Legal foundations of lawful government, sovereignty, and state in the Islamic Republic of Iran

Abstract: This paper aims to introduce the theories on emergence of concepts like government, sovereignty, and state and analyze the foundations of constitution and the bases of other evolutionary laws. The state can find consistency and durability within the sovereignty and government of law. Foundation of the government, sovereignty, and state in the Islamic Republic of Iran complies with the theory of "God's dominion over the world and human" which is forms the basis of Islam. This also determines the responsibility, scope of duties, and civil tasks of the state. According to the Forty-Forth Article of Constitution of the Islamic Republic of Iran, Iran's economic and social systems can function in public, cooperative, and private sectors. So, lawful government, sovereignty, and state will have their own independent identity based on legal foundations

Synthetic generation of multidimensional data to improve classification model validity

This article aims to compare Generative Adversarial Network (GAN) models and feature selection methods for generating synthetic data in order to improve the validity of a classification model. The synthetic data generation technique involves generating new data samples from existing data to increase the diversity of the data and help the model generalize better. The multidimensional aspect of the data refers to the fact that it can have multiple features or variables that describe it. The GAN models have proven to be effective in preserving the statistical properties of the original data. However, the order of data augmentation and feature selection is crucial to build robust and accurate predictive models. By comparing the different GAN models with feature selection methods on multidimensional datasets, this article aims to determine the best combination to support the validity of a classification model in multidimensional data.</p

Reinvestigation of the Two-step Synthesis of Sevoflurane

Abstract Improvements in the two-step synthesis of 1,1,1,3,3,3-hexafluoro-2-(fluoromehoxy)propane (Sevoflurane) that result in the product cost reduction, safety level enhancement and positive environmental impacts are described. This process consists of chloromethylation reaction of 1,1,1,3,3,3-hexafluoro-2-propanol (HFIP) followed by a halogen-exchange fluorination. This is the first synthesis of Sevoflurane in Iran which was successfully scaled up. During this work, several improvements have been achieved by optimization of the reaction time, the amount of consumed starting materials and solvents and work up procedure while keeping the yield and purity intact. The reaction time of the first step (24 h) was diminished to 4 h. 19 F NMR spectroscopy was used to investigate the rate of the reaction in the first step and to evaluate the influence of different parameters mentioned on the achieved improvements

COVID-19 vaccines breakthrough infection and adverse reactions in medical students: a nationwide survey in Iran

IntroductionThere are different types of COVID-19 vaccines approved worldwide. Since no national studies focus on vaccine-related adverse reactions and breakthrough cases, this study aimed to investigate the rate of adverse events and COVID-19 infection in medical students in Iran.MethodsThis retrospective cohort study included Iranian medical students who received two doses of COVID-19 vaccines. The medical team gathered the demographic characteristics, comorbidities, type of vaccine, adverse events following vaccination, and history of COVID-19 infection data through a phone interview. The frequency of adverse events and breakthrough infection was stratified by vaccine type (ChAdOx1-S, Gam-COVID-Vac, and BIBP-CorV).ResultsA total of 3,591 medical students enrolled in this study, of which 57.02% were females, with a mean age of 23.31 + 4.87. A PCR-confirmed and suspicious-for-COVID-19 breakthrough infection rate of 4.51 and 7.02% was detected, respectively. There was no significant relation between breakthrough infection and gender, BMI, blood groups, and comorbidities. However, there was a significant difference in breakthrough infection rate among different types of vaccines (p = 0.001) and history of COVID-19 infection (p = 0.001). A total of 16 participants were hospitalized due to COVID-19 infection after vaccination for reasons such as dyspnea, abnormal imaging, or decreased oxygen saturation. No severe infection or death was observed in the studied population.ConclusionVaccination prevented severe COVID-19 infection, although a high breakthrough infection rate was evident among Iranian medical students during the Delta variant’s peak. Vaccine effectiveness may be fragile during emerging new variants and in high-exposure settings. Moreover, adverse events are rare, and the benefits of vaccination outweigh the side effects. However, many limitations challenged this study, and the results should be cautious