Relationship between organizational culture and performance among German multinational companies in Mexico

The objective of this research is to determine if there is a relationship between organizational culture and organizational performance in German multinational companies operating in Mexico. To this end, we use a multiple case study, analyzing five German multinational autoparts companies with operations in Mexico, applying a questionnaire to executives at each of the five companies and to 232 employees at one of them. Our main finding is that there is a significant relationship between organizational culture variables and organizational performance variables, such as turnover, job satisfaction, satisfaction with the company, and sales. The study illustrates the importance of promoting human resources policies aimed at increasing employee satisfaction, and studies should be carried out to identify the triggers of satisfaction with greater precision, which may improve the performance of this type of company. The main limitation of this work is that as a case study, the results cannot be generalized;  however, very few previous studies have attempted to establish the relationship between culture and performance in the Mexican context, so this study constitutes a milestone for knowledge in this area.The objective of this research is to determine if there is a relationship between organizational culture and organizational performance in German multinational companies operating in Mexico. To this end, we use a multiple case study, analyzing five German multinational autoparts companies with operations in Mexico, applying a questionnaire to executives at each of the five companies and to 232 employees at one of them. Our main finding is that there is a significant relationship between organizational culture variables and organizational performance variables, such as turnover, job satisfaction, satisfaction with the company, and sales. The study illustrates the importance of promoting human resources policies aimed at increasing employee satisfaction, and studies should be carried out to identify the triggers of satisfaction with greater precision, which may improve the performance of this type of company. The main limitation of this work is that as a case study, the results cannot be generalized;  however, very few previous studies have attempted to establish the relationship between culture and performance in the Mexican context, so this study constitutes a milestone for knowledge in this area

SMEs led by women and training: an exploratory study

[SPA] El objetivo de esta investigación consiste en caracterizar la capacitación en las empresas lideradas por mujeres y determinar si existe relación con las características de la empresa y la empresaria. Para ello, se aplicó un cuestionario directo estructurado a una muestra de 272 empresarias de la Ciudad de México. Los principales hallazgos del análisis exploratorio realizado muestran que la mayoría de las empresarias consideran importante la capacitación, sin embargo sólo la mitad se han capacitado, siendo el promedio anual de horas de capacitación 45. Además, únicamente una tercera parte ha implementado programas de capacitación para sus empleados y las acciones de capacitación han sido principalmente en áreas operativas o de producción. Se ha encontrado también una relación significativa entre algunas características de las empresas y empresarias y la capacitación. [ENG] The objective of this research was to characterize the training in companies led by women and determine if there is a relationship with the characteristics of the company and the businesswoman. A structured direct questionnaire was applied to a sample of 272 voluntary businesswomen from Mexico City. The main findings from this exploratory study show that most women entrepreneurs consider training important; nevertheless only half have been trained, the average annual training hours being 45. In addition, only one third have implemented training programs for their employees, and the training topics have been mainly in operational or production areas. It was also found a significant relationship between some characteristics of companies and entrepreneurs and training.Dirección General de Asuntos del Personal Académico, Universidad Nacional Autónoma de México (Funder Identifier: http://dx.doi.org/10.13039/501100006087). Award: PE30041

Las técnicas de mercadotecnia en las Pyme de la Ciudad de México

The objective of this research was to identify marketing techniques in SMEs in Mexico City and establish their relationship with performance, the characteristics of the entrepreneur and the characteristics of the company. Data collection was carried out through a structured direct questionnaire applied to 300 entrepreneurs, performing a descriptive and correlational analysis, applying the Chi square method with the support of SPSS statistical software. The main findings show that SMEs in Mexico City carry out customer-oriented market research, apply direct personal sales, only a third carry out product innovation and image studies, almost half have a registered trademark, a high proportion distribute their products directly and set the prices of their products based on cost, thus proving H1. H2 was partially verified, since it was found that business performance is related to customer-oriented market research and direct personal selling. Also, it was established that there is a relationship between the area of ​​study of the entrepreneur and innovation, registered trademark, and direct distribution, as well as the age of the entrepreneur and image studies; Likewise, the existence of a relationship between market research and size, sector, legal personality and type of company was established, partially verifying H3 and H4.El objetivo de esta investigación fue identificar las técnicas de mercadotecnia en las Pyme de la Ciudad de México y establecer su relación con el desempeño, las características del empresario y las características de la empresa. Se realizó una recolección de datos a través de un cuestionario directo estructurado aplicado a 300 empresarios, realizando un análisis descriptivo y correlacional, aplicando el método de Chi cuadrado con apoyo del software estadístico SPSS. Los principales hallazgos permiten saber que las Pyme de la Ciudad de México realizan investigación de mercados orientada al cliente, aplican la venta personal directa, solo la tercera parte realizan innovación en el producto y estudios de imagen, casi la mitad tienen marca registrada, una alta proporción distribuyen sus productos de modo directo y fijan los precios de sus productos con base en el costo, comprobándose de este modo la H1. La H2 se comprobó parcialmente, puesto que se encontró que el desempeño empresarial se encuentra relacionado con la investigación de mercados orientada al cliente y la venta personal directa. También, se estableció que existe relación entre el área de estudios del empresario y la innovación, marca registrada y distribución directa, así como la edad del empresario y los estudios de imagen; asimismo, se estableció la existencia de relación entre la investigación de mercados y el tamaño, sector, personalidad jurídica y tipo de empresa, comprobándose parcialmente H3 y H4

