Effect of microscopic pausing time distributions on the dynamical limit shapes for random Young diagrams

The irreducible decomposition of successive restriction and induction of irreducible representations of a symmetric group gives rise to a Markov chain on Young diagrams keeping the Plancherel measure invariant. Starting from this Res-Ind chain, we introduce a not necessarily Markovian continuous time random walk on Young diagrams by considering a general pausing time distribution between jumps according to the transition probability of the Res-Ind chain. We show that, under appropriate assumptions for the pausing time distribution, a diffusive scaling limit brings us concentration at a certain limit shape depending on macroscopic time which leads to a similar consequence to the exponentially distributed case studied in our earlier work. The time evolution of the limit shape is well described by using free probability theory. On the other hand, we illustrate an anomalous phenomenon observed with a pausing time obeying a one-sided stable distribution, heavy-tailed without the mean, in which a nontrivial behavior appears under a non-diffusive regime of the scaling limit.Comment: 25 pages, 2 figures, Introduction modified with results unchanged, A reference adde

Infrared Imaging of Planetary Nebulae from the Ground Up

New ground-based telescopes and instruments, the return of the NICMOS instrument on the Hubble Space Telescope (HST), and the recent launch of the Spitzer Space Telescope have provided new tools that are being utilized in the study of planetary nebulae. Multiwavelength, high spatial resolution ground-based and HST imaging have been used to probe the inner regions of young PNe to determine their structure and evaluate formation mechanisms. Spitzer/IRAC and MIPS have been used to image more evolved PNe to determine the spatial distribution of molecular hydrogen, ionized gas, and dust in the nebulae and halos.Comment: 8 pages, 3 figures, invited review given at IAU Symp. 234, to appear in "Planetary Nebulae in Our Galaxy and Beyond", eds. M. J. Barlow & R. H. Mende

A new hydrodynamic analysis of double layers

A genuine two-fluid model of plasmas with collisions permits the calculation of dynamic (not necessarily static) electric fields and double layers inside of plasmas including oscillations and damping. For the first time a macroscopic model for coupling of electromagnetic and Langmuir waves was achieved with realistic damping. Starting points were laser-produced plasmas showing very high dynamic electric fields in nonlinear force-produced cavitous and inverted double layers in agreement with experiments. Applications for any inhomogeneous plasma as in laboratory or in astrophysical plasmas can then be followed up by a transparent hydrodynamic description. Results are the rotation of plasmas in magnetic fields and a new second harmonic resonance, explanation of the measured inverted double layers, explanation of the observed density-independent, second harmonics emission from laser-produced plasmas, and a laser acceleration scheme by the very high fields of the double layers

Projective representations and spin characters of complex reflection groups G(m,p,n)G(m, p, n) and G(m,p,∞)G(m, p, \infty), III

This paper is a continuation of two previous papers in MSJ Memoirs, Vol.\,29 (Math. Soc. Japan, 2013) with the same title and numbered as I and II. Based on the hereditary property given there, from mother groups $G(m,1,n)$, the generalized symmetric groups, to child groups $G(m,p,n)$, the complex reflection groups, we study in detail classification and construction of irreducible projective representations (= spin representations) and their characters of $G(m,1,n)$ for $n$ finite. Then, taking limits as $n$ tends to infinity, we obtain spin characters of the inductive limit groups $G(m,1,\infty)$. By the heredity studied further, this gives the main kernel of the results for $G(m,p,\infty)$ with $p|m, p>1$.Comment: 88 pages, typos corrected, references correcte

A comparison of neonatal outcomes between adolescent and adult mothers in developed countries: A systematic review and meta-analysis

Evidence suggests that adolescent pregnancies are at increased risk of adverse neonatal outcomes compared to adult pregnancies; however, there are significant inconsistencies in the literature, particularly in studies conducted in developed countries. The objective of this study therefore is to systematically review the current literature with regard to the relationship between adolescent pregnancy and neonatal outcomes. A literature search was conducted in eight electronic databases (AMED, ASSIA, Child Development and Adolescent Studies, CINAHL, Cochrane Library, Health Source: Nursing, Maternity and Infant Care, MEDLINE and Scopus. The reference lists of included studies were also hand searched. Studies were included if: they were conducted in countries with very high human development according to the United Nations Human Development Index; reported at least one comparison between adolescents (19 years or under) and adult mothers (20–34 years); and were published between January 1998 and March 2018. Studies were screened for inclusion and data extracted by one reviewer. A second reviewer independently reviewed a sub-set of studies. Disagreements were resolved by consensus. Meta-analysis was performed using RevMan 5.3 using crude counts reported in the included studies. Sub-group analyses of adolescents aged 17 and under and 18–19 were conducted. Pooled analysis of adjusted odds ratios was also undertaken in order to consider the effect of confounding factors. Meta-analysis effect estimates are reported as risk ratios (RR) and pooled association as adjusted odds ratios (aORs). Point estimates and 95% confidence intervals are presented. After removal of duplicates a total of 1791 articles were identified, of which 20 met the inclusion criteria. The results of the meta-analysis showed adolescents to have increased risk of all primary adverse outcomes investigated. Sub-group analysis suggests an increased risk of perinatal death and low birthweight for children born to adolescent mothers; 17 and under (perinatal death: RR 1.50, CI 1.32–1.71: low birthweight RR 1.43, CI 1.20–1.70); 18–19 (perinatal death RR 1.21, CI 1.06–1.37: low birthweight RR 1.10, CI 1.08–1.57). Mothers aged 17 and under were also at increased risk of preterm delivery (RR 1.64, CI 1.54–1.75). Analysis adjusted for confounders showed increased risk of preterm delivery (aOR 1.23, CI 1.09–1.38), very preterm delivery (aOR 1.22, CI 1.03–1.44) and neonatal death (aOR 1.31, CI 1.14–1.52). Findings show that young maternal age is a significant risk factor for adverse neonatal outcomes in developed countries. Adolescent maternal age therefore should be considered as a potential cause for concern in relation to neonatal health and it is recommended that health care professionals respond accordingly with increased support and monitoring

The Near-Infrared Structure and Spectra of the Bipolar Nebulae M 2--9 and Afgl 2688: The Role of UV-Pumping and Shocks in Molecular Hydrogen Excitation

High-resolution near-infrared images and moderate resolution spectra were obtained of the bipolar nebulae M~2--9 and AFGL 2688. The ability to spatially and spectrally resolve the various components of the nebulae has proved to be important in determining their physical structure and characteristics. In M~2--9, the lobes are found to have a double-shell structure. Analysis of \h2\ line ratios indicates that the \h2\ emission is radiatively excited. A well-resolved photodissociation region is observed in the lobes. The spectrum of the central source is dominated by H recombination lines and a strong continuum rising towards longer wavelengths consistent with a $T = 795$ K blackbody. In AFGL 2688, the emission from the bright lobes is mainly continuum reflected from the central star. Several molecular features from C$_2$ and CN are present. In the extreme end of the N lobe and in the E equatorial region, the emission is dominated by lines of \h2 in the 2--2.5 \microns region. The observed \h2 line ratios indicate that the emission is collisionally excited, with an excitation temperature $T_{ex} \approx 1600\pm 100$ K.Comment: 28 pages, 13 figures,uuencoded compressed postscript, printed version available by request from [email protected], IfA-94/3