A Reduced-Order Extrapolation Spectral-Finite Difference Scheme Based on the POD Method for 2D Second-Order Hyperbolic Equations

In this study, a reduced-order extrapolation spectral-finite difference (ROESFD) scheme based on the proper orthogonal decomposition (POD) method is set up for the two-dimensional (2D) second-order hyperbolic equations. First, the classical spectral-finite difference (CSFD) method for the 2D second-order hyperbolic equations and its stability, convergence, and flaw are introduced. Then, a new ROESFD scheme that has very few degrees of freedom but holds sufficiently high accuracy is set up by the POD method and its implementation is offered. Finally, three numerical examples are offered to explain the validity of the theoretical conclusion. This implies that the ROESFD scheme is viable and efficient for searching the numerical solutions of the 2D second-order hyperbolic equations

Celastrol attenuates angiotensin II-induced cardiac remodeling by targeting STAT3

RATIONALE: Excessive Ang II (angiotensin II) levels lead to a profibrotic and hypertrophic milieu that produces deleterious remodeling and dysfunction in hypertension-associated heart failure. Agents that disrupt Ang II-induced cardiac dysfunction may have clinical utility in the treatment of hypertension-associated heart failure. OBJECTIVE: We have examined the potential effect of celastrol-a bioactive compound derived from the Celastraceae family-on Ang II-induced cardiac dysfunction. METHODS AND RESULTS: In rat primary cardiomyocytes and H9C2 (rat cardiomyocyte-like H9C2) cells, celastrol attenuates Ang I-induced cellular hypertrophy and fibrotic responses. Proteome microarrays, surface plasmon resonance, competitive binding assays, and molecular simulation were used to identify the molecular target of celastrol. Our data showed that celastrol directly binds to and inhibits STAT (signal transducer and activator of transcription)-3 phosphorylation and nuclear translocation. Functional tests demonstrated that the protection of celastrol is afforded through targeting STAT3. Overexpression of STAT3 dampens the effect of celastrol by partially rescuing STAT3 activity. Finally, we investigated the in vivo effect of celastrol treatment in mice challenged with Ang II and in the transverse aortic constriction model. We show that celastrol administration protected heart function in Ang II-challenged and transverse aortic constriction-challenged mice by inhibiting cardiac fibrosis and hypertrophy CONCLUSIONS: Our studies show that celastrol inhibits Ang II-induced cardiac dysfunction by inhibiting STAT3 activity

Trait evaluation and trial cultivation of Dongfang No. 2, the hybrid of a male gametophyte clone of Laminaria longissima (Laminariales, Phaeophyta) and a female one of L. japonica

Direct cultivation of the first filial generation of gametophyte clones from different Laminaria species is a highly effective way of utilizing kelp heterozygous vigor (heterosis). A male gametophyte clone of L. longissima Miyabe and a female one of L. japonica Areschoug were hybridized, generating Dongfang No. 2 hybrid kelp. This hybrid kelp was used directly in trial cultivation, and its agronomical traits were evaluated. L. longissima and L. japonica are obviously different and complement each other in their morphological characteristics and ecological performances. The hybrid of their gametophyte clones, Dongfang No. 2, showed 56.8% heterozygous vigor in yield. It also showed increased yields of 41.0 and 76.4% compared to the widely used commercial kelps Variety 1 and Variety 2, respectively. In large-scale cultivation trials at different locations and in different years, Dongfang No. 2 attained significantly higher yields than Varieties 1 and 2, increasing yield by 26.4% on average over Variety 1 and by 65.0% over the other. Dongfang No. 2 has a robust holdfast and a wide, long and deep-brown uniform blade, which shows a distinct middle groove. In addition to yield, Dongfang No. 2 also demonstrates obvious heterozygous vigor in other agronomic traits. It is resistant to strong irradiance, as the two commercial varieties are, has an appropriate vegetative maturation time, and adapts well to a range of different culture conditions. The parentage analysis using AFLP of total DNA and SNP of the ITS region of ribosomal RNA transcription unit showed that Dongfang No. 2 is the real hybrid of L. japonica and L. longissima

A reduced-order extrapolating collocation spectral method based on POD for the 2D Sobolev equations

Abstract In this paper, we mainly use a proper orthogonal decomposition (POD) to reduce the order of the coefficient vectors of the solutions for the classical collocation spectral (CS) method of two-dimensional (2D) Sobolev equations. We first establish a reduced-order extrapolating collocation spectral (ROECS) method for 2D Sobolev equations so that the ROECS method includes the same basis functions as the classic CS method and the superiority of the classic CS method. Then we use the matrix means to discuss the existence, stability, and convergence of the ROECS solutions so that the procedure of theoretical analysis becomes very concise. Lastly, we present two set of numerical examples to validate the effectiveness of theoretical conclusions and to illuminate that the ROECS method is far superior to the classic CS method, which shows that the ROECS method is quite valid to solve Sobolev equations. Therefore, both theory and method of this paper are completely different from the existing reduced-order methods

A collocation spectral method for two-dimensional Sobolev equations

Abstract This article mainly studies a collocation spectral method for two-dimensional (2D) Sobolev equations. To this end, a collocation spectral model based on the Chebyshev polynomials for the 2D Sobolev equations is first established. And then, the existence, uniqueness, stability, and convergence of the collocation spectral numerical solutions are discussed. Finally, some numerical experiments are provided to verify the corrections of theoretical results. This implies that the collocation spectral model is very effective for solving the 2D Sobolev equations

Opportunistic Cognitive Relaying: A Win-Win Spectrum Sharing Scheme

<p/> <p>A cost-effective spectrum sharing architecture is proposed to enable the legacy noncognitive secondary system to coexist with the primary system. Specifically, we suggest to install a few intermediate nodes, namely, the cognitive relays, to conduct the spectrum sensing and coordinate the spectrum access. To achieve the goal of win-win between primary and secondary systems, the cognitive relay may act as a cooperator for both of them, and an <it>Opportunistic Cognitive Relaying</it> (OCR) scheme is specially devised. In this scheme, the cognitive relay opportunistically switches among three different working modes, that is, <it>Relay for Primary Link</it> (RPL), <it>Relay for Secondary Link</it> (RSL), or <it>Relay for Neither of the Links</it> (RNL), respectively, based on the channel-dependent observation of both systems. In addition, the transmit power for cognitive relay and secondary transmitter in each mode are optimally determined by maximizing the transmission rate of secondary system while keeping or even reducing the outage probability of primary system. Simulation results validate the efficiency of the proposed spectrum sharing scheme.</p

Opportunistic Cognitive Relaying: A Win-Win Spectrum Sharing Scheme

A cost-effective spectrum sharing architecture is proposed to enable the legacy noncognitive secondary system to coexist with the primary system. Specifically, we suggest to install a few intermediate nodes, namely, the cognitive relays, to conduct the spectrum sensing and coordinate the spectrum access. To achieve the goal of win-win between primary and secondary systems, the cognitive relay may act as a cooperator for both of them, and an Opportunistic Cognitive Relaying (OCR) scheme is specially devised. In this scheme, the cognitive relay opportunistically switches among three different working modes, that is, Relay for Primary Link (RPL), Relay for Secondary Link (RSL), or Relay for Neither of the Links (RNL), respectively, based on the channel-dependent observation of both systems. In addition, the transmit power for cognitive relay and secondary transmitter in each mode are optimally determined by maximizing the transmission rate of secondary system while keeping or even reducing the outage probability of primary system. Simulation results validate the efficiency of the proposed spectrum sharing scheme