Comparative study of chronic red wine consumption on the expression and activity of cytochrome P450 in rat liver and kidney

El metabolismo del etanol involucra la participación de isoenzimas del citocromo P450 (CYP), principalmente con la contribución de la isoenzima 2E1 (CYP 2E1), cuya actividad es inducida por la exposición crónica al alcohol. El metabolismo etílico está relacionado con la producción de especies reactivas de oxígeno (ROS), responsables de la generación de estrés oxidativo. Por otra parte, se ha sugerido que los antioxidantes contenidos en el vino ejercerían un efecto protector contra la injuria oxidativa. El objetivo de este estudio fue comparar el efecto del consumo moderado de vino tinto sobre la expresión y la actividad del CYP 2E1 en hígado y riñón de rata. Ratas macho adultas fueron tratadas con agua (control), etanol (12,5%), vino tinto (12,5% de etanol) o vino tinto desalcoholizado por 10 semanas. El contenido de CYP total y CYP 2E1 fue evaluado en la fracción microsomal de riñón e hígado. La oxidación del etanol y p-nitrofenol fue tomada como índice de actividad de CYP 2E1, analizándose la contribución relativa de etanol y componentes no alcohólicos del vino. El etanol aumentó los contenidos de CYP total y CYP 2E1, así como la hidroxilación del p-nitrofenol y la oxidación del etanol tanto en hígado como en riñón. Esos efectos fueron atenuados por la administración de vino tinto. Con esta información es posible sugerir que los componentes no alcohólicos del vino tinto son capaces de modular el aumento en la expresión y la actividad del CYP 2E1 de hígado y riñón de la rata inducida por etanol. [Huerta PA, Henríquez PA, Castillo RL, Carrasco RA, Orellana M, Rodrigo RA. Estudio comparativo del consumo crónico de vino tinto sobre la expresión y la actividad del citocromo P450 en hígado y riñón de rata. MEDUNAB 2003Ethanol metabolism involves the participation of cytochrome P450 (CYP) isoenzymes, mainly with the contribution of isoenzyme 2E1 (CYP 2E1), whose activity is induced by chronic alcohol exposure. Ethyl metabolism is related to the production of reactive oxygen species (ROS), responsible for the generation of oxidative stress. On the other hand, it has been suggested that the antioxidants contained in wine would exert a protective effect against oxidative injury. The objective of this study was to compare the effect of moderate red wine consumption on the expression and activity of CYP 2E1 in rat liver and kidney. Adult male rats were treated with water (control), ethanol (12.5%), red wine (12.5% ​​ethanol), or dealcoholized red wine for 10 weeks. The content of total CYP and CYP 2E1 was evaluated in the microsomal fraction of kidney and liver. The oxidation of ethanol and p-nitrophenol was taken as an index of CYP 2E1 activity, analyzing the relative contribution of ethanol and non-alcoholic components of the wine. Ethanol increased the contents of total CYP and CYP 2E1, as well as p-nitrophenol hydroxylation and ethanol oxidation in both liver and kidney. These effects were attenuated by the administration of red wine. With this information it is possible to suggest that the non-alcoholic components of red wine are capable of modulating the increase in the expression and activity of CYP 2E1 in the liver and kidney of the rat induced by ethanol. [Huerta PA, Henríquez PA, Castillo RL, Carrasco RA, Orellana M, Rodrigo RA. Comparative study of chronic red wine consumption on the expression and activity of cytochrome P450 in rat liver and kidney. MEDUNAB 200

Estudio comparativo del consúmo crónico de vino tinto sobre la expresión y la actividad del sitocromo P450 en hígado y riñón de rata

ResumenEl metabolismo del etanol involucra la participación de isoenzimas del citocromo P450 (CYP), principalmente con la contribución de la isoenzima 2E1(CYP 2E1), cuya actividad es inducida por la exposición crónica al alcohol. El metabolismo etílico está relacionado con la producción de especies reactivas de oxígeno(ROS), responsables de la generación de estrés oxidativo.[Huerta PA, Henríquez PA, Castillo RL, Carasco RA, Orellana M, Rodrigo RA. Estudio comparativo del consúmo crónico de vino tinto sobre la expresión y la actividad del sitocromo P450 en hígado y riñón de rata. MedUNAB 2003; 6(16):4-9].Palabras clave: Citocromo P450 etanol, estrés oxidativo, riñon de la rata, hígado de la rata

Efecto antagónico del consumo crónico de vino tinto y etanol sobre la actividad de la (Na+K)ATPasa renal