Determining the competitiveness of SMEs in the micro level: The case of the Federal District, Mexico

[ESP] La competitividad es un elemento clave para el desarrollo, crecimiento y sustentabilidad de la PYME, de acuerdo con la literatura es un concepto multidimensional y son diversos los criterios para definirla y medirla. El objetivo de la presente investigación es determinar el nivel competitivo de la micro, pequeña y mediana empresa evaluando aspectos internos de la misma como planeación estratégica, producción y aprovisionamiento, calidad, comercialización, recursos humanos, contabilidad y finanzas, gestión ambiental y sistemas de información. Para medir la competitividad de la empresa se utiliza la metodología del Mapa de Competitividad del BID. Los datos se recopilan de un estudio de campo con una muestra de 400 empresas micro, pequeñas y medianas del Distrito Federal en México. Los principales hallazgos de este trabajo indican que las micro empresas no son competitivas mientras que la pequeña y mediana son altamente competitivas, lo cual implica que la competitividad está relacionada con el tamaño. Así también, que la PYME industrial es más competitiva que la de los sectores comercio y servicios, por lo que la competitividad también dependería del sector. Por último, el análisis bivariado permitió determinar que el nivel de competitividad se encuentra relacionado con el nivel de estudios del empresario. [ENG] Competitiveness is a key element for development , growth and sustainability of SMEs, according to the literature is a multidimensional concept and are different criteria to define and measure . The aim of the present research is to determine the competitive level of the small micro and medium enterprises evaluating internal aspects of same as strategic planning, production and procurement , quality, marketing, human resources, accounting and finance, environmental management and information systems . To measure the competitiveness of the company usesmethodology Competitiveness Map IDB. Data were collected from a field study with a sample of 400 micro enterprises, small and medium of the Federal District in Mexico. The main findings of this study indicate that micro enterprises are not competitive while small and medium are highly competitive, which impliesthat competitiveness is related to the size. Also, that industrial SMEs is more competitive than the trade and services sectors, so that competitiveness also depends on the sector. Finally , the bivariate analysis allowed to determine the level of competitiveness is related to the educational level of the entrepreneur

Factores de éxito en el financiamiento para Pymes a través del Crowdfunding en México

Success factors in financing for SMEs through crowdfunding in MexicoThis research aims to identify the variables that impact the financing success of SMEs that participate in Crowdfunding, for which, a covariance analysis (Ancova) was applied to a sample of companies that obtained financing through the collective funding platform Pitchbull. The results show that risk has a significant impact on funding success, also turning out to be relevant covariates: the interest rate paid, the amount financed, and the number of funders, not being the case for the term of the loan as it is an insignificant covariate.  From the analysis of the funding success and its relationship with risk, the rate of return stands out as the main incentive in funding companies. Although the main limitation of this work is the analysis of a single platform, these findings represent a starting point for future work related to the analysis of the implications of technological finance in SMEs, however, it remains to deepen the research from the impact ethical, social, and environmental in funding decisions.Esta investigación tiene como objetivo identificar las variables que impactan el éxito de financiamiento de las Pymes que participan en Crowdfunding, para lo cual, se aplicó un análisis de covarianza (Ancova) a una muestra empresas que obtuvieron financiamiento a través de la plataforma de fondeo colectivo Pitchbull. Los resultados muestran que el riesgo impacta significativamente el éxito de fondeo, resultando además ser covariables relevantes: la tasa de interés pagada, el monto financiado, y el número de fondeadores, no siendo el caso para el plazo del crédito pues es una covariable poco significativa. Del análisis del éxito de fondeo y su relación con el riesgo, se destaca la tasa de retorno como principal incentivo en el fondeo de las empresas. Aun cuando la principal limitación de este trabajo es el análisis de una sola plataforma, estos hallazgos representan un punto de partida para futuros trabajos relativos al análisis de las implicaciones de las finanzas tecnológicas en las Pymes, sin embargo, resta profundizar las investigaciones desde el impacto ético, social, y ambiental en las decisiones de fondeo

