Rising rural body-mass index is the main driver of the global obesity epidemic in adults

Body-mass index (BMI) has increased steadily in most countries in parallel with a rise in the proportion of the population who live in cities(.)(1,2) This has led to a widely reported view that urbanization is one of the most important drivers of the global rise in obesity(3-6). Here we use 2,009 population-based studies, with measurements of height and weight in more than 112 million adults, to report national, regional and global trends in mean BMI segregated by place of residence (a rural or urban area) from 1985 to 2017. We show that, contrary to the dominant paradigm, more than 55% of the global rise in mean BMI from 1985 to 2017-and more than 80% in some low- and middle-income regions-was due to increases in BMI in rural areas. This large contribution stems from the fact that, with the exception of women in sub-Saharan Africa, BMI is increasing at the same rate or faster in rural areas than in cities in low- and middle-income regions. These trends have in turn resulted in a closing-and in some countries reversal-of the gap in BMI between urban and rural areas in low- and middle-income countries, especially for women. In high-income and industrialized countries, we noted a persistently higher rural BMI, especially for women. There is an urgent need for an integrated approach to rural nutrition that enhances financial and physical access to healthy foods, to avoid replacing the rural undernutrition disadvantage in poor countries with a more general malnutrition disadvantage that entails excessive consumption of low-quality calories.Peer reviewe

Height and body-mass index trajectories of school-aged children and adolescents from 1985 to 2019 in 200 countries and territories: a pooled analysis of 2181 population-based studies with 65 million participants

Summary Background Comparable global data on health and nutrition of school-aged children and adolescents are scarce. We aimed to estimate age trajectories and time trends in mean height and mean body-mass index (BMI), which measures weight gain beyond what is expected from height gain, for school-aged children and adolescents. Methods For this pooled analysis, we used a database of cardiometabolic risk factors collated by the Non-Communicable Disease Risk Factor Collaboration. We applied a Bayesian hierarchical model to estimate trends from 1985 to 2019 in mean height and mean BMI in 1-year age groups for ages 5–19 years. The model allowed for non-linear changes over time in mean height and mean BMI and for non-linear changes with age of children and adolescents, including periods of rapid growth during adolescence. Findings We pooled data from 2181 population-based studies, with measurements of height and weight in 65 million participants in 200 countries and territories. In 2019, we estimated a difference of 20 cm or higher in mean height of 19-year-old adolescents between countries with the tallest populations (the Netherlands, Montenegro, Estonia, and Bosnia and Herzegovina for boys; and the Netherlands, Montenegro, Denmark, and Iceland for girls) and those with the shortest populations (Timor-Leste, Laos, Solomon Islands, and Papua New Guinea for boys; and Guatemala, Bangladesh, Nepal, and Timor-Leste for girls). In the same year, the difference between the highest mean BMI (in Pacific island countries, Kuwait, Bahrain, The Bahamas, Chile, the USA, and New Zealand for both boys and girls and in South Africa for girls) and lowest mean BMI (in India, Bangladesh, Timor-Leste, Ethiopia, and Chad for boys and girls; and in Japan and Romania for girls) was approximately 9–10 kg/m2. In some countries, children aged 5 years started with healthier height or BMI than the global median and, in some cases, as healthy as the best performing countries, but they became progressively less healthy compared with their comparators as they grew older by not growing as tall (eg, boys in Austria and Barbados, and girls in Belgium and Puerto Rico) or gaining too much weight for their height (eg, girls and boys in Kuwait, Bahrain, Fiji, Jamaica, and Mexico; and girls in South Africa and New Zealand). In other countries, growing children overtook the height of their comparators (eg, Latvia, Czech Republic, Morocco, and Iran) or curbed their weight gain (eg, Italy, France, and Croatia) in late childhood and adolescence. When changes in both height and BMI were considered, girls in South Korea, Vietnam, Saudi Arabia, Turkey, and some central Asian countries (eg, Armenia and Azerbaijan), and boys in central and western Europe (eg, Portugal, Denmark, Poland, and Montenegro) had the healthiest changes in anthropometric status over the past 3·5 decades because, compared with children and adolescents in other countries, they had a much larger gain in height than they did in BMI. The unhealthiest changes—gaining too little height, too much weight for their height compared with children in other countries, or both—occurred in many countries in sub-Saharan Africa, New Zealand, and the USA for boys and girls; in Malaysia and some Pacific island nations for boys; and in Mexico for girls. Interpretation The height and BMI trajectories over age and time of school-aged children and adolescents are highly variable across countries, which indicates heterogeneous nutritional quality and lifelong health advantages and risks

