DISEÑO DE UN UTILLAJE PARA LA EXTRACCIÓN DE TORNILLOS MILIMÉTRICOS DE FIJACIÓN ÓSEA BAJO LA NORMA ASTM F543 (DESIGN OF A FIXTURE FOR PULL OUT TEST OF MILLIMETRIC BONE FIXING SCREWS GUIDED BY ASTM F543 STANDARD)

Resumen Los tornillos corticales son elementos utilizados en osteosíntesis para la fijación de fracturas, la estabilidad de la fijación del tornillo es principalmente el resultado del anclaje efectivo del tornillo, una mala estabilidad lleva al fracaso de la unión del hueso. Con base en las normas ASTM F543, se diseñó un herramental para la realización de pruebas de la resistencia a la extracción en tornillos corticales, esto con la finalidad de comparar diferentes tornillos médicos utilizados en osteosíntesis. Se identificaron los principales parámetros que influyen en la resistencia a la extracción de los tornillos y se diseñó un herramental para la realización de las pruebas, el cual cumple con los parámetros asignados por la norma ASTM F 543. Palabras clave:Espuma de poliuretano, fuerza de extracción, tornillo cortical. Abstract Cortical screws are elements used in osteosynthesis for the fixation of fractures, the stability of the fixation of the screw is mainly the result of the effective anchoring of the screw, poor stability leads to failure of the bone union. Based on the ASTM F543 standards, a tool was designed to carry out tests of the resistance to extraction in cortical screws, in order to compare different medical screws used in osteosynthesis. The main parameters that influence the resistance to extraction of the screws were identified and a fixture was designed to carry out the tests, which complies with the parameters assigned by the ASTM F 543 standard. Keywords:Cortical screw, pull-out force, rigid polyurethane foam

Hyperoxemia and excess oxygen use in early acute respiratory distress syndrome : Insights from the LUNG SAFE study

Publisher Copyright: © 2020 The Author(s). Copyright: Copyright 2020 Elsevier B.V., All rights reserved.Background: Concerns exist regarding the prevalence and impact of unnecessary oxygen use in patients with acute respiratory distress syndrome (ARDS). We examined this issue in patients with ARDS enrolled in the Large observational study to UNderstand the Global impact of Severe Acute respiratory FailurE (LUNG SAFE) study. Methods: In this secondary analysis of the LUNG SAFE study, we wished to determine the prevalence and the outcomes associated with hyperoxemia on day 1, sustained hyperoxemia, and excessive oxygen use in patients with early ARDS. Patients who fulfilled criteria of ARDS on day 1 and day 2 of acute hypoxemic respiratory failure were categorized based on the presence of hyperoxemia (PaO2 > 100 mmHg) on day 1, sustained (i.e., present on day 1 and day 2) hyperoxemia, or excessive oxygen use (FIO2 ≥ 0.60 during hyperoxemia). Results: Of 2005 patients that met the inclusion criteria, 131 (6.5%) were hypoxemic (PaO2 < 55 mmHg), 607 (30%) had hyperoxemia on day 1, and 250 (12%) had sustained hyperoxemia. Excess FIO2 use occurred in 400 (66%) out of 607 patients with hyperoxemia. Excess FIO2 use decreased from day 1 to day 2 of ARDS, with most hyperoxemic patients on day 2 receiving relatively low FIO2. Multivariate analyses found no independent relationship between day 1 hyperoxemia, sustained hyperoxemia, or excess FIO2 use and adverse clinical outcomes. Mortality was 42% in patients with excess FIO2 use, compared to 39% in a propensity-matched sample of normoxemic (PaO2 55-100 mmHg) patients (P = 0.47). Conclusions: Hyperoxemia and excess oxygen use are both prevalent in early ARDS but are most often non-sustained. No relationship was found between hyperoxemia or excessive oxygen use and patient outcome in this cohort. Trial registration: LUNG-SAFE is registered with ClinicalTrials.gov, NCT02010073publishersversionPeer reviewe

Height and body-mass index trajectories of school-aged children and adolescents from 1985 to 2019 in 200 countries and territories: a pooled analysis of 2181 population-based studies with 65 million participants

