A História da Alimentação: balizas historiográficas

Os M. pretenderam traçar um quadro da História da Alimentação, não como um novo ramo epistemológico da disciplina, mas como um campo em desenvolvimento de práticas e atividades especializadas, incluindo pesquisa, formação, publicações, associações, encontros acadêmicos, etc. Um breve relato das condições em que tal campo se assentou faz-se preceder de um panorama dos estudos de alimentação e temas correia tos, em geral, segundo cinco abardagens Ia biológica, a econômica, a social, a cultural e a filosófica!, assim como da identificação das contribuições mais relevantes da Antropologia, Arqueologia, Sociologia e Geografia. A fim de comentar a multiforme e volumosa bibliografia histórica, foi ela organizada segundo critérios morfológicos. A seguir, alguns tópicos importantes mereceram tratamento à parte: a fome, o alimento e o domínio religioso, as descobertas européias e a difusão mundial de alimentos, gosto e gastronomia. O artigo se encerra com um rápido balanço crítico da historiografia brasileira sobre o tema

Immunoglobulin, glucocorticoid, or combination therapy for multisystem inflammatory syndrome in children: a propensity-weighted cohort study.

BACKGROUND: Multisystem inflammatory syndrome in children (MIS-C), a hyperinflammatory condition associated with SARS-CoV-2 infection, has emerged as a serious illness in children worldwide. Immunoglobulin or glucocorticoids, or both, are currently recommended treatments. METHODS: The Best Available Treatment Study evaluated immunomodulatory treatments for MIS-C in an international observational cohort. Analysis of the first 614 patients was previously reported. In this propensity-weighted cohort study, clinical and outcome data from children with suspected or proven MIS-C were collected onto a web-based Research Electronic Data Capture database. After excluding neonates and incomplete or duplicate records, inverse probability weighting was used to compare primary treatments with intravenous immunoglobulin, intravenous immunoglobulin plus glucocorticoids, or glucocorticoids alone, using intravenous immunoglobulin as the reference treatment. Primary outcomes were a composite of inotropic or ventilator support from the second day after treatment initiation, or death, and time to improvement on an ordinal clinical severity scale. Secondary outcomes included treatment escalation, clinical deterioration, fever, and coronary artery aneurysm occurrence and resolution. This study is registered with the ISRCTN registry, ISRCTN69546370. FINDINGS: We enrolled 2101 children (aged 0 months to 19 years) with clinically diagnosed MIS-C from 39 countries between June 14, 2020, and April 25, 2022, and, following exclusions, 2009 patients were included for analysis (median age 8·0 years [IQR 4·2-11·4], 1191 [59·3%] male and 818 [40·7%] female, and 825 [41·1%] White). 680 (33·8%) patients received primary treatment with intravenous immunoglobulin, 698 (34·7%) with intravenous immunoglobulin plus glucocorticoids, 487 (24·2%) with glucocorticoids alone; 59 (2·9%) patients received other combinations, including biologicals, and 85 (4·2%) patients received no immunomodulators. There were no significant differences between treatments for primary outcomes for the 1586 patients with complete baseline and outcome data that were considered for primary analysis. Adjusted odds ratios for ventilation, inotropic support, or death were 1·09 (95% CI 0·75-1·58; corrected p value=1·00) for intravenous immunoglobulin plus glucocorticoids and 0·93 (0·58-1·47; corrected p value=1·00) for glucocorticoids alone, versus intravenous immunoglobulin alone. Adjusted average hazard ratios for time to improvement were 1·04 (95% CI 0·91-1·20; corrected p value=1·00) for intravenous immunoglobulin plus glucocorticoids, and 0·84 (0·70-1·00; corrected p value=0·22) for glucocorticoids alone, versus intravenous immunoglobulin alone. Treatment escalation was less frequent for intravenous immunoglobulin plus glucocorticoids (OR 0·15 [95% CI 0·11-0·20]; p<0·0001) and glucocorticoids alone (0·68 [0·50-0·93]; p=0·014) versus intravenous immunoglobulin alone. Persistent fever (from day 2 onward) was less common with intravenous immunoglobulin plus glucocorticoids compared with either intravenous immunoglobulin alone (OR 0·50 [95% CI 0·38-0·67]; p<0·0001) or glucocorticoids alone (0·63 [0·45-0·88]; p=0·0058). Coronary artery aneurysm occurrence and resolution did not differ significantly between treatment groups. INTERPRETATION: Recovery rates, including occurrence and resolution of coronary artery aneurysms, were similar for primary treatment with intravenous immunoglobulin when compared to glucocorticoids or intravenous immunoglobulin plus glucocorticoids. Initial treatment with glucocorticoids appears to be a safe alternative to immunoglobulin or combined therapy, and might be advantageous in view of the cost and limited availability of intravenous immunoglobulin in many countries. FUNDING: Imperial College London, the European Union's Horizon 2020, Wellcome Trust, the Medical Research Foundation, UK National Institute for Health and Care Research, and National Institutes of Health