Heterogeneous contributions of change in population distribution of body mass index to change in obesity and underweight NCD Risk Factor Collaboration (NCD-RisC)

From 1985 to 2016, the prevalence of underweight decreased, and that of obesity and severe obesity increased, in most regions, with significant variation in the magnitude of these changes across regions. We investigated how much change in mean body mass index (BMI) explains changes in the prevalence of underweight, obesity, and severe obesity in different regions using data from 2896 population-based studies with 187 million participants. Changes in the prevalence of underweight and total obesity, and to a lesser extent severe obesity, are largely driven by shifts in the distribution of BMI, with smaller contributions from changes in the shape of the distribution. In East and Southeast Asia and sub-Saharan Africa, the underweight tail of the BMI distribution was left behind as the distribution shifted. There is a need for policies that address all forms of malnutrition by making healthy foods accessible and affordable, while restricting unhealthy foods through fiscal and regulatory restrictions

Worldwide trends in underweight and obesity from 1990 to 2022: a pooled analysis of 3663 population-representative studies with 222 million children, adolescents, and adults

Background Underweight and obesity are associated with adverse health outcomes throughout the life course. We estimated the individual and combined prevalence of underweight or thinness and obesity, and their changes, from 1990 to 2022 for adults and school-aged children and adolescents in 200 countries and territories. Methods We used data from 3663 population-based studies with 222 million participants that measured height and weight in representative samples of the general population. We used a Bayesian hierarchical model to estimate trends in the prevalence of different BMI categories, separately for adults (age ≥20 years) and school-aged children and adolescents (age 5–19 years), from 1990 to 2022 for 200 countries and territories. For adults, we report the individual and combined prevalence of underweight (BMI 2 SD above the median). Findings From 1990 to 2022, the combined prevalence of underweight and obesity in adults decreased in 11 countries (6%) for women and 17 (9%) for men with a posterior probability of at least 0·80 that the observed changes were true decreases. The combined prevalence increased in 162 countries (81%) for women and 140 countries (70%) for men with a posterior probability of at least 0·80. In 2022, the combined prevalence of underweight and obesity was highest in island nations in the Caribbean and Polynesia and Micronesia, and countries in the Middle East and north Africa. Obesity prevalence was higher than underweight with posterior probability of at least 0·80 in 177 countries (89%) for women and 145 (73%) for men in 2022, whereas the converse was true in 16 countries (8%) for women, and 39 (20%) for men. From 1990 to 2022, the combined prevalence of thinness and obesity decreased among girls in five countries (3%) and among boys in 15 countries (8%) with a posterior probability of at least 0·80, and increased among girls in 140 countries (70%) and boys in 137 countries (69%) with a posterior probability of at least 0·80. The countries with highest combined prevalence of thinness and obesity in school-aged children and adolescents in 2022 were in Polynesia and Micronesia and the Caribbean for both sexes, and Chile and Qatar for boys. Combined prevalence was also high in some countries in south Asia, such as India and Pakistan, where thinness remained prevalent despite having declined. In 2022, obesity in school-aged children and adolescents was more prevalent than thinness with a posterior probability of at least 0·80 among girls in 133 countries (67%) and boys in 125 countries (63%), whereas the converse was true in 35 countries (18%) and 42 countries (21%), respectively. In almost all countries for both adults and school-aged children and adolescents, the increases in double burden were driven by increases in obesity, and decreases in double burden by declining https://researchonline.ljmu.ac.uk/images/research_banner_face_lab_290.jpgunderweight or thinness. Interpretation The combined burden of underweight and obesity has increased in most countries, driven by an increase in obesity, while underweight and thinness remain prevalent in south Asia and parts of Africa. A healthy nutrition transition that enhances access to nutritious foods is needed to address the remaining burden of underweight while curbing and reversing the increase in obesity

