Data are presented as Mean (SD).</p><p>Characteristics of muscle biopsies in vastus lateralis from PAH patients.</p

General characteristics of peripheral muscles.

<p>Data are presented as Mean (SD), *p<0.05.</p><p>General characteristics of peripheral muscles.</p