Evaluation of rodent peroxisome proliferators in two species of fish (rainbow trout; Salmo gairdneri and Japanese medaka; Oryzias latipes)

Rainbow trout (Salmo gairdneri) and Japanese medaka (Oryzias latipes) were exposed to three or four compounds, respectively, which have been shown to cause peroxisome proliferation in rodents. Trout were injected (intraperitoneally) daily for two weeks to the following chemicals and doses; the dimethylamine salt of 2,4-dichlorophenoxyacetic acid (DMA of 2,4-D) at 0, 2.5, 5 and 10 mg/kg/d, trichloroethylene (TCE) at 0, 10, 50 and 100 mg/kg/d or gemfibrozil at 0, 46, 87 and 152 mg/kg/d. Japanese medaka were exposed to di (2-ethylhexyl) phthalate (DEHP), 2,4-D (DMA) or gemfibrozil in water for two weeks in a static renewal system. Nominal doses used were 0, 90, 180 and 360 ppb, 0, 50, 100 and 200 ppm and 0, 1.25, 2.5 and 5 ppm for DEHP, 2,4-D and gemfibrozil, respectively. Medaka were also exposed to TCE for 16 hours in a closed system at doses of 0, 25 and 50 ppm. Peroxisome proliferation was assessed by measuring fatty acyl-CoA oxidase (FAO) activity and relative percent increase in peroxisomal bifunctional enzyme (PBE); enzymes which are involved in peroxisomal beta-oxidation. In addition, changes in liver weight/body weight ratios were measured. Results indicate that a mild peroxisome proliferative response was observed in rainbow trout exposed to gemfibrozil (significant increase in FAO activity at all three dose levels and a significant increase in liver weight/body weight ratios at the highest dose level only). There was no difference between control and treated groups in the trout exposed to 2,4-D or TCE. In the medaka experiments, a marginal response was observed in the gemfibrozil experiment (significant increase in PBE at the highest dose level and a non-significant increase in FAO activity in the mid- and high-dose groups). There were no significant, treatment related differences between control and treated fish in the TCE, 2,4-D and DEHP medaka experiments. It was concluded that fish may not be a sensitive model to screen chemicals for their ability to induce peroxisome proliferation

Exploring Current Read-across Applications and Needs Among Selected U.S. Federal Agencies