Comparison of growth and yield of lettuce cultivars grown with different liquid feeds in perlite, pumice and cocopeat

Bu deneme perlit, ponza ve cocopeatte, farklı besin çözeltileriyle yetiştirilen salata çeşitlerinde, gelişme ve verimin karşılaştırılması araştırmak amacıyla, soğuk serada gerçekleştirilmiştir. Denemede 3 kök ortamı (Cocopeat, Perlit ve Ponza), 2 çeşit (Lactuva sativa var. crispa Aleyna kıvırcık çeşidi ve baş salata Lactuca sativa var. capitata Bombola çeşidi) ve 2 hidroponik çözelti (Bölüm çözeltisi ve Yeni Zelanda çözeltisi) kullanılmıştır. Faktöriyel olarak 12 kombinasyon olup, ayrıca her çeşit için toprak parseli kontrol olarak denemeye katılmıştır. Buna göre 14 konu, tesadüf blokları deneme desenine göre iki blok halinde düzenlenmiştir. Hidroponik ortamlarda her parselde 2 bitki bulundurulmuştur. Hidroponik konularda 24×2=48 bitki, toprak parsellerinde her parselde 10 bitki, iki blokta 4parsel x10=40 bitki bulunup, Toplamda 88 bitki yetiştirilmiştir. Sonuç olarak Çeşit ana etkisi yönünden Bombola, Aleyna çeşidinden daha fazla yaprak oluşturmuş fakat bitki ağırlığı yönünde çeşitler arasında bir fark bulunmamıştır. Farklı çözeltilerin yaprak sayısı ve bitki ağırlığına etkileri arasında da istatiksel olarak bir fark yoktur. Kök ortamı yönünden cocopeat ve ponza perlitten daha iyi sonuç vermiştir. Fakat sadece verimin değil, bu kök ortamlarının maliyetinin de tercih yapılırken dikkate alınması gerekir. Bu kök ortamlarının Ocak, 2021'deki m3 fiyatları şöyledir: cocopeat 2000TL,perlit 1000 TL, ponza 500TL'dır.Buna göre en uygun önerilecek ortam ponza, sonra perlit ve önerilemeyecek olan ortam ise çok pahalı ithal ürün olan cocopeattir. Çeşitlerden önerilecek olan ise Aleyna'dan daha iyi sonuç veren Bombola'dır. Buna göre en uygun önerilecek ortam ponza, sonra perlit ve önerilemeyecek olan ortam ise çok pahalı ithal ürün olan cocopeattir. Cocopeatin diğer bir sakıncası da iç yapraklarda uç yanıklığı oluşturmasıdır.This experiment was carried out in a cold greenhouse to compare the growth and yield of lettuce varieties grown in perlite, pumice and cocopeat, with different nutrient solutions. In the experiment, 3 root medium (Cocopeat, Perlite and pumice), 2 varities (Leaf lettuce Aleyna curly variety Lactuva sativa var. crispa and head lettuce Bombola variety Lactuca sativa var. capitata) and 2 hydroponic solutions (Department solution and New Zeland solution) were used. There were 12 factorial combinations and also soil parcels for each variety were included in the study as a control. Accordingly, 14 subjects were arranged in two blocks according to randomized block design. Two plants were kept in each parcel in hydroponic root mediums. There were 24×2=48 plants for hydroponic subjects in the soil parcels 10 plants in each parcel, 4 parcels ×10 =40 plants in two blocks, and 88 plants in total were grown. As a result, Bombola formed more leaves than the Aleyna variety in terms of the main effect of the variety, but there was no difference between the varieties in terms of plant weight. There was no statistical difference between the effects of different solutions on the number of leaves and plant weight. In terms of root medium, cocopeat and pumice gave better results than perlite. However, not only the yield but also the cost of these root medium should be taken into account when choosing. The m3 prices of these root mediums in January, 2021 are as follows: cocopeat is 2000 TL, perlite 1000 TL, pumice is 500 TL. Accordingly, the most suitable medium is pumice, then perlite and not recommended medium is cocopeat, which is a very expensive imported product. The one to be recommended among the varieties is Bombola, which gives better results than Aleyna. Accordingly, the most suitable medium is pumice, then perlite and not recommended medium is cocopeat, which is a very expensive imported product. Another disadvantage of cocopeat is that it causes internal tipburn in lettuce