Summary Background Comparable global data on health and nutrition of school-aged children and adolescents are scarce. We aimed to estimate age trajectories and time trends in mean height and mean body-mass index (BMI), which measures weight gain beyond what is expected from height gain, for school-aged children and adolescents. Methods For this pooled analysis, we used a database of cardiometabolic risk factors collated by the Non-Communicable Disease Risk Factor Collaboration. We applied a Bayesian hierarchical model to estimate trends from 1985 to 2019 in mean height and mean BMI in 1-year age groups for ages 5–19 years. The model allowed for non-linear changes over time in mean height and mean BMI and for non-linear changes with age of children and adolescents, including periods of rapid growth during adolescence. Findings We pooled data from 2181 population-based studies, with measurements of height and weight in 65 million participants in 200 countries and territories. In 2019, we estimated a difference of 20 cm or higher in mean height of 19-year-old adolescents between countries with the tallest populations (the Netherlands, Montenegro, Estonia, and Bosnia and Herzegovina for boys; and the Netherlands, Montenegro, Denmark, and Iceland for girls) and those with the shortest populations (Timor-Leste, Laos, Solomon Islands, and Papua New Guinea for boys; and Guatemala, Bangladesh, Nepal, and Timor-Leste for girls). In the same year, the difference between the highest mean BMI (in Pacific island countries, Kuwait, Bahrain, The Bahamas, Chile, the USA, and New Zealand for both boys and girls and in South Africa for girls) and lowest mean BMI (in India, Bangladesh, Timor-Leste, Ethiopia, and Chad for boys and girls; and in Japan and Romania for girls) was approximately 9–10 kg/m2. In some countries, children aged 5 years started with healthier height or BMI than the global median and, in some cases, as healthy as the best performing countries, but they became progressively less healthy compared with their comparators as they grew older by not growing as tall (eg, boys in Austria and Barbados, and girls in Belgium and Puerto Rico) or gaining too much weight for their height (eg, girls and boys in Kuwait, Bahrain, Fiji, Jamaica, and Mexico; and girls in South Africa and New Zealand). In other countries, growing children overtook the height of their comparators (eg, Latvia, Czech Republic, Morocco, and Iran) or curbed their weight gain (eg, Italy, France, and Croatia) in late childhood and adolescence. When changes in both height and BMI were considered, girls in South Korea, Vietnam, Saudi Arabia, Turkey, and some central Asian countries (eg, Armenia and Azerbaijan), and boys in central and western Europe (eg, Portugal, Denmark, Poland, and Montenegro) had the healthiest changes in anthropometric status over the past 3·5 decades because, compared with children and adolescents in other countries, they had a much larger gain in height than they did in BMI. The unhealthiest changes—gaining too little height, too much weight for their height compared with children in other countries, or both—occurred in many countries in sub-Saharan Africa, New Zealand, and the USA for boys and girls; in Malaysia and some Pacific island nations for boys; and in Mexico for girls. Interpretation The height and BMI trajectories over age and time of school-aged children and adolescents are highly variable across countries, which indicates heterogeneous nutritional quality and lifelong health advantages and risks

All-cause mortality in the cohorts of the Spanish AIDS Research Network (RIS) compared with the general population: 1997Ł2010

Abstract Background: Combination antiretroviral therapy (cART) has produced significant changes in mortality of HIVinfected persons. Our objective was to estimate mortality rates, standardized mortality ratios and excess mortality rates of cohorts of the AIDS Research Network (RIS) (CoRIS-MD and CoRIS) compared to the general population. Methods: We analysed data of CoRIS-MD and CoRIS cohorts from 1997 to 2010. We calculated: (i) all-cause mortality rates, (ii) standardized mortality ratio (SMR) and (iii) excess mortality rates for both cohort for 100 personyears (py) of follow-up, comparing all-cause mortality with that of the general population of similar age and gender. Results: Between 1997 and 2010, 8,214 HIV positive subjects were included, 2,453 (29.9%) in CoRIS-MD and 5,761 (70.1%) in CoRIS and 294 deaths were registered. All-cause mortality rate was 1.02 (95% CI 0.91-1.15) per 100 py, SMR was 6.8 (95% CI 5.9-7.9) and excess mortality rate was 0.8 (95% CI 0.7-0.9) per 100 py. Mortality was higher in patients with AIDS, hepatitis C virus (HCV) co-infection, and those from CoRIS-MD cohort (1997. Conclusion: Mortality among HIV-positive persons remains higher than that of the general population of similar age and sex, with significant differences depending on the history of AIDS or HCV coinfection

Heterogeneous contributions of change in population distribution of body mass index to change in obesity and underweight NCD Risk Factor Collaboration (NCD-RisC)

