Review Essay : Industrial Organization and Socialist Development in China

Peer Reviewedhttp://deepblue.lib.umich.edu/bitstream/2027.42/68697/2/10.1177_009770047900500204.pd

Measurement of the Bottom-Strange Meson Mixing Phase in the Full CDF Data Set

We report a measurement of the bottom-strange meson mixing phase \beta_s using the time evolution of B0_s -> J/\psi (->\mu+\mu-) \phi (-> K+ K-) decays in which the quark-flavor content of the bottom-strange meson is identified at production. This measurement uses the full data set of proton-antiproton collisions at sqrt(s)= 1.96 TeV collected by the Collider Detector experiment at the Fermilab Tevatron, corresponding to 9.6 fb-1 of integrated luminosity. We report confidence regions in the two-dimensional space of \beta_s and the B0_s decay-width difference \Delta\Gamma_s, and measure \beta_s in [-\pi/2, -1.51] U [-0.06, 0.30] U [1.26, \pi/2] at the 68% confidence level, in agreement with the standard model expectation. Assuming the standard model value of \beta_s, we also determine \Delta\Gamma_s = 0.068 +- 0.026 (stat) +- 0.009 (syst) ps-1 and the mean B0_s lifetime, \tau_s = 1.528 +- 0.019 (stat) +- 0.009 (syst) ps, which are consistent and competitive with determinations by other experiments.Comment: 8 pages, 2 figures, Phys. Rev. Lett 109, 171802 (2012

Lizards paid a greater opportunity cost to thermoregulate in a less heterogeneous environment

1. The theory of thermoregulation has developed slowly, hampering efforts to predict how individuals can buffer climate change through behaviour. Mixed results of field and laboratory experiments underscore the need to test hypotheses about thermoregulation explicitly, while measuring costs and benefits in different thermal landscapes. 2. We simulated body temperature and energy expenditure of a virtual lizard that either thermoregulates optimally or thermoconforms in a landscape of either low or high quality (one or four basking sites, respectively). We then compare the predicted values in each landscape with the observed values for real lizards in experimental arenas. 3. Lizards thermoregulated more accurately in the high-quality landscape than they did on the low-quality landscape, albeit only slightly so, but spent similar amounts of energy in these landscapes. Basking, rather than shuttling between heat sources, accounted for the majority of the energy consumed in both landscapes. 4. These results did not support the predictions of our model. In the low-quality landscape, real lizards thermoregulated intensely despite the potential to save energy by thermoconforming. In the high-quality landscape, lizards moved more than expected, suggesting that lizards explored their surroundings despite being able to thermoregulate without doing so. 5. Our results suggest that non-energetic benefits drive thermoregulatory behaviour in costly environments, despite the missed opportunities arising from thermoregulation. We propose that energetic costs associated with thermoregulatory movement will become substantial in homogeneous environments such as flat plains and dense forests. The theory of thermoregulation should incorporate these aspects if biologists wish to predict responses of ectotherms to changing climates and habitats

Total soil electrical conductivity and critical soil K+ to Ca2+ and Mg2+ ratio for potato crops Condutividade elétrica e níveis críticos da relação entre K+ e Ca+ + Mg+ no solo para cultura da batata

Soil K+ to Ca2+ and Mg2+ ratio as well as the total salinity were evaluated in response to potassium fertilizer application onto potato. Potassium was applied at six different rates (0, 60, 120, 240, 480 and 960 kg ha-1 of K2O), as K2SO4, and was placed during planting time in the furrow. Soil from the 0-200 mm layer was collected in the furrow, 20 and 48 days after plant emergence (DAE) to evaluate soil pH, K+, Ca2+ and Mg2+ contents and the total electrical conductivity (EC). A factorial design (6x2), with six K rates and two sampling times was set up in a randomized block design with four replications. The application of K fertilizer increased exchangeable K, did not affect pH and exchangeable Ca and Mg contents, but caused a linear increase of the soil K+/(Ca2++Mg2+)1/2 ratio as well as EC. At 20 DAE, the critical soil K+/(Ca2++Mg2+)1/2ratio and the EC associated with maximum tuber yield (30.5 Mg.ha-1, with 353.4 kg ha-1 of K2O) were 1.79 and 1.6 dS m-1, respectively. The highest soil K+/(Ca2++Mg2+)1/2 ratio and EC were obtained with the highest application of K fertilizer, which led to a reduction in the potato tuber yield.<br>Com o objetivo de avaliar a relação entre K e Ca + Mg e a salinidade no solo em resposta à adubação potássica no cultivo da batateira (cultivar Baraka), foi instalado experimento fatorial a nível de campo com seis doses de potássio (0, 60, 120, 240, 480 e 960 kg ha-1 de K2O) e duas épocas de amostragem, 20 e 48 dias após a emergência das plantas, (DAE) delineado em blocos casualizados com quatro repetições. O potássio foi aplicado como K2SO4 no sulco de plantio. O solo foi amostrado (0-200 mm de profundidade) para avaliar o pH, a condutividade elétrica e os teores de K, Ca e Mg. A adubação potássica aumentou o K trocável, não afetou o pH e os teores de Ca e Mg trocáveis no solo, e elevou linearmente a condutividade elétrica e a relação K+/(Ca2++ Mg2+)1/2. Aos 20 DAE, a máxima produção de tubérculos foi associada com uma relação K+/(Ca2++Mg2+)1/2 de 1,79 e uma condutividade elétrica de 1,6 dS m-1. Com as maiores doses de potássio obtiveram-se as maiores relações K+/(Ca2++Mg2+)1/2, e condutividade elétrica do solo, que podem ter contribuído para a redução da produção de tubérculos

Prospect and Markowitz stochastic dominance

Prospect stochastic dominance, Markowitz stochastic dominance, Risk seeking, Risk averse, S-shaped utility function, Reverse S-shaped utility function, D81, C91,