Zur Gouvernanz des „Lokalen“ : Anforderungen an eine nachhaltige Regulierung lokaler Mikrokosmen = On the Governance of the ‘Local’ : Requirements for the Sustainable Regulation of Local Microcosms

Dieser wissenschaftliche Essay definiert „ das Lokale “ als Ensemble lokaler Mikrokosmen, die über alleinstellende ressourcen verfügen und daher spezifische, für die Nachhaltigkeit der Bewirtschaftung solcher Ressourcen generell postulierte Regulierungsfunktionen erfüllen müssen. Diese bestehen u.a. aus der Sicherstellung der Eigenlegitimation, aus Grenzkontrollen oder aus einem Monitoring und – hauptsächlich – aus der Regulierung von Nutzungs- und Mitwirkungsrechte sowie Entscheidungsprozessen. Eine wesentliche Regulierungsfunktion besteht aber auch in der Einfügung der lokalen regulativen Arrangements in übergeordnete öffentliche Politiken und staatliche Grundprinzipen, welche Einschränkungen der prinzipiell aus Ressourcensicht notwendigen Handlungsautonomie solcher Mikrokosmen erfordert. Das daraus resultierende Dilemma wird anhand von Beispielen ökologischer, wirtschaftlicher und sozialer Mikrokosmen aufgezeigt und im Lichte des Postulats der „ good governance “ diskutiert. This scientific essay defines ‘the local’ as a set of local microcosms which by our definition dispose of outstanding resources. As such, they must be able to perform specific regulatory functions that are considered as necessary for the sustainable management of these resources. These functions include, amongst others, the ensuring of self-legitimation, border controls, monitoring and, most importantly, the regulation of use rights, participation modes and decision making. An essential regulatory function consists of integrating the local regulatory arrangements into superordinate public policies and basic state principles. This tends to restrain the actors’ autonomy which is necessary from the point of view of a good resource regulation. The contribution shows the resulting dilemmas by means of examples stemming from ecological, economic and social microcosms and discusses them from the angle of the ‘good governance’ postulate

Gestion durable du paysage

Le paysage est de plus en plus perçu comme une ressource. À ce titre, il est nécessaire de trouver des instruments juridiques, politiques ou économiques susceptibles de gérer cette « ressource-paysage » sur le long terme. Le gouvernement suisse a introduit récemment l’instrument des parcs naturels régionaux, organisés selon le modèle français, dans sa législation de protection de la nature et du paysage. Une mise en regard des nouveaux parcs avec des structures de gestion beaucoup plus anciennes, les bourgeoisies et les corporations, permet de mettre en évidence les forces et les faiblesses de chacun de ces instruments dans leur contribution à résoudre les rivalités d’usage entre acteurs utilisant ou influençant la ressource paysage. Cette comparaison permet de formuler des recommandations pratiques concernant la gestion de cette ressource.The landscape is increasingly perceived as a resource. For this reason, it is necessary to find legal, political and economic instruments that will succeed in managing this “resource landscape” in the long term. The Swiss government recently introduced the instrument of regional nature parks into the legislation governing nature and landscape preservation; the proposed parks are organized on the basis of the French model. The examination of the new parks from the perspective of much older management structures, i.e. the civic municipalities (bourgeoisies) and corporations, makes it possible to demonstrate the strengths and weaknesses of each of these instruments in their contribution to the resolution of use rivalries between actors who use or influence the resource landscape. This comparison also enables the formulation of practical recommendations regarding the management of this resource

Hacia un modelo de análisis de políticas públicas operativo. un enfoque basado en los actores, sus recursos y las instituciones

En el presente artículo se expone un modelo de análisis de políticas públicas centrado en la conducta, tanto individual como colectiva, de los actores implicados en las diferentes etapas de una política pública. Se postula que el contenido y las características institucionales de una acción pública (variable a explicar) son el resultado de las interacciones entre, por un lado, las autoridades político-administrativas y, por el otro, los grupos sociales que causan o que soportan los efectos negativos del problema colectivo que la acción pública intenta resolver (variables explicativas). El “juego” de tales actores depende no sólo de sus intereses respectivos, sino también de los recursos (dinero, tiempo, consenso, organización, derecho, infraestructura, información, personal, fuerza, apoyo político) que logran explotar para defender sus posiciones, así como de las reglas institucionales que dan marco a la política

A suicide gene approach using the human pro-apoptotic protein tBid inhibits HIV-1 replication

<p>Abstract</p> <p>Background</p> <p>Regulated expression of suicide genes is a powerful tool to eliminate specific subsets of cells and will find widespread usage in both basic and applied science. A promising example is the specific elimination of human immunodeficiency virus type 1 (HIV-1) infected cells by LTR-driven suicide genes. The success of this approach, however, depends on a fast and effective suicide gene, which is expressed exclusively in HIV-1 infected cells. These preconditions have not yet been completely fulfilled and, thus, success of suicide approaches has been limited so far. We tested truncated Bid (tBid), a human pro-apoptotic protein that induces apoptosis very rapidly and efficiently, as suicide gene for gene therapy against HIV-1 infection.</p> <p>Results</p> <p>When tBid was introduced into the HIV-1 LTR-based, Tat- and Rev-dependent transgene expression vector pLRed(INS)₂R, very efficient induction of apoptosis was observed within 24 hours, but only in the presence of both HIV-1 regulatory proteins Tat and Rev. Induction of apoptosis was not observed in their absence. Cells containing this vector rapidly died when transfected with plasmids containing full-length viral genomic DNA, completely eliminating the chance for HIV-1 replication. Viral replication was also strongly reduced when cells were infected with HIV-1 particles.</p> <p>Conclusions</p> <p>This suicide vector has the potential to establish a safe and effective gene therapy approach to exclusively eliminate HIV-1 infected cells before infectious virus particles are released.</p

Measurement of the Bottom-Strange Meson Mixing Phase in the Full CDF Data Set

We report a measurement of the bottom-strange meson mixing phase \beta_s using the time evolution of B0_s -> J/\psi (->\mu+\mu-) \phi (-> K+ K-) decays in which the quark-flavor content of the bottom-strange meson is identified at production. This measurement uses the full data set of proton-antiproton collisions at sqrt(s)= 1.96 TeV collected by the Collider Detector experiment at the Fermilab Tevatron, corresponding to 9.6 fb-1 of integrated luminosity. We report confidence regions in the two-dimensional space of \beta_s and the B0_s decay-width difference \Delta\Gamma_s, and measure \beta_s in [-\pi/2, -1.51] U [-0.06, 0.30] U [1.26, \pi/2] at the 68% confidence level, in agreement with the standard model expectation. Assuming the standard model value of \beta_s, we also determine \Delta\Gamma_s = 0.068 +- 0.026 (stat) +- 0.009 (syst) ps-1 and the mean B0_s lifetime, \tau_s = 1.528 +- 0.019 (stat) +- 0.009 (syst) ps, which are consistent and competitive with determinations by other experiments.Comment: 8 pages, 2 figures, Phys. Rev. Lett 109, 171802 (2012

Comparative analysis of the implementation of SO2 air quality control policies in Europe conceptual framework and first results

SIGLEUuStB Koeln(38)-861100307 / FIZ - Fachinformationszzentrum Karlsruhe / TIB - Technische InformationsbibliothekDEGerman