Employment subsidies and substitutable skills : An equilibrium matching approach

This search-matching model is well suited for an equilibrium evaluation of labor market policies. When those policies are targeted on some groups, the usual juxtaposition of labor markets is however a shortcoming. There is a need for a setting where workers’ productivity depends on employment levels in all markets. This paper provides such a theoretical setting. We first develop a streamlined model and then show that it can be extended to deal with interactions among various labor market and fiscal policies. Simulation results focus on the effects of employment subsidies and in-work benefits and on their interactions with the profile of unemployment benefits and with active labor market programs.Unemployment; search-matching equilibrium; wage bargaining; reductions of social security contributions; unemployment insurance; labor market programs

Climatic variability and cooperation in rangeland management: a case study from Niger

In this paper, we develop an empirical model of an agro-pastoral system subject to high climatic risk to test the impact of rainfall variability on livestock densities, land allocation patterns and herd mobility observed at the community level. Also, because grazing land is a common-pool resource, we determine the impact of cooperation on these decision variables. To capture different abilities of communities to manage these externalities, we construct indices comprised of factors considered to affect the costliness of achieving successful cooperation found in the collective action literature. We then test hypotheses regarding the impact of rainfall variability and cooperation using data collected in a semi-arid region of Niger. Results indicate that rainfall variability first leads to higher and then lower stock densities, indicating that benefits of accumulating large herds in variable environments are eventually offset by the higher risks of low production and higher mortality. Communities with characteristics hypothesized to favor cooperation have lower stock densities and greater herd mobility. Neither cooperation nor rainfall variability has a significant impact on the proportion of land allocated to crops vs. common pastures.Environmental management,

Songs and poem

Two songs and one poem written or composed during the COVID-19 pandemic. There are links to webpages containing embedded videos featuring a performance of the songs.https://dc.ewu.edu/covid/1025/thumbnail.jp

French Jurisdictional Complexity on the Fringe— Acadia 1667-1710

During the second half of the 17th century of French formally institutionalized colonial power in Acadia, the province was in an interesting state of jurisdictional complexity insofar as French colonists were concerned. While native Amerindians, mostly Malecites and Micmawqs, carried their precolonial political order and jurisdictional organisation without almost any interference of the colonial power, imported normative systems derived from feudalism, the Catholic Church, French colonial order, French provincial customs and family organisation were juxtaposed and interacted, each of them were a well-known part of the Western legal tradition. Yet—and this is the most interesting—the state power, which was prevalent on the books, was virtually completely absent or ineffective during this period. As a result, Acadia could thus provide an interesting example of “critical” (the Roderick Macdonald’s formulation) or “radical” (the Jacques Vanderlinden’s formulation) legal plural-ism, both located outside of any specific state system, though without excluding law from the policy of the social landscape

What Kind of Law Making in a Global World? The Case of Africa

info:eu-repo/semantics/publishe

Qu’est-ce qu’un code ?

Historiquement, avant 1804, le code se présente sous une forme double : recueil de sources formelles de droit, le plus souvent de législation, d’une part, fusion de l’ensemble des sources du droit en un texte nouveau consacré à une branche du droit, d’autre part. Ce n’est qu’aux XVIe et XVII e siècles que la seconde acception se manifeste en Europe occidentale, les siècles antérieurs suivant l’exemple romain du recueil de sources. Il faut attendre le XVIII e siècle, en Bavière pour que soient promulgués sous le nom latin de codex trois codes (civil, pénal et de procédure), préfigurations dans la forme et le nom des codes napoléoniens. Ceux-ci déclencheront, par mimétisme volontaire ou forcé, le mouvement de codification du XIXe siècle, sans que s’interrompe pour autant la confection de codes de sources.Historically, prior to 1804 codes appeared in a twin format : on the one hand there was a collection of the formal sources of law, mostly legislation, while on the other, there was a merging of all sources of law in a new text focusing on a given area of the law. It was only in the 16th and 17th centuries that the second form was to be found in Western Europe, in contrast to previous centuries when the collection of sources followed the Roman example. Only in the 18th century did there come to be in Bavaria the promulgation of three codes (civil, penal and procedure) entitled Codex — the Latin name — in the form and name of the Napoleonic codes. These codes marked the birth — by voluntary or forced imitation of the 19th century movement towards codification, without there being, however, any interruption in the preparation of collections of sources

We Are One: Singing, Sisterhood, and Solidarity in Appleton-Area Women\u27s Choirs

Despite its relatively small population, the city of Appleton has a large and thriving women’s choir community. Between the Lawrence Academy of Music Girl Choir, which serves hundreds of girls every year, and Cantala, the women’s choir at Lawrence University, opportunities for involvement in nationally-recognized female-voice ensembles range from second grade all the way through to college graduation. Using the theories of Foucault, Bourdieu, Butler, Green, and Bentham, this project explores the women’s choir culture of Appleton in an attempt to discover the core values of these two influential programs. I accomplished this by conducting ethnographic research in the form of interviews and surveys as well as completing analysis of existing literature. At the end of my research, I determined that there are three key areas that have defined the success of each program: the ways in which community and intimate relationships are fostered, the performance of challenging and meaningful repertoire, and the empowerment of singers. These programs encourage young women to “find their voices” by breaking, discarding, reclaiming, and subverting stereotypes associated with women and women’s choirs