Read-across is a well-established data gap-filling technique applied for regulatory purposes. While the application of read-across has garnered much attention in the European Union and Organisation for Economic Co-operation and Development member countries, the extent of uptake and acceptance of read-across among U.S. federal agencies is less clear. In an effort to build read-across capacity, raise awareness of the state of the science, and work towards a harmonization of read-across approaches across U.S. agencies, a new read-across workgroup was established under the Interagency Coordinating Committee on the Validation of Alternative Methods (ICCVAM). This is one of several ad hoc groups ICCVAM has convened to implement the ICCVAM Strategic Roadmap. In this article, we outline the charge and scope of the workgroup and summarize the current applications, tools used, and needs of the agencies represented on the workgroup for read-across. Of the agencies surveyed, the Environmental Protection Agency (EPA) had the greatest experience in using read-across whereas other agencies indicated that they would benefit from gaining a perspective of the landscape of the tools and available guidance. Two practical case studies are also described to illustrate how the read-across approaches applied by different agencies vary on account of decision context.JRC.F.3-Chemicals Safety and Alternative Method

Alternative approaches for identifying acute systemic toxicity: Moving from research to regulatory testing

Acute systemic toxicity testing provides the basis for hazard labeling and risk management of chemicals. A number of international efforts have been directed at identifying non-animal alternatives for in vivo acute systemic toxicity tests. A September 2015 workshop, Alternative Approaches for Identifying Acute Systemic Toxicity: Moving from Research to Regulatory Testing, reviewed the state-of-the-science of non-animal alternatives for this testing and explored ways to facilitate implementation of alternatives. Workshop attendees included representatives from international regulatory agencies, academia, nongovernmental organizations, and industry. Resources identified as necessary for meaningful progress in implementing alternatives included compiling and making available high-quality reference data, training on use and interpretation of in vitro and in silico approaches, and global harmonization of testing requirements. Attendees particularly noted the need to characterize variability in reference data to evaluate new approaches. They also noted the importance of understanding the mechanisms of acute toxicity, which could be facilitated by the development of adverse outcome pathways. Workshop breakout groups explored different approaches to reducing or replacing animal use for acute toxicity testing, with each group crafting a roadmap and strategy to accomplish near-term progress. The workshop steering committee has organized efforts to implement the recommendations of the workshop participants.JRC.F.3-Chemicals Safety and Alternative Method

Emerging Ecologies of Health, Heritage, and Habitat: Looking into Living and Working in 2033

