Cesarean delivery modulate intestinal microbiome and th9 cell asnwer propensity to allergic diseases? / A modulação do microbioma intestinal por influência do parto cesariana possui correlação com a resposta das células th9 em doenças alérgicas?

The type of birth can alter the composition of the human intestinal microbiota and crucially interfere in the formation of the innate and adaptive immune system. Among the various cell groups that can be modulated by the type of delivery are helper T cells (Th). Currently, in addition to the classic Th1 and Th2 profile, other subsets have been identified including Th17, Th22, Th25 and Th9.  Studies on the modulation of T helper lymphocytes associated with the type of birth are still emerging. However, it is known that the action of Th9 cells is modulated according to the intestinal microbiota. Thus, this study aimed to describe how the type of birth, vaginal or cesarean, can change the intestinal microbiota and we hypothesized that the form of delivery changes the pattern of response to Th9 in allergic diseases.

FARMACOTERAPIA APLICADA ÀS REAÇÕES IMUNOLÓGICAS DA HANSENÍASE

Leprosy Leprosy is a chronic infectious disease caused by Mycobacterium leprae, or Hansen's bacillus, which is a resistant gram-positive bacterium that can infect peripheral nerves. Thus, leprosy is considered a disease with a high infectious power and low pathogenic level, and therefore, associated with 95% immunity in most populations of occurrence In this context, the most effective model to be adopted for the control of leprosy it is based on the complementarity of actions; starting with early diagnosis, specialized and continuous treatment of diagnosed cases, prevention of disabilities, surveillance of the patient's home contacts, until discharge for cure. However, some patients may have a type 1 leprosy reaction, a reaction that often occurs soon after the start of treatment, with granulomatous inflammatory reactions and tissue necrosis concomitant with possible symptomatic neurological impairment. On the other hand, some patients may have a type 2 leprosy reaction, a reaction that usually occurs during and after treatment and is determined by the manifestation of sudden-appearing skin nodules. Thus, the treatment of leprosy is multidrug, outpatient and uses standardized therapeutic regimens, recommended by the World Health Organization. It is worth remembering that leprosy is a curable, controllable and treatment-free disease.La lepra es una patología infecciosa crónica causada por Mycobacterium leprae, o bacilo de Hansen, que es una bacteria grampositiva resistente que puede infectar los nervios periféricos. Por lo tanto, la lepra se considera una enfermedad con un alto poder infeccioso y bajo nivel patogénico, y por lo tanto se asocia con una inmunidad del 95% en la mayoría de las poblaciones de ocurrencia. En este contexto, el modelo más eficaz que debe adoptarse para el control de la lepra se basa en la complementariedad de las acciones; con inicio de diagnóstico precoz, tratamiento especializado y continuo de los casos diagnosticados, prevención de discapacidades, vigilancia de los contactos domiciliarios del paciente, hasta el alta por curación. Sin embargo, algunos pacientes pueden presentar una reacción de lepra tipo 1, una reacción que a menudo ocurre poco después del inicio del tratamiento, presentando reacciones inflamatorias granulomatosas y necrosis tisular concomitante con posible deterioro neurológico sintomático. Por otro lado, algunos pacientes pueden presentar la reacción de lepra tipo 2, una reacción que generalmente ocurre durante y después del tratamiento y está determinada por la manifestación de nódulos en la piel de aparición repentina. Por lo tanto, el tratamiento de la lepra es poliquimioterapéutico, ambulatorio y utiliza regímenes terapéuticos estandarizados recomendados por la Organización Mundial de la Salud. Vale la pena recordar que la lepra es una enfermedad curable, controlable y de tratamiento gratuito.A hanseníase é uma patologia infecciosa crônica, causada pelo Mycobacterium leprae, ou bacilo de Hansen, ao qual é uma bactéria gram-positiva resistente e que pode infectar os nervos periféricos. Sendo assim, a hanseníase é considerada uma doença com um alto poder infeccioso e baixo nível patogênico, e por isso, associada a 95% de imunidade na maioria das populações de ocorrência. Nesse contexto, o modelo mais eficaz a ser adotado para o controle da hanseníase baseia-se na complementariedade das ações; com início no diagnóstico precoce, tratamento especializado e contínuo dos casos diagnosticados, prevenção de incapacidades, vigilância aos contatos domiciliares do paciente, até a alta por cura. Contudo, alguns pacientes podem apresentar reação hansênica tipo 1, reação essa que ocorre frequentemente logo após o início do tratamento, apresentando reações inflamatória granulomatosa e necrose tecidual concomitante ao possível comprometimento neurológico sintomático. Em contrapartida alguns pacientes podem apresentar a reação hansênica tipo 2, reação essa que ocorre geralmente durante e após o tratamento e é determinado pela manifestação de nódulos na pele de aparecimento súbito. Assim, o tratamento da hanseníase é poliquimioterápico, ambulatorial e utiliza esquemas terapêuticos padronizados, preconizados pela Organização Mundial da Saúde. Valendo lembrar que a hanseníase é uma doença curável, controlável e de tratamento gratuito. &nbsp