ResumenEl consumo crónico de etanol aumenta la actividad de (Na+K)ATPasa en diferentes tipos celulares, a travez de un mecanismo mediado por especies reactivas de oxígeno (EROs). el consumo moderado de vino tinto puede aumentar las defensas antioxidantes ya que sus componentes no alcohólicos actúan como atrapadores de EROs, quelantes de metales y moduladores enzimáticos.[Castillo RL, Carasco RA, House M, Huerta PA, Henríquez PA, Rodrigo RA. Efecto antagónico del consumo crónico de vino tinto y etanol sobre la actividad de la (Na+K)ATPasa renal. MedUNAB 2003; 6(16):10-14].Palabras clave; etanol, (Na+K)ATPasa, riñon, vino, antioxidantes

Impact of operatoŕs experience on peri-procedural outcomes with Watchman FLX: Insights from the FLX-SPA registry

Background: The Watchman FLX is a device upgrade of the Watchman 2.5 that incorporates several design enhancements intended to simplify left atrial appendage occlusion (LAAO) and improve procedural outcomes. This study compares peri-procedural results of LAAO with Watchman FLX (Boston Scientific, Marlborough, Massachusetts) in centers with varying degrees of experience with the Watchman 2.5 and Watchman FLX. Methods: Prospective, multicenter, 'real-world' registry including consecutive patients undergoing LAAO with the Watchman FLX at 26 Spanish sites (FLX-SPA registry). Implanting centers were classified according to the center's prior experience with the Watchman 2.5. A further division of centers according to whether or not they had performed ≤ 10 or > 10Watchman FLX implants was prespecified at the beginning of the study. Procedural outcomes of institutions stratified according to their experience with the Watchman 2.5 and FLX devices were compared. Results: 359 patients [mean age 75.5 (SD8.1), CHA2DS2-VASc 4.4 (SD1.4), HAS-BLED 3.8(SD0.9)] were included. Global success rate was 98.6%, successful LAAO with the first selected device size was achieved in 95.5% patients and the device was implanted at first attempt in 78.6% cases. There were only 9(2.5%) major peri-procedural complications. No differences in efficacy or safety results according to the centeŕs previous experience with Watchman 2.5 and procedural volume with Watchman FLX existed. Conclusions: The Watchman FLX attains high procedural success rates with complete LAA sealing in unselected, real-world patients, along with a low incidence of peri-procedural complications, regardless of operatoŕs experience with its previous device iteration or the number of Watchman FLX devices implanted

Impact of common cardio-metabolic risk factors on fatal and non-fatal cardiovascular disease in Latin America and the Caribbean: An individual-level pooled analysis of 31 cohort studies

Background: Estimates of the burden of cardio-metabolic risk factors in Latin America and the Caribbean (LAC) rely on relative risks (RRs) from non-LAC countries. Whether these RRs apply to LAC remains unknown. Methods: We pooled LAC cohorts. We estimated RRs per unit of exposure to body mass index (BMI), systolic blood pressure (SBP), fasting plasma glucose (FPG), total cholesterol (TC) and non-HDL cholesterol on fatal (31 cohorts, n=168,287) and non-fatal (13 cohorts, n=27,554) cardiovascular diseases, adjusting for regression dilution bias. We used these RRs and national data on mean risk factor levels to estimate the number of cardiovascular deaths attributable to non-optimal levels of each risk factor. Results: Our RRs for SBP, FPG and TC were like those observed in cohorts conducted in high-income countries; however, for BMI, our RRs were consistently smaller in people below 75 years of age. Across risk factors, we observed smaller RRs among older ages. Non-optimal SBP was responsible for the largest number of attributable cardiovascular deaths ranging from 38 per 100,000 women and 54 men in Peru, to 261 (Dominica, women) and 282 (Guyana, men). For non-HDL cholesterol, the lowest attributable rate was for women in Peru (21) and men in Guatemala (25), and the largest in men (158) and women (142) from Guyana. Interpretation: RRs for BMI from studies conducted in high-income countries may overestimate disease burden metrics in LAC; conversely, RRs for SBP, FPG and TC from LAC cohorts are similar to those estimated from cohorts in high-income countries. Funding: Wellcome Trust (214185/Z/18/Z)Fil: Carrillo Larco, Rodrigo M.. Imperial College London; Reino UnidoFil: Stern, Dalia. Instituto Nacional de Salud Publica (insp);Fil: Hambleton, Ian R.. The University Of The West Indies; BarbadosFil: Hennis, Anselm. Pan American Health Organization; Estados UnidosFil: Cesare, Mariachiara Di. Middlesex University; Reino UnidoFil: Lotufo, Paulo. Universidade de Sao Paulo; BrasilFil: Ferreccio, Catterina. Pontificia Universidad Católica de Chile; ChileFil: Irazola, Vilma. Consejo Nacional de Investigaciones Científicas y Técnicas. Oficina de Coordinación Administrativa Parque Centenario. Centro de Investigaciones en Epidemiología y Salud Pública. Instituto de Efectividad Clínica y Sanitaria. Centro de Investigaciones en Epidemiología y Salud Pública; Argentina. Instituto de Efectividad Clínica y Sanitaria; ArgentinaFil: Perel, Pablo. London School of Hygiene and Tropical Medicine; Reino UnidoFil: Gregg, Edward W. Imperial College London; Reino UnidoFil: Miranda, J. Jaime. Universidad Peruana Cayetano Heredia; PerúFil: Ezzati, Majid. Imperial College London; Reino UnidoFil: Danaei, Goodarz. Harvard Medical School; Estados UnidosFil: Aguilar Salinas, Carlos A.. Instituto Nacional de Ciencias Médicas y Nutrición; MéxicoFil: Alvarez Váz, Ramón. Universidad de la República; UruguayFil: Amadio, Marselle B.. Centro Universitario Senac Santo Amaro; BrasilFil: Baccino, Cecilia. Universidad de la República; UruguayFil: Bambs, Claudia. Pontificia Universidad Católica de Chile; ChileFil: Bastos, João Luiz. Universidade Federal de Santa Catarina; BrasilFil: Beckles, Gloria. Centers for Disease Control and Prevention; Estados UnidosFil: Bernabe Ortiz, Antonio. Universidad Peruana Cayetano Heredia; PerúFil: Bernardo, Carla DO. University of Adelaide; AustraliaFil: Bloch, Katia V.. Universidade Federal do Rio de Janeiro; BrasilFil: Blümel, Juan E.. Universidad de Chile; ChileFil: Boggia, Jose G.. Universidad de la República; UruguayFil: Borges, Pollyanna K.. Universidade Estadual do Ponta Grossa; BrasilFil: Bravo, Miguel. MELISA Institute; ChileFil: Brenes Camacho, Gilbert. Universidad de Costa Rica; Costa RicaFil: Carbajal, Horacio A.. Universidad Nacional de La Plata; ArgentinaFil: Castillo Rascón, María Susana. Universidad Nacional de Misiones; Argentin

