La corrispondenza imperiale con le città greche

Per l’amministrazione dell’impero romano lo scambio epistolare fu uno strumento indispensabile: le lettere che l’imperatore scriveva e riceveva costituivano la principale forma di collegamento tra il princeps e i sudditi, tra il centro e la periferia.Il contributo analizza alcuni esempi di corrispondenza indirizzata a comunità cittadine, in cui il princeps è chiamato ad esprimersi su esenzioni e privilegi, per concedere nuovi benefici o per confermare quelli già esistenti.In particolare l’invio da parte del principe a più destinatari di lettere concernenti la stessa materia permette di capire meglio come l’amministrazione romana funzionasse, come fosse gestito il controllo del territorio pur in assenza di una struttura burocratica pervasiva: lo scambio di messaggi tra principe, governatore, procuratore, autorità cittadine, infatti, consentiva comunque al potere centrale di avere conoscenza delle necessità dell’impero e di intervenire laddove fosse necessario. The correspondence was an essential instrument in order to administrate the Roman Empire: The letters written and received by the Emperor represented the main way of connection between the princeps and its subjects, between the center and the edge of the Empire.In the examples of correspondence examined in this article and directed to urban communities, the princeps is requested to express himself about exemptions and privileges, in order to allow new benefits or to confirm the existing ones.In particular, letters concerning the same matter sent by the princeps to different addressees permit us to better understand how the Roman administration operated and how the control of territory was exercised (even without a pervasive bureaucratic structure). Indeed, the correspondence between the Prince, the governor, the procurator and the city authorities allowed the central authority, anyway, to have awareness about the needs of the Empire and to intervene where necessary

La corrispondenza imperiale con le città greche

Per l’amministrazione dell’impero romano lo scambio epistolare fu uno strumento indispensabile: le lettere che l’imperatore scriveva e riceveva costituivano la principale forma di collegamento tra il princeps e i sudditi, tra il centro e la periferia.Il contributo analizza alcuni esempi di corrispondenza indirizzata a comunità cittadine, in cui il princeps è chiamato ad esprimersi su esenzioni e privilegi, per concedere nuovi benefici o per confermare quelli già esistenti.In particolare l’invio da parte del principe a più destinatari di lettere concernenti la stessa materia permette di capire meglio come l’amministrazione romana funzionasse, come fosse gestito il controllo del territorio pur in assenza di una struttura burocratica pervasiva: lo scambio di messaggi tra principe, governatore, procuratore, autorità cittadine, infatti, consentiva comunque al potere centrale di avere conoscenza delle necessità dell’impero e di intervenire laddove fosse necessario.The correspondence was an essential instrument in order to administrate the Roman Empire: The letters written and received by the Emperor represented the main way of connection between the princeps and its subjects, between the center and the edge of the Empire.In the examples of correspondence examined in this article and directed to urban communities, the princeps is requested to express himself about exemptions and privileges, in order to allow new benefits or to confirm the existing ones.In particular, letters concerning the same matter sent by the princeps to different addressees permit us to better understand how the Roman administration operated and how the control of territory was exercised (even without a pervasive bureaucratic structure). Indeed, the correspondence between the Prince, the governor, the procurator and the city authorities allowed the central authority, anyway, to have awareness about the needs of the Empire and to intervene where necessary

Territorio, popolazione e risorse: strutture produttive nell’economia del mondo romano

[Italiano]: Il volume trae spunto dalle relazioni discusse nel Convegno Territorio, popolazione e risorse: strutture produttive nell’economia del mondo romano, organizzato a Napoli il 26 ottobre 2018; rappresenta il risultato di un progetto di ricerca inteso ad analizzare l’evoluzione economica, politica e sociale del territorio italico, principalmente della regio I, in epoca romana. Per questo specifico ambito geografico-amministrativo, si sono considerati aspetti e problemi relativi al paesaggio rurale, alle forme di produzione e al ruolo delle città, attraverso la rilettura di diverse tipologie di evidence (innanzitutto fonti letterarie e documentarie), sulla base del presupposto teorico che esista una stretta correlazione tra popolazione, sfruttamento delle risorse e urbanizzazione ./[English]: The book is inspired by the reports discussed at the Conference Territorio, popolazione e risorse: strutture produttive nell’economia del mondo romano, organized in Naples, on 26 October 2018; it represents the result of a research project aimed at analysing the economic, political and social evolution of the Italic territory, mainly of Regio I, in Roman times. For this specific geographical-administrative area, we have considered aspects and problems relating to the rural landscape, the forms of production and the role of cities, through the reinterpretation of different types of evidence (primarily literary and documentary sources) on the basis of the theoretical assumption that there is a close correlation between population, resource exploitation and urbanization