FARMACOTERAPIA APLICADA ÀS REAÇÕES IMUNOLÓGICAS DA HANSENÍASE

Leprosy Leprosy is a chronic infectious disease caused by Mycobacterium leprae, or Hansen's bacillus, which is a resistant gram-positive bacterium that can infect peripheral nerves. Thus, leprosy is considered a disease with a high infectious power and low pathogenic level, and therefore, associated with 95% immunity in most populations of occurrence In this context, the most effective model to be adopted for the control of leprosy it is based on the complementarity of actions; starting with early diagnosis, specialized and continuous treatment of diagnosed cases, prevention of disabilities, surveillance of the patient's home contacts, until discharge for cure. However, some patients may have a type 1 leprosy reaction, a reaction that often occurs soon after the start of treatment, with granulomatous inflammatory reactions and tissue necrosis concomitant with possible symptomatic neurological impairment. On the other hand, some patients may have a type 2 leprosy reaction, a reaction that usually occurs during and after treatment and is determined by the manifestation of sudden-appearing skin nodules. Thus, the treatment of leprosy is multidrug, outpatient and uses standardized therapeutic regimens, recommended by the World Health Organization. It is worth remembering that leprosy is a curable, controllable and treatment-free disease.La lepra es una patología infecciosa crónica causada por Mycobacterium leprae, o bacilo de Hansen, que es una bacteria grampositiva resistente que puede infectar los nervios periféricos. Por lo tanto, la lepra se considera una enfermedad con un alto poder infeccioso y bajo nivel patogénico, y por lo tanto se asocia con una inmunidad del 95% en la mayoría de las poblaciones de ocurrencia. En este contexto, el modelo más eficaz que debe adoptarse para el control de la lepra se basa en la complementariedad de las acciones; con inicio de diagnóstico precoz, tratamiento especializado y continuo de los casos diagnosticados, prevención de discapacidades, vigilancia de los contactos domiciliarios del paciente, hasta el alta por curación. Sin embargo, algunos pacientes pueden presentar una reacción de lepra tipo 1, una reacción que a menudo ocurre poco después del inicio del tratamiento, presentando reacciones inflamatorias granulomatosas y necrosis tisular concomitante con posible deterioro neurológico sintomático. Por otro lado, algunos pacientes pueden presentar la reacción de lepra tipo 2, una reacción que generalmente ocurre durante y después del tratamiento y está determinada por la manifestación de nódulos en la piel de aparición repentina. Por lo tanto, el tratamiento de la lepra es poliquimioterapéutico, ambulatorio y utiliza regímenes terapéuticos estandarizados recomendados por la Organización Mundial de la Salud. Vale la pena recordar que la lepra es una enfermedad curable, controlable y de tratamiento gratuito.A hanseníase é uma patologia infecciosa crônica, causada pelo Mycobacterium leprae, ou bacilo de Hansen, ao qual é uma bactéria gram-positiva resistente e que pode infectar os nervos periféricos. Sendo assim, a hanseníase é considerada uma doença com um alto poder infeccioso e baixo nível patogênico, e por isso, associada a 95% de imunidade na maioria das populações de ocorrência. Nesse contexto, o modelo mais eficaz a ser adotado para o controle da hanseníase baseia-se na complementariedade das ações; com início no diagnóstico precoce, tratamento especializado e contínuo dos casos diagnosticados, prevenção de incapacidades, vigilância aos contatos domiciliares do paciente, até a alta por cura. Contudo, alguns pacientes podem apresentar reação hansênica tipo 1, reação essa que ocorre frequentemente logo após o início do tratamento, apresentando reações inflamatória granulomatosa e necrose tecidual concomitante ao possível comprometimento neurológico sintomático. Em contrapartida alguns pacientes podem apresentar a reação hansênica tipo 2, reação essa que ocorre geralmente durante e após o tratamento e é determinado pela manifestação de nódulos na pele de aparecimento súbito. Assim, o tratamento da hanseníase é poliquimioterápico, ambulatorial e utiliza esquemas terapêuticos padronizados, preconizados pela Organização Mundial da Saúde. Valendo lembrar que a hanseníase é uma doença curável, controlável e de tratamento gratuito. &nbsp

Geography and ecology shape the phylogenetic composition of Amazonian tree communities