As declarações da Organização Mundial da Saúde sobre pandemias e seu impacto nas empresas farmacêuticas do índice Standard &Poor's 500

El presente trabajo tuvo como objetivo determinar el impacto financiero en los rendimientos accionarios de 60 empresas farmacéu­ticas que cotizaron en el índice Standard & Poor's 500 en el periodo 2003-2020 ante los comunicados de prensa de la Organización Mundial de la Salud, relativos a las pandemias del síndrome respiratorio agudo grave, la influenza H1N1 y la COVID-19 (SARS-CoV-2). Para contrastar la hipótesis de que dichos comunicados influyen en los precios de las cotizaciones de las acciones, se aplicó la me­todología de estudios de eventos y se conformó una investigación cuantitativa con alcance correlacional. Los principales hallazgos permiten afirmar que los reportes de la Organización Mundial de la Salud relativos a las pandemias tienen impactos medibles en el desempeño bursátil de las empresas farmacéuticas que integran el índice S&P 500.The present work aims to determine the financial impact on the stock returns of 60 pharmaceutical companies listed in the Standard & Poor's 500 index in the period 2003-2020, in response to the press releases of the World Health Organization, regarding pandemics of the severe acute respiratory syndrome, influenza H1N1, and COVID-19 (SARS-CoV-2) pandemics. To test the hypothesis that these press releases affect the stock prices, the events study methodology was used, and quantitative research with a correlational scope was applied. The main findings confirm that the World Health Organization reports regarding pandemics have measurable impacts on the stock market performance of the pharmaceutical companies members of the S&P 500 index.O presente trabalho teve como objetivo determinar o impacto financeiro no rendimento das ações de 60 empresas farmacêuticas listadas no índice Standard & Poor`s 500 no período 2003-2020, à luz dos comunicados de imprensa da Organização Mundial da Saúde (OMS), relativos às pandemias de síndrome respiratória aguda grave, influenza H1N1 e COVID-19 (SARS-CoV-2). Para contrastar a hipótese de que estes comunicados influenciam nos preços das ações, foi aplicada a metodologia de estudos de eventos, formando uma pesquisa quantitativa com escopo correlacional. As principais descobertas permitem afirmar que os relatórios da Organização Mundial da Saúde sobre as pandemias, têm impactos mensuráveis no desempenho do mercado de ações das empresas farmacêuticas que integram o índice S&P 500

COVID-19 outbreaks in a transmission control scenario: challenges posed by social and leisure activities, and for workers in vulnerable conditions, Spain, early summer 2020

Severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 community-wide transmission declined in Spain by early May 2020, being replaced by outbreaks and sporadic cases. From mid-June to 2 August, excluding single household outbreaks, 673 outbreaks were notified nationally, 551 active (>6,200 cases) at the time. More than half of these outbreaks and cases coincided with: (i) social (family/friends’ gatherings or leisure venues) and (ii) occupational (mainly involving workers in vulnerable conditions) settings. Control measures were accordingly applied

CARB-ES-19 Multicenter Study of Carbapenemase-Producing Klebsiella pneumoniae and Escherichia coli From All Spanish Provinces Reveals Interregional Spread of High-Risk Clones Such as ST307/OXA-48 and ST512/KPC-3