Repositioning of the global epicentre of non-optimal cholesterol

High blood cholesterol is typically considered a feature of wealthy western countries(1,2). However, dietary and behavioural determinants of blood cholesterol are changing rapidly throughout the world(3) and countries are using lipid-lowering medications at varying rates. These changes can have distinct effects on the levels of high-density lipoprotein (HDL) cholesterol and non-HDL cholesterol, which have different effects on human health(4,5). However, the trends of HDL and non-HDL cholesterol levels over time have not been previously reported in a global analysis. Here we pooled 1,127 population-based studies that measured blood lipids in 102.6 million individuals aged 18 years and older to estimate trends from 1980 to 2018 in mean total, non-HDL and HDL cholesterol levels for 200 countries. Globally, there was little change in total or non-HDL cholesterol from 1980 to 2018. This was a net effect of increases in low- and middle-income countries, especially in east and southeast Asia, and decreases in high-income western countries, especially those in northwestern Europe, and in central and eastern Europe. As a result, countries with the highest level of non-HDL cholesterol-which is a marker of cardiovascular riskchanged from those in western Europe such as Belgium, Finland, Greenland, Iceland, Norway, Sweden, Switzerland and Malta in 1980 to those in Asia and the Pacific, such as Tokelau, Malaysia, The Philippines and Thailand. In 2017, high non-HDL cholesterol was responsible for an estimated 3.9 million (95% credible interval 3.7 million-4.2 million) worldwide deaths, half of which occurred in east, southeast and south Asia. The global repositioning of lipid-related risk, with non-optimal cholesterol shifting from a distinct feature of high-income countries in northwestern Europe, north America and Australasia to one that affects countries in east and southeast Asia and Oceania should motivate the use of population-based policies and personal interventions to improve nutrition and enhance access to treatment throughout the world.Peer reviewe

Impact of common cardio-metabolic risk factors on fatal and non-fatal cardiovascular disease in Latin America and the Caribbean: an individual-level pooled analysis of 31 cohort studies