Search for dark matter produced in association with bottom or top quarks in √s = 13 TeV pp collisions with the ATLAS detector

A search for weakly interacting massive particle dark matter produced in association with bottom or top quarks is presented. Final states containing third-generation quarks and miss- ing transverse momentum are considered. The analysis uses 36.1 fb−1 of proton–proton collision data recorded by the ATLAS experiment at √s = 13 TeV in 2015 and 2016. No significant excess of events above the estimated backgrounds is observed. The results are in- terpreted in the framework of simplified models of spin-0 dark-matter mediators. For colour- neutral spin-0 mediators produced in association with top quarks and decaying into a pair of dark-matter particles, mediator masses below 50 GeV are excluded assuming a dark-matter candidate mass of 1 GeV and unitary couplings. For scalar and pseudoscalar mediators produced in association with bottom quarks, the search sets limits on the production cross- section of 300 times the predicted rate for mediators with masses between 10 and 50 GeV and assuming a dark-matter mass of 1 GeV and unitary coupling. Constraints on colour- charged scalar simplified models are also presented. Assuming a dark-matter particle mass of 35 GeV, mediator particles with mass below 1.1 TeV are excluded for couplings yielding a dark-matter relic density consistent with measurements

Differential cross section measurements for the production of a W boson in association with jets in proton–proton collisions at √s = 7 TeV

Measurements are reported of differential cross sections for the production of a W boson, which decays into a muon and a neutrino, in association with jets, as a function of several variables, including the transverse momenta (pT) and pseudorapidities of the four leading jets, the scalar sum of jet transverse momenta (HT), and the difference in azimuthal angle between the directions of each jet and the muon. The data sample of pp collisions at a centre-of-mass energy of 7 TeV was collected with the CMS detector at the LHC and corresponds to an integrated luminosity of 5.0 fb[superscript −1]. The measured cross sections are compared to predictions from Monte Carlo generators, MadGraph + pythia and sherpa, and to next-to-leading-order calculations from BlackHat + sherpa. The differential cross sections are found to be in agreement with the predictions, apart from the pT distributions of the leading jets at high pT values, the distributions of the HT at high-HT and low jet multiplicity, and the distribution of the difference in azimuthal angle between the leading jet and the muon at low values.United States. Dept. of EnergyNational Science Foundation (U.S.)Alfred P. Sloan Foundatio

Juxtaposing BTE and ATE – on the role of the European insurance industry in funding civil litigation

One of the ways in which legal services are financed, and indeed shaped, is through private insurance arrangement. Two contrasting types of legal expenses insurance contracts (LEI) seem to dominate in Europe: before the event (BTE) and after the event (ATE) legal expenses insurance. Notwithstanding institutional differences between different legal systems, BTE and ATE insurance arrangements may be instrumental if government policy is geared towards strengthening a market-oriented system of financing access to justice for individuals and business. At the same time, emphasizing the role of a private industry as a keeper of the gates to justice raises issues of accountability and transparency, not readily reconcilable with demands of competition. Moreover, multiple actors (clients, lawyers, courts, insurers) are involved, causing behavioural dynamics which are not easily predicted or influenced. Against this background, this paper looks into BTE and ATE arrangements by analysing the particularities of BTE and ATE arrangements currently available in some European jurisdictions and by painting a picture of their respective markets and legal contexts. This allows for some reflection on the performance of BTE and ATE providers as both financiers and keepers. Two issues emerge from the analysis that are worthy of some further reflection. Firstly, there is the problematic long-term sustainability of some ATE products. Secondly, the challenges faced by policymakers that would like to nudge consumers into voluntarily taking out BTE LEI

Penilaian Kinerja Keuangan Koperasi di Kabupaten Pelalawan

This paper describe development and financial performance of cooperative in District Pelalawan among 2007 - 2008. Studies on primary and secondary cooperative in 12 sub-districts. Method in this stady use performance measuring of productivity, efficiency, growth, liquidity, and solvability of cooperative. Productivity of cooperative in Pelalawan was highly but efficiency still low. Profit and income were highly, even liquidity of cooperative very high, and solvability was good