From 1985 to 2016, the prevalence of underweight decreased, and that of obesity and severe obesity increased, in most regions, with significant variation in the magnitude of these changes across regions. We investigated how much change in mean body mass index (BMI) explains changes in the prevalence of underweight, obesity, and severe obesity in different regions using data from 2896 population-based studies with 187 million participants. Changes in the prevalence of underweight and total obesity, and to a lesser extent severe obesity, are largely driven by shifts in the distribution of BMI, with smaller contributions from changes in the shape of the distribution. In East and Southeast Asia and sub-Saharan Africa, the underweight tail of the BMI distribution was left behind as the distribution shifted. There is a need for policies that address all forms of malnutrition by making healthy foods accessible and affordable, while restricting unhealthy foods through fiscal and regulatory restrictions

AUDITORÍA AL SISTEMA INFORMÁTICO DEL PREP 2021 (AUDIT TO THE COMPUTER SYSTEM OF PREP 2021)

Resumen El sistema informático del instituto Nacional Electoral (INE) para el Programa de Resultados Electorales Preliminares (PREP) 2021 para las elecciones federales intermedias fue objeto de una auditoría técnica realizada por la UAM a través del Departamento de Ingeniería Eléctrica de la División de CBI de la Unidad Iztapalapa. En este artículo, respetando el convenio de confidencialidad firmado, se describe el objetivo, trabajos similares, metodología (líneas de trabajo establecidas para guiar la auditoria y métricas de pruebas), así como los resultados obtenidos. Entre ellos el desarrollo de un dashboard para visualizar en tiempo real la ejecución del PREP. Se concluye que la auditoría realizada permite por un lado probar las funciones de los diversos módulos y en conjunto el análisis de la solidez del sistema. Por el otro, asegurar que la información que se publica en el módulo de resultados preliminares es confiable. Palabras Clave: Elections, Audit, Technology, INE, PREP. Abstract The computer system of the National Electoral Institute (INE) for the Preliminary Electoral Results Program (PREP) 2021 for the intermediate federal elections, was subject to a technical audit carried out by the UAM through the Department of Electrical Engineering of the CBI Division of the Iztapalapa Unit. In this article, respecting the signed confidentiality agreement, the objective, similar works, methodology (lines of work established to guide the audit and test metrics) are described, as well as the results obtained, including the development of a dashboard to visualize in real time the execution of the PREP. We concluded that the audit carried out allows, on the one hand, to test the functions of the various modules and, as a whole, to analyze the soundness of the system. On the other hand, ensure that the information published in the preliminary results module is reliable. Keywords: Elections, Audit, Technology, INE, PREP

Impacto de la fertilización nitrogenada en agua para consumo humano en el municipio de Guasave Sinaloa, México

La práctica de la agricultura intensiva en Guasave Sinaloa, México., promueve la aplicación de altas cantidades de fertilizantes en cultivos de hortalizas y granos; los nitratos son los contaminantes inorgánicos más conocidos, los que más contaminan el agua del subsuelo, y quizás los que generan mayor riesgo a la salud. La concentración máxima de nitratos en el agua para consumo humano recomendados por la norma oficial mexicana (NOM) es de 10 mg L-1 de N-NO3, niveles por encima de este valor debe ser motivo de preocupación por su posible efecto detrimental en la salud humana, principalmente al reducir el transporte de oxigeno en sangre (metahemoglobina). Este trabajo tiene como objetivo principal analizar los niveles de nitratos, en agua de consumo humano en comunidades del municipio de Guasave Sinaloa. Para el análisis se utilizaron dos métodos: el método de la Brucina y el método de análisis de nitratos Merckoquant. Los resultados demuestran que las concentraciones de nitratos en redes públicas de agua potable y plantas purificadoras esta por arriba de los niveles críticos (10 mg L-1 de N-NO3) en diferentes comunidades; la mayor concentración (22.7 mg L-1 de N-NO3.) fue en Estación Bamoa, conocido por su actividad hortícola donde se encontraron concentraciones por arriba dela NOM-127-SSA1-1994

Habitabilidad y política de vivienda

En esta obra, en la que participan destacados investigadores y profesores, dedicados al estudio de la problemática habitacional se presentan diferentes análisis que permiten conocer cuales son las condiciones de habitabilidad y las características de la actual política de vivienda de México. En sus capítulos se abordan los principales desafíos que enfrentan las familias mexicanas para acceder a una vivienda digna y decorosa y cuales son los retos económicos, políticos, territoriales, arquitectónicos, ambientales, financieros y culturales de las formas de producción habitacional en México y en otros países, en el marco de una sociedad global