ObjectivesCARB-ES-19 is a comprehensive, multicenter, nationwide study integrating whole-genome sequencing (WGS) in the surveillance of carbapenemase-producing K. pneumoniae (CP-Kpn) and E. coli (CP-Eco) to determine their incidence, geographical distribution, phylogeny, and resistance mechanisms in Spain.MethodsIn total, 71 hospitals, representing all 50 Spanish provinces, collected the first 10 isolates per hospital (February to May 2019); CPE isolates were first identified according to EUCAST (meropenem MIC > 0.12 mg/L with immunochromatography, colorimetric tests, carbapenem inactivation, or carbapenem hydrolysis with MALDI-TOF). Prevalence and incidence were calculated according to population denominators. Antibiotic susceptibility testing was performed using the microdilution method (EUCAST). All 403 isolates collected were sequenced for high-resolution single-nucleotide polymorphism (SNP) typing, core genome multilocus sequence typing (cgMLST), and resistome analysis.ResultsIn total, 377 (93.5%) CP-Kpn and 26 (6.5%) CP-Eco isolates were collected from 62 (87.3%) hospitals in 46 (92%) provinces. CP-Kpn was more prevalent in the blood (5.8%, 50/853) than in the urine (1.4%, 201/14,464). The cumulative incidence for both CP-Kpn and CP-Eco was 0.05 per 100 admitted patients. The main carbapenemase genes identified in CP-Kpn were blaOXA–48 (263/377), blaKPC–3 (62/377), blaVIM–1 (28/377), and blaNDM–1 (12/377). All isolates were susceptible to at least two antibiotics. Interregional dissemination of eight high-risk CP-Kpn clones was detected, mainly ST307/OXA-48 (16.4%), ST11/OXA-48 (16.4%), and ST512-ST258/KPC (13.8%). ST512/KPC and ST15/OXA-48 were the most frequent bacteremia-causative clones. The average number of acquired resistance genes was higher in CP-Kpn (7.9) than in CP-Eco (5.5).ConclusionThis study serves as a first step toward WGS integration in the surveillance of carbapenemase-producing Enterobacterales in Spain. We detected important epidemiological changes, including increased CP-Kpn and CP-Eco prevalence and incidence compared to previous studies, wide interregional dissemination, and increased dissemination of high-risk clones, such as ST307/OXA-48 and ST512/KPC-3

Time to Switch to Second-line Antiretroviral Therapy in Children With Human Immunodeficiency Virus in Europe and Thailand.

Background: Data on durability of first-line antiretroviral therapy (ART) in children with human immunodeficiency virus (HIV) are limited. We assessed time to switch to second-line therapy in 16 European countries and Thailand. Methods: Children aged <18 years initiating combination ART (≥2 nucleoside reverse transcriptase inhibitors [NRTIs] plus nonnucleoside reverse transcriptase inhibitor [NNRTI] or boosted protease inhibitor [PI]) were included. Switch to second-line was defined as (i) change across drug class (PI to NNRTI or vice versa) or within PI class plus change of ≥1 NRTI; (ii) change from single to dual PI; or (iii) addition of a new drug class. Cumulative incidence of switch was calculated with death and loss to follow-up as competing risks. Results: Of 3668 children included, median age at ART initiation was 6.1 (interquartile range (IQR), 1.7-10.5) years. Initial regimens were 32% PI based, 34% nevirapine (NVP) based, and 33% efavirenz based. Median duration of follow-up was 5.4 (IQR, 2.9-8.3) years. Cumulative incidence of switch at 5 years was 21% (95% confidence interval, 20%-23%), with significant regional variations. Median time to switch was 30 (IQR, 16-58) months; two-thirds of switches were related to treatment failure. In multivariable analysis, older age, severe immunosuppression and higher viral load (VL) at ART start, and NVP-based initial regimens were associated with increased risk of switch. Conclusions: One in 5 children switched to a second-line regimen by 5 years of ART, with two-thirds failure related. Advanced HIV, older age, and NVP-based regimens were associated with increased risk of switch

Heterogeneous contributions of change in population distribution of body mass index to change in obesity and underweight NCD Risk Factor Collaboration (NCD-RisC)

From 1985 to 2016, the prevalence of underweight decreased, and that of obesity and severe obesity increased, in most regions, with significant variation in the magnitude of these changes across regions. We investigated how much change in mean body mass index (BMI) explains changes in the prevalence of underweight, obesity, and severe obesity in different regions using data from 2896 population-based studies with 187 million participants. Changes in the prevalence of underweight and total obesity, and to a lesser extent severe obesity, are largely driven by shifts in the distribution of BMI, with smaller contributions from changes in the shape of the distribution. In East and Southeast Asia and sub-Saharan Africa, the underweight tail of the BMI distribution was left behind as the distribution shifted. There is a need for policies that address all forms of malnutrition by making healthy foods accessible and affordable, while restricting unhealthy foods through fiscal and regulatory restrictions