Search for stop and higgsino production using diphoton Higgs boson decays

Results are presented of a search for a "natural" supersymmetry scenario with gauge mediated symmetry breaking. It is assumed that only the supersymmetric partners of the top-quark (stop) and the Higgs boson (higgsino) are accessible. Events are examined in which there are two photons forming a Higgs boson candidate, and at least two b-quark jets. In 19.7 inverse femtobarns of proton-proton collision data at sqrt(s) = 8 TeV, recorded in the CMS experiment, no evidence of a signal is found and lower limits at the 95% confidence level are set, excluding the stop mass below 360 to 410 GeV, depending on the higgsino mass

Impacts of the Tropical Pacific/Indian Oceans on the Seasonal Cycle of the West African Monsoon

The current consensus is that drought has developed in the Sahel during the second half of the twentieth century as a result of remote effects of oceanic anomalies amplified by local land–atmosphere interactions. This paper focuses on the impacts of oceanic anomalies upon West African climate and specifically aims to identify those from SST anomalies in the Pacific/Indian Oceans during spring and summer seasons, when they were significant. Idealized sensitivity experiments are performed with four atmospheric general circulation models (AGCMs). The prescribed SST patterns used in the AGCMs are based on the leading mode of covariability between SST anomalies over the Pacific/Indian Oceans and summer rainfall over West Africa. The results show that such oceanic anomalies in the Pacific/Indian Ocean lead to a northward shift of an anomalous dry belt from the Gulf of Guinea to the Sahel as the season advances. In the Sahel, the magnitude of rainfall anomalies is comparable to that obtained by other authors using SST anomalies confined to the proximity of the Atlantic Ocean. The mechanism connecting the Pacific/Indian SST anomalies with West African rainfall has a strong seasonal cycle. In spring (May and June), anomalous subsidence develops over both the Maritime Continent and the equatorial Atlantic in response to the enhanced equatorial heating. Precipitation increases over continental West Africa in association with stronger zonal convergence of moisture. In addition, precipitation decreases over the Gulf of Guinea. During the monsoon peak (July and August), the SST anomalies move westward over the equatorial Pacific and the two regions where subsidence occurred earlier in the seasons merge over West Africa. The monsoon weakens and rainfall decreases over the Sahel, especially in August.Peer reviewe

Severe early onset preeclampsia: short and long term clinical, psychosocial and biochemical aspects

Preeclampsia is a pregnancy specific disorder commonly defined as de novo hypertension and proteinuria after 20 weeks gestational age. It occurs in approximately 3-5% of pregnancies and it is still a major cause of both foetal and maternal morbidity and mortality worldwide1. As extensive research has not yet elucidated the aetiology of preeclampsia, there are no rational preventive or therapeutic interventions available. The only rational treatment is delivery, which benefits the mother but is not in the interest of the foetus, if remote from term. Early onset preeclampsia (<32 weeks’ gestational age) occurs in less than 1% of pregnancies. It is, however often associated with maternal morbidity as the risk of progression to severe maternal disease is inversely related with gestational age at onset2. Resulting prematurity is therefore the main cause of neonatal mortality and morbidity in patients with severe preeclampsia3. Although the discussion is ongoing, perinatal survival is suggested to be increased in patients with preterm preeclampsia by expectant, non-interventional management. This temporising treatment option to lengthen pregnancy includes the use of antihypertensive medication to control hypertension, magnesium sulphate to prevent eclampsia and corticosteroids to enhance foetal lung maturity4. With optimal maternal haemodynamic status and reassuring foetal condition this results on average in an extension of 2 weeks. Prolongation of these pregnancies is a great challenge for clinicians to balance between potential maternal risks on one the eve hand and possible foetal benefits on the other. Clinical controversies regarding prolongation of preterm preeclamptic pregnancies still exist – also taking into account that preeclampsia is the leading cause of maternal mortality in the Netherlands5 - a debate which is even more pronounced in very preterm pregnancies with questionable foetal viability6-9. Do maternal risks of prolongation of these very early pregnancies outweigh the chances of neonatal survival? Counselling of women with very early onset preeclampsia not only comprises of knowledge of the outcome of those particular pregnancies, but also knowledge of outcomes of future pregnancies of these women is of major clinical importance. This thesis opens with a review of the literature on identifiable risk factors of preeclampsia