Background: Estimates of the burden of cardio-metabolic risk factors in Latin America and the Caribbean (LAC) rely on relative risks (RRs) from non-LAC countries. Whether these RRs apply to LAC remains un- known. Methods: We pooled LAC cohorts. We estimated RRs per unit of exposure to body mass index (BMI), systolic blood pressure (SBP), fasting plasma glucose (FPG), total cholesterol (TC) and non-HDL cholesterol on fatal (31 cohorts, n = 168,287) and non-fatal (13 cohorts, n = 27,554) cardiovascular diseases, adjusting for regression dilution bias. We used these RRs and national data on mean risk factor levels to estimate the number of cardiovascular deaths attributable to non-optimal levels of each risk factor. Results: Our RRs for SBP, FPG and TC were like those observed in cohorts conducted in high-income countries; however, for BMI, our RRs were consistently smaller in people below 75 years of age. Across risk factors, we observed smaller RRs among older ages. Non-optimal SBP was responsible for the largest number of attributable cardiovascular deaths ranging from 38 per 10 0,0 0 0 women and 54 men in Peru, to 261 (Dominica, women) and 282 (Guyana, men). For non-HDL cholesterol, the lowest attributable rate was for women in Peru (21) and men in Guatemala (25), and the largest in men (158) and women (142) from Guyana. Interpretation: RRs for BMI from studies conducted in high-income countries may overestimate disease burden metrics in LAC; conversely, RRs for SBP, FPG and TC from LAC cohorts are similar to those esti- mated from cohorts in high-income countries

Heterogeneous contributions of change in population distribution of body mass index to change in obesity and underweight NCD Risk Factor Collaboration (NCD-RisC)

From 1985 to 2016, the prevalence of underweight decreased, and that of obesity and severe obesity increased, in most regions, with significant variation in the magnitude of these changes across regions. We investigated how much change in mean body mass index (BMI) explains changes in the prevalence of underweight, obesity, and severe obesity in different regions using data from 2896 population-based studies with 187 million participants. Changes in the prevalence of underweight and total obesity, and to a lesser extent severe obesity, are largely driven by shifts in the distribution of BMI, with smaller contributions from changes in the shape of the distribution. In East and Southeast Asia and sub-Saharan Africa, the underweight tail of the BMI distribution was left behind as the distribution shifted. There is a need for policies that address all forms of malnutrition by making healthy foods accessible and affordable, while restricting unhealthy foods through fiscal and regulatory restrictions

Cardioprotection against ischaemia/reperfusion by vitamins C and E plus n−3 fatty acids: molecular mechanisms and potential clinical applications

Artículo de publicación ISIThe role of oxidative stress in ischaemic heart disease has been thoroughly investigated in humans. Increased levels of ROS (reactive oxygen species) and RNS (reactive nitrogen species) have been demonstrated during ischaemia and post-ischaemic reperfusion in humans. Depending on their concentrations, these reactive species can act either as benevolent molecules that promote cell survival (at low-to-moderate concentrations) or can induce irreversible cellular damage and death (at high concentrations). Although high ROS levels can induce NF-κB (nuclear factor κB) activation, inflammation, apoptosis or necrosis, low-to-moderate levels can enhance the antioxidant response, via Nrf2 (nuclear factor-erythroid 2-related factor 2) activation. However, a clear definition of these concentration thresholds remains to be established. Although a number of experimental studies have demonstrated that oxidative stress plays a major role in heart ischaemia/reperfusion pathophysiology, controlled clinical trials have failed to prove the efficacy of antioxidants in acute or long-term treatments of ischaemic heart disease. Oral doses of vitamin C are not sufficient to promote ROS scavenging and only down-regulate their production via NADPH oxidase, a biological effect shared by vitamin E to abrogate oxidative stress. However, infusion of vitamin C at doses high enough to achieve plasma levels of 10 mmol/l should prevent superoxide production and the pathophysiological cascade of deleterious heart effects. In turn, n−3 PUFA (polyunsaturated fatty acid) exposure leads to enhanced activity of antioxidant enzymes. In the present review, we present evidence to support the molecular basis for a novel pharmacological strategy using these antioxidant vitamins plus n−3 PUFAs for cardioprotection in clinical settings, such as post-operative atrial fibrillation, percutaneous coronary intervention following acute myocardial infarction and other events that are associated with ischaemia/reperfusion

Acute disseminated encephalomyelitis and ulcerative colitis: Description of a clinical case in magnetic resonance Encefalomielitis aguda diseminada y colitis ulcerosa: Descripción de un caso clínico

Acute disseminated encephalomyelitis (ADEM) is an acute demyelinating disorder of the central nervous system, characterized by an acute or subacute onset of neurological symptoms and focal signs in association with multifocal demyelinating findings on neuroimaging. Spontaneous resolution has been reported within days of onset, corticosteroids therapy accelerates the resolution time. ADEM has been associated with previous infections, and its relationship with other autoinmune disease is unclear. A case of ADEM is reported, in a patient previously diagnosed with ulcerative pancolitis, whose neurological symptoms resolved after 3 days of hospital admission without evident sequelae after receiving a short empirical treatment with ampicilin, ceftriaxone, acyclovir and intravenous steroids