The ‘Emerging Ecologies of Health, Heritage, and Habitat: Looking into Living and Working in 2033’, project was jointly conceived by the School of Innovation &amp; Technology at Glasgow School of Art and the School of Cancer Sciences at the University of Glasgow. The project partnership involved a community of experts working across both organisations including the University of Glasgow’s Advanced Research Centre (ARC). This project and exhibition, explores emerging ecologies of health, heritage, and habitat, through the design of speculative future worlds and experiences which envisage new ways of living and working in ten years time. An ecological perspective views the world as interrelated, living systems, recognising the need to go beyond sustaining our current ways of living and working towards building reciprocal, co-evolutionary relationships, where humans, other living beings, and the systems which surround us rely on one another to thrive rather than survive. This way of perceiving the world is not new. It has a long lineage, throughout cultures, knowledge systems, heritages and communities around the world. In this sense an ecological perspective is deeply embedded in human culture – it should be the approach for how we interact with each other and the planet – future ways of living and working focused on giving out much more than we take in. Life-centred Design is a practice that expands Human-centred Design to include the consideration of other living and non-living entities, and ecological, environmental, and social impact. Thus, designing ecological futures is about considering people, products and places as dynamic entities that affect, support, and interact with each other and with myriad forms of life, not just Human. The Emerging Ecologies project asked the final year BDes Product Design cohort to explore the future ecologies of health, heritage, and habitat. This project is not about learning how to design a more sustainable version of something that already exists, or ‘fixing’ a singular problem. Rather it asks you to look beyond how we currently live and work towards ten years’ from now – to speculate on what emerging ecologies of health, heritage and habitat might look and feel like, and what these might enable and afford in terms of future experiences for people and the planet. Working with an expert community of practice from the University of Glasgow’s Advanced Research Centre and a wider expert group of academic and professional stakeholders, the students, faculty, and experts co-researched, explored and designed speculative future worlds and experiences of HEALTH, HERITAGE &amp; HABITAT which envisage new ways of LIVING &amp; WORKING in ten year’s time. This brief gives the opportunity to explore the future ecologies of health, heritage, and habitat, reflecting on the underlying complexities regarding technological acceleration, human and more-than-human agency, and quality of life, to envision a future world, develop it as an experiential exhibit and create the designed products, services and experiences for the intended recipients. In the first part of the project, the student cohort work collaboratively to engage with the future; creating a Future World exhibit that represents shifts in one domain within the wider project brief; either in Health, Heritage or Habitat and from the perspective of Living or Working. Future Living is associated with a scale from the individual person, to their family, friends, and neighbours, community groups and beyond. Whilst Future Working refers to a person’s work peers and team members, their wider community of practice, professional relationships, networks and partnerships. The individual element of the project follows this stage, giving each student, as individual designers, the opportunity to select an aspect of your Future World research to develop as a design direction, from which they prototype and produce the product(s), service, system – and related narrative – to communicate a highly resolved and refined future experience. The output from this project is curated and presented as a public exhibition. Over a week in February 2023, an experiential exhibition on ‘Designing Future Experiences: Looking into Living &amp; Working in 2033’ took place in the University of Glasgow’s Advanced Research Centre (ARC) exhibition space. This unique and creative event was the culmination of a joint project between students, staff, and communities of practice. The exhibition includes the products, services and experiences designed for the communities who might live and work within these future ecologies. The deposited materials are arranged as follows: 1. Emerging Ecologies Project Brief. The Project Brief is developed as rationale, context and a guide to the project. 2. Studio Life: The Co-creation Sessions. This section documents the critical co-creation studio sessions with experts and the studio development of the show exhibits. 3. Project Exhibition Guide: Looking into Living and Working in 2033. The Guide catalogues and describes the exhibits presented in the show. It takes you through each ‘Future World’ experience created by the students. It complements the videos, images and text presented in companion sections. 4. Experiential Exhibition in Video - Looking into Living and Working in 2033. In this section you will find short videos documenting the set-up of the exhibition and the exhibition itself. 5. Modelling the Exhibition Space in 3D. A unique scaled 3D model of the ARC gallery space was created to enable students, staff and partner lead to envisage, model, iterate and plan the choreography and curation of project exhibits and navigation of the work as a coherent visitor experience. 6. Designing Future Experiences: The value of exhibition spaces as creative environments for collaborative, multidisciplinary research, exhibitions, and audiences. 7. Exhibition guides for each individual World View. These guides take you through each individual ‘Future World’; Heritage (Living + Working), Habitat (Living + Working), Health (Living + Working). 8. Links to Previous Future Experiences Projects and Exhibitions. 9. Contributor roles (CRediT) and affiliations. This document is a high-level summary recognising the value and diversity of contributor roles. It also summarises contributor affiliations

The molecular genetics of non-ALS motor neuron diseases.

Hereditary disorders of voluntary motor neurons are individually relatively uncommon, but have the potential to provide significant insights into motor neuron function in general and into the mechanisms underlying the more common form of sporadic Amyotrophic Lateral Sclerosis. Recently, mutations in a number of novel genes have been associated with Lower Motor Neuron (HSPB1, HSPB8, GARS, Dynactin), Upper Motor Neuron (Spastin, Atlastin, Paraplegin, HSP60, KIF5A, NIPA1) or mixed ALS-like phenotypes (Alsin, Senataxin, VAPB, BSCL2). In comparison to sporadic ALS these conditions are usually associated with slow progression, but as experience increases, a wide variation in clinical phenotype has become apparent. At the molecular level common themes are emerging that point to areas of specific vulnerability for motor neurons such as axonal transport, endosomal trafficking and RNA processing. We review the clinical and molecular features of this diverse group of genetically determined conditions and consider the implications for the broad group of motor neuron diseases in general