Examining the performance of software defined virtual local area network

For more than three decades, the Virtual Local Area Network (VLAN) has been one of the most popular systems virtualization groups of users on both local and corporate networks. Because of the advantages that VLAN provides, network managers and operators have continued to use it in the creation of their networks and have even extended its use to include cloud computing networking. Previous research studies have established a lot of issues associated with VLAN architecture. Typically, it was revealed that it is difficult to set up a complex VLAN, and even it is successful, it leads to computational time-consuming, and prone to error to process majority of complex VLAN. Considering this, the current research examines the performance of “Software Defined- VLAN”. This is because Software-Defined Network (SDN) is a viable alternative network architecture that allows the separation of information and control functions on devices. It appears to be a promising optimized option VLAN administration. The SDN-enabled VLAN testbed was set out and implemented using OpenFlow. SDN-Enabled VLAN and a conventional VLAN. The finding revealed that SDN-enabled VLAN offers higher network performance, lower packet transfer delay, and a more efficient configuration

The prevalence of impaired fasting glucose, undiagnosed diabetes mellitus, and associated risk factors among adults presented in the outpatient department in Mogadishu Somalia: A cross-sectional study

Background: Diabetes is a major health concern that has grown to alarming proportions. With more than 500 million sufferers globally, diabetes is one of the most prevalent metabolic diseases. The aim of the study is to find the prevalence of impaired fasting glucose (IFG) and undiagnosed diabetes mellitus (DM) in patients presented to our outpatient department at Mogadishu Somali Turkey Training and Research Hospital. Methods: In this cross-sectional study conducted in the largest referral hospital in Mogadishu Somalia, all adult patients who volunteered to give consent have participated in the study. We excluded pregnant women, individuals taking medications that could affect glucose metabolism (e.g., steroids, beta-blockers, and thiazide diuretics), and confirmed diabetic patients from our study. Results: Seven hundred and twenty-two adults with a mean age of 42.85 ± 18.23 years were included. Most of the participants were female 432 (59.8%), aged 20–40 years 329 (45.6%). The prevalence of IFG was common among males (22.4%) and those 60 years and above (30.6%), while the prevalence of undiagnosed DM was high among males (9.7%), aged 40–60 years (13.4%). In the bivariate analysis, total cholesterol, high-density lipoprotein, triglycerides, systolic blood pressure, and comorbidities were found to be significantly associated with the prevalence of IFG in all age groups. Conclusions: IFG was common among outpatient adults. Increased urbanization, the rise of the middle class, and population aging will lead to considerable rises in IFG, undiagnosed diabetes, and diabetes in Somalia in the next years. To limit the growth of diabetes in Somalia, public health interventions must be implemented soon. Promoting the health system and providing education can help

Assessing issues of change impact analysis process for a software projects

Software Change Impact Analysis (SCIA) has defined as a process of identifying the consequences of the software changes requests. Almost no major corporations are free from the challenge of developing and implementing successful strategies for managing change. Different studies have been conducted in this subject for the last two decades, several approaches have been proposed. But most of these studies have less support to the current process of a software change management. The complexities of software change development nowadays cause the process of managing software change to be difficulty. There is major organizations that are free from the challenges of initiating, developing and implementing effective software changes management. As a result, software practitioners recognize that strategic change is not temporary issues but it’s continued process. Only few project managers got the ability to manage the change efficiently. Therefore, this paper investigates issues of change impact analysis process and identifies and compares current practice issues of a software change impact analysis, by evaluating their strengths and weaknesses. It also reviews existing tools and models of change impact analysis and how it supports to the current software change managements. Hence, it proposes existing process issues and suggests the need of an effective process of software change management