AimAmazonia hosts more tree species from numerous evolutionary lineages, both young and ancient, than any other biogeographic region. Previous studies have shown that tree lineages colonized multiple edaphic environments and dispersed widely across Amazonia, leading to a hypothesis, which we test, that lineages should not be strongly associated with either geographic regions or edaphic forest types.LocationAmazonia.TaxonAngiosperms (Magnoliids; Monocots; Eudicots).MethodsData for the abundance of 5082 tree species in 1989 plots were combined with a mega-phylogeny. We applied evolutionary ordination to assess how phylogenetic composition varies across Amazonia. We used variation partitioning and Moran's eigenvector maps (MEM) to test and quantify the separate and joint contributions of spatial and environmental variables to explain the phylogenetic composition of plots. We tested the indicator value of lineages for geographic regions and edaphic forest types and mapped associations onto the phylogeny.ResultsIn the terra firme and várzea forest types, the phylogenetic composition varies by geographic region, but the igapó and white-sand forest types retain a unique evolutionary signature regardless of region. Overall, we find that soil chemistry, climate and topography explain 24% of the variation in phylogenetic composition, with 79% of that variation being spatially structured (R2 = 19% overall for combined spatial/environmental effects). The phylogenetic composition also shows substantial spatial patterns not related to the environmental variables we quantified (R2 = 28%). A greater number of lineages were significant indicators of geographic regions than forest types.Main ConclusionNumerous tree lineages, including some ancient ones (>66 Ma), show strong associations with geographic regions and edaphic forest types of Amazonia. This shows that specialization in specific edaphic environments has played a long-standing role in the evolutionary assembly of Amazonian forests. Furthermore, many lineages, even those that have dispersed across Amazonia, dominate within a specific region, likely because of phylogenetically conserved niches for environmental conditions that are prevalent within regions

Geography and ecology shape the phylogenetic composition of Amazonian tree communities

Aim: Amazonia hosts more tree species from numerous evolutionary lineages, both young and ancient, than any other biogeographic region. Previous studies have shown that tree lineages colonized multiple edaphic environments and dispersed widely across Amazonia, leading to a hypothesis, which we test, that lineages should not be strongly associated with either geographic regions or edaphic forest types. Location: Amazonia. Taxon: Angiosperms (Magnoliids; Monocots; Eudicots). Methods: Data for the abundance of 5082 tree species in 1989 plots were combined with a mega-phylogeny. We applied evolutionary ordination to assess how phylogenetic composition varies across Amazonia. We used variation partitioning and Moran\u27s eigenvector maps (MEM) to test and quantify the separate and joint contributions of spatial and environmental variables to explain the phylogenetic composition of plots. We tested the indicator value of lineages for geographic regions and edaphic forest types and mapped associations onto the phylogeny. Results: In the terra firme and várzea forest types, the phylogenetic composition varies by geographic region, but the igapó and white-sand forest types retain a unique evolutionary signature regardless of region. Overall, we find that soil chemistry, climate and topography explain 24% of the variation in phylogenetic composition, with 79% of that variation being spatially structured (R$^{2}$ = 19% overall for combined spatial/environmental effects). The phylogenetic composition also shows substantial spatial patterns not related to the environmental variables we quantified (R$^{2}$ = 28%). A greater number of lineages were significant indicators of geographic regions than forest types. Main Conclusion: Numerous tree lineages, including some ancient ones (>66 Ma), show strong associations with geographic regions and edaphic forest types of Amazonia. This shows that specialization in specific edaphic environments has played a long-standing role in the evolutionary assembly of Amazonian forests. Furthermore, many lineages, even those that have dispersed across Amazonia, dominate within a specific region, likely because of phylogenetically conserved niches for environmental conditions that are prevalent within regions

Mapping density, diversity and species-richness of the Amazon tree flora

Using 2.046 botanically-inventoried tree plots across the largest tropical forest on Earth, we mapped tree species-diversity and tree species-richness at 0.1-degree resolution, and investigated drivers for diversity and richness. Using only location, stratified by forest type, as predictor, our spatial model, to the best of our knowledge, provides the most accurate map of tree diversity in Amazonia to date, explaining approximately 70% of the tree diversity and species-richness. Large soil-forest combinations determine a significant percentage of the variation in tree species-richness and tree alpha-diversity in Amazonian forest-plots. We suggest that the size and fragmentation of these systems drive their large-scale diversity patterns and hence local diversity. A model not using location but cumulative water deficit, tree density, and temperature seasonality explains 47% of the tree species-richness in the terra-firme forest in Amazonia. Over large areas across Amazonia, residuals of this relationship are small and poorly spatially structured, suggesting that much of the residual variation may be local. The Guyana Shield area has consistently negative residuals, showing that this area has lower tree species-richness than expected by our models. We provide extensive plot meta-data, including tree density, tree alpha-diversity and tree species-richness results and gridded maps at 0.1-degree resolution

Large expert-curated database for benchmarking document similarity detection in biomedical literature search

Document recommendation systems for locating relevant literature have mostly relied on methods developed a decade ago. This is largely due to the lack of a large offline gold-standard benchmark of relevant documents that cover a variety of research fields such that newly developed literature search techniques can be compared, improved and translated into practice. To overcome this bottleneck, we have established the RElevant LIterature SearcH consortium consisting of more than 1500 scientists from 84 countries, who have collectively annotated the relevance of over 180 000 PubMed-listed articles with regard to their respective seed (input) article/s. The majority of annotations were contributed by highly experienced, original authors of the seed articles. The collected data cover 76% of all unique PubMed Medical Subject Headings descriptors. No systematic biases were observed across different experience levels, research fields or time spent on annotations. More importantly, annotations of the same document pairs contributed by different scientists were highly concordant. We further show that the three representative baseline methods used to generate recommended articles for evaluation (Okapi Best Matching 25, Term Frequency-Inverse Document Frequency and PubMed Related Articles) had similar overall performances. Additionally, we found that these methods each tend to produce distinct collections of recommended articles, suggesting that a hybrid method may be required to completely capture all relevant articles. The established database server located at https://relishdb.ict.griffith.edu.au is freely available for the downloading of annotation data and the blind testing of new methods. We expect that this benchmark will be useful for stimulating the development of new powerful techniques for title and title/abstract-based search engines for relevant articles in biomedical research.Peer reviewe

Geography and ecology shape the phylogenetic composition of Amazonian tree communities

Aim: Amazonia hosts more tree species from numerous evolutionary lineages, both young and ancient, than any other biogeographic region. Previous studies have shown that tree lineages colonized multiple edaphic environments and dispersed widely across Amazonia, leading to a hypothesis, which we test, that lineages should not be strongly associated with either geographic regions or edaphic forest types. Location: Amazonia. Taxon: Angiosperms (Magnoliids; Monocots; Eudicots). Methods: Data for the abundance of 5082 tree species in 1989 plots were combined with a mega‐phylogeny. We applied evolutionary ordination to assess how phylogenetic composition varies across Amazonia. We used variation partitioning and Moran's eigenvector maps (MEM) to test and quantify the separate and joint contributions of spatial and environmental variables to explain the phylogenetic composition of plots. We tested the indicator value of lineages for geographic regions and edaphic forest types and mapped associations onto the phylogeny. Results: In the terra firme and várzea forest types, the phylogenetic composition varies by geographic region, but the igapó and white‐sand forest types retain a unique evolutionary signature regardless of region. Overall, we find that soil chemistry, climate and topography explain 24% of the variation in phylogenetic composition, with 79% of that variation being spatially structured (R2 = 19% overall for combined spatial/environmental effects). The phylogenetic composition also shows substantial spatial patterns not related to the environmental variables we quantified (R2 = 28%). A greater number of lineages were significant indicators of geographic regions than forest types. Main Conclusion: Numerous tree lineages, including some ancient ones (>66 Ma), show strong associations with geographic regions and edaphic forest types of Amazonia. This shows that specialization in specific edaphic environments has played a long‐standing role in the evolutionary assembly of Amazonian forests. Furthermore, many lineages, even those that have dispersed across Amazonia, dominate within a specific region, likely because of phylogenetically conserved niches for environmental conditions that are prevalent within regions

Mapping density, diversity and species-richness of the Amazon tree flora

Using 2.046 botanically-inventoried tree plots across the largest tropical forest on Earth, we mapped tree species-diversity and tree species-richness at 0.1-degree resolution, and investigated drivers for diversity and richness. Using only location, stratified by forest type, as predictor, our spatial model, to the best of our knowledge, provides the most accurate map of tree diversity in Amazonia to date, explaining approximately 70% of the tree diversity and species-richness. Large soil-forest combinations determine a significant percentage of the variation in tree species-richness and tree alpha-diversity in Amazonian forest-plots. We suggest that the size and fragmentation of these systems drive their large-scale diversity patterns and hence local diversity. A model not using location but cumulative water deficit, tree density, and temperature seasonality explains 47% of the tree species-richness in the terra-firme forest in Amazonia. Over large areas across Amazonia, residuals of this relationship are small and poorly spatially structured, suggesting that much of the residual variation may be local. The Guyana Shield area has consistently negative residuals, showing that this area has lower tree species-richness than expected by our models. We provide extensive plot meta-data, including tree density, tree alpha-diversity and tree species-richness results and gridded maps at 0